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Xu Z, Li G, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Lu X. Probing Interfacial Aging of Model Adhesion Joints under a Hygrothermal Environment at a Molecular Level. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9280-9288. [PMID: 38619299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Generally, for adhesive joints, the polar water molecules in humid environments can have a critical effect on the interfacial structures and structural evolution adjacent to the solid substrates. Regarding this, it is still a big challenge to detect and understand the interfacial hygrothermal aging process at the molecular level in real time and in situ. In this study, to trace the interfacial hygrothermal aging process of a classical epoxy formula containing diglycidyl ether of biphenyl A (DGEBA) and 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy) diethylamine (EDDA) with sapphire and fused silica in a typical hygrothermal environment (85 °C and 85% RH), sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was used to probe the molecular-level interfacial structural change over the time. The structural evolution dynamics at the buried epoxy/sapphire and epoxy/silica interfaces upon hygrothermal aging were revealed directly in situ. The interfacial delamination during hygrothermal aging was also elucidated from the molecular level. Upon hygrothermal aging, the interfacial CH signals, such as the ones from methyl, methylene, and phenyl groups, decreased significantly and the water OH signals increased substantially, indicating the water molecules had diffused into the interfaces and destroyed the original interactions between the epoxy formula and the substrates. Further analysis indicates that when the integrated signals in the CH range declined to their minimum and leveled off, the interfacial delamination happened. The tensile experiment proved the validity of these spectroscopic experimental results. Our study provides first-hand and molecular-level evidence on a direct correlation between the diffusion of the surrounding water molecules into the interface and the evolution/destruction of the interfacial structures during hygrothermal aging. More importantly, it is proved, SFG can be developed into a powerful tool to noninvasively reveal the local interfacial delamination in real time and in situ under extreme hygrothermal conditions, complemented by the mechanic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Gaoming Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yinyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yeping Wu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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2
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Zhang S, Hsu L, Toolis A, Li B, Zhou J, Lin T, Chen Z. Investigation of the Atmospheric Moisture Effect on the Molecular Behavior of an Isocyanate-Based Primer Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12705-12713. [PMID: 34668715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A primer coating is engineered to facilitate compatibility between products like adhesives, sealants, and potting compounds and targeted substrates. Prolonged exposure of isocyanate-based primer surfaces to the environment is known to negatively affect the interfacial adhesion between itself and the products subsequently applied on top of it. However, the molecular behavior behind this observed phenomenon remained to be further investigated. In this study, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, a nonlinear optical spectroscopic technique, was applied to study the surface of an isocyanate-based primer exposed to different environments at the molecular level. Atmospheric moisture was considered to be a potential factor in impairing the adhesion performance of the primer, and thus, time- and humidity-dependent experiments were executed to monitor the molecular behavior at the primer surface using SFG. In addition, 180° peel testing experiments were conducted to measure the adhesion properties of primers after being exposed to the corresponding conditions to correlate to SFG results and establish a chemical structure-macroscopic performance relationship. This study on the changes at the primer surface in different environments with varied humidity levels as a function of time aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the moisture effect on isocyanate-based primers. These learnings may also be helpful toward exploring a broader range of coatings and surface layers and improving customer product use guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorraine Hsu
- Coatings and Innovation Center, PPG, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
| | - Amy Toolis
- Coatings and Innovation Center, PPG, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
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3
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Wand CR, Gibbon S, Siperstein FR. Adsorption of Epoxy Oligomers on Iron Oxide Surfaces: The Importance of Surface Treatment and the Role of Entropy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12409-12418. [PMID: 34644491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy-based coatings are widely used in a range of industries as protective coatings. The performance of the final solid-polymer system is dependent on the physicochemical properties of the interface and the interaction between the polymer and the solid substrate. In this study, we perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the binding of a common component in epoxy resins, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), on two iron oxide surfaces, hematite (0001) and magnetite (100), and investigate the effect of surface hydroxylation on the binding energy. We show that adsorption of DGEBA on hematite is more favorable than on magnetite and that the adsorbed molecules are highly localized on the pristine hematite surface but mobile on highly hydroxylated hematite surfaces and magnetite surfaces irregardless of surface hydroxylation fraction. A high degree of hydroxylation significantly reduces the binding energy of DGEBA on hematite but not on magnetite. The free-energy calculations confirm the trends observed upon hydroxylation, but the magnitude of the potential of mean force is lower than the binding energy due to the entropic contributions. Therefore, it can be suggested that DGEBA will adsorb more strongly on a surface containing a higher content of hematite than magnetite and that the presence of hydroxyl groups will weaken this adsorption. The presence of hydroxyl groups increases mobility of the chains, which can affect the coating rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie R Wand
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Simon Gibbon
- AkzoNobel Research and Development, Northallerton, North Yorkshire DL7 7BJ, U.K
| | - Flor R Siperstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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4
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Relaxation behavior of polymer thin films: Effects of free surface, buried interface, and geometrical confinement. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Gan Z, Qu S, Li S, Tan T, Yang J. Facile synthesis of PET-based poly(ether ester)s with striking physical and mechanical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Andre JS, Li B, Chen X, Paradkar R, Walther B, Feng C, Tucker C, Mohler C, Chen Z. Interfacial reaction of a maleic anhydride grafted polyolefin with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer at the buried solid/solid interface. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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7
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Lin T, Wu Y, Santos E, Chen X, Ahn D, Mohler C, Chen Z. Molecular Insights into Adhesion at a Buried Silica-Filled Silicone/Polyethylene Terephthalate Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:15128-15140. [PMID: 33283520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicone adhesives are widely used in many important applications in aviation, automotive, construction, and electronics industries. The mixture of (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) and hydroxy-terminated dimethyl methylvinyl co-siloxanol (DMMVS) has been widely used as an adhesion promoter in silicone elastomers to enhance the adhesion between silicone and other materials including polymers. The interfacial molecular structures of silicone elastomers and the adhesion promotion mechanisms of a γ-GPS-DMMVS mixture in silicone without a filler or an adhesion catalyst (AC) have been extensively investigated using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy previously. In this research, SFG was applied to study interfacial structures of silicone elastomeric adhesives in the presence of a silica filler and/or a zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate adhesion catalyst at the silicone/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) interface in situ nondestructively to understand their individual and synergy effects. The interfacial structures obtained from the SFG study were correlated to the adhesion behavior to PET. The interfacial reactions of methoxy and epoxy groups of the adhesion promoter were found to play significant roles in enhancing the interfacial adhesion of the buried interface. This research provides an in-depth molecular-level understanding on the effects of a filler and an adhesion catalyst on the interfacial behavior of the adhesion promotion system for silicone elastomers as well as the related impact on adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Elizabeth Santos
- Dow Performance Silicones, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Core R&D, Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Dongchan Ahn
- Dow Performance Silicones, Auburn, Michigan 48611, United States
| | - Carol Mohler
- Core R&D, Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Zhang S, Andre JS, Hsu L, Toolis A, Esarey SL, Li B, Chen Z. Nondestructive In Situ Detection of Chemical Reactions at the Buried Interface between Polyurethane and Isocyanate-Based Primer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John S Andre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lorraine Hsu
- Coatings and Innovation Center, PPG, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
| | - Amy Toolis
- Coatings and Innovation Center, PPG, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
| | - Samuel L Esarey
- Coatings and Innovation Center, PPG, 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101, United States
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Zhang L, Tan J, Pei Q, Ye S. Film thickness and surface plasmon tune the contribution of SFG signals from buried interface and air surface. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2006113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junjun Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Quanbing Pei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuji Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Li B, Andre JS, Chen X, Walther B, Paradkar R, Feng C, Tucker C, Mohler C, Chen Z. Probing Molecular Behavior of Carbonyl Groups at Buried Nylon/Polyolefin Interfaces in Situ. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11349-11357. [PMID: 32870007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nylon and maleic anhydride (MAH)-grafted polyolefin-based thin co-extruded multilayer films are widely used in packaging applications encountered in daily life. The molecular structure of the nylon/MAH-grafted polyolefin buried interface and molecular bonding between these two chemically dissimilar layers are thought to play an important role in achieving packaging structures with good adhesion. Here, the molecular bonds present at a nylon/maleic anhydride (MAH)-grafted polyethylene buried interface were systematically examined in situ for the first time using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The carbonyl stretching frequency region of the SFG spectra of a nylon/MAH-grafted polyethylene buried interface showed the presence of hydrolyzed MAH groups grafted to the polyethylene chain and very low levels of unreacted MAH enriched at the buried interface. The ability of SFG to detect these molecular species at the buried interface yields important understanding of the interfacial molecular structure and provides the basis for subsequent in situ studies of the bonding reaction between the grafted MAH and nylon directly at the interface. This understanding may guide the design of multilayer films with improved properties such as enhanced adhesion between polymer layers. The approach used in this study is general and is applicable to study the molecular characteristics of other buried interfaces of significance, such as buried interfaces involving polymers in solar cells, polymer semiconductors, and batteries. Nylon impact modification is another area of interest where the interaction between the MAH-grafted elastomer and the continuous phase of nylon is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John S Andre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Brian Walther
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Rajesh Paradkar
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Chuang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christopher Tucker
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Carol Mohler
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Xiao M, Mohler C, Tucker C, Walther B, Lu X, Chen Z. Structures and Adhesion Properties at Polyethylene/Silica and Polyethylene/Nylon Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6194-6204. [PMID: 29716190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structures of buried interfaces of maleic anhydride grafted and ungrafted polyethylene films with silica and nylon surfaces were studied in situ using sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Grafting maleic anhydride to polyethylene altered the molecular structures at buried interfaces, including changing the orientation of polymer methylene groups and resulting in the presence of C═O groups at silica interfaces. These molecular level changes are correlated with enhanced adhesion properties, with ordered C═O groups and in-plane orientation of the methylene groups associated with higher levels of adhesion. While improved adhesion was observed for grafted polyethylene at the nylon interface, no C═O groups were detected at the interface using SFG, for films thermally treated at 185 °C. In this case, either no C═O groups are present at the interface or they are disordered; the latter explanation is more likely, considering the observed improvement in adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Carol Mohler
- Core R&D-Formulation Science , The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Christopher Tucker
- Core R&D-Formulation Science , The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , Michigan 48674 , United States
| | - Brian Walther
- Packaging & Specialty Plastics TS&D F&SP , The Dow Chemical Company , Freeport , Texas 77541 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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12
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Tetsassi Feugmo CG, Liégeois V, Champagne B. Coupled-cluster sum-frequency generation nonlinear susceptibilities of methyl (CH 3) and methylene (CH 2) groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29822-29832. [PMID: 29095451 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03509h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectra based on molecular properties calculated at the coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) level of approximation have been simulated for interfacial model alkyl chains, providing benchmark data for comparisons with approximate methods, including density functional theory (DFT). The approach proceeds in three steps. In the first two steps, the molecular spectral properties are determined: the vibrational normal modes and frequencies and then the derivatives of the dipole moment and of the polarizability with respect to the normal coordinates. These derivatives are evaluated with a numerical differentiation approach, of which the accuracy was monitored using Romberg's procedure. Then, in the last step, a three-layer model is employed to evaluate the macroscopic second-order nonlinear optical responses and thereby the simulated SFG spectra of the alkyl interface. Results emphasize the following facts: (i) the dipole and polarizability derivatives calculated at the DFT level with the B3LYP exchange-correlation functional can differ, with respect to CCSD, by as much as ±10 to 20% and ±20 to 50% for the CH3 and CH2 vibrations, respectively; (ii) these differences are enhanced when considering the SFG intensities as well as their variations as a function of the experimental configuration (ppp versus ssp) and as a function of the tilt and rotation angles, defining the orientation of the alkyl chain at the interface; (iii) these differences originate from both the vibrational normal coordinates and the Cartesian derivatives of the dipole moment and polarizability; (iv) freezing the successive fragments of the alkyl chain strongly modifies the SFG spectrum and enables highlighting the delocalization effects between the terminal CH3 group and its neighboring CH2 units; and finally (v) going from the free chain to the free methyl model, and further to C3v constraints on leads to large variations of two ratios that are frequently used to probe the molecular orientation at the interface, the (r + r)/r+ ratio for both antisymmetric and symmetric CH3 vibrations and the Ippp/Issp ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrard Giresse Tetsassi Feugmo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Unité de Chimie-Physique Théorique et Structurale (UCPTS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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13
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Zhang C. Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy for Characterization of Buried Polymer Interfaces. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1717-1749. [PMID: 28537432 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817708321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) has become one of the most appealing technologies to characterize molecular structures at interfaces. In this focal point review, we focus on SFG-VS studies at buried polymer interfaces and review many of the recent publications in the field. We also cover the essential theoretical background of SFG-VS and discuss the experimental implementation of SFG-VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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14
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Ulrich NW, Andre J, Williamson J, Lee KW, Chen Z. Plasma treatment effect on polymer buried interfacial structure and property. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:12144-12155. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion is important in many industrial applications including those in the microelectronics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Ulrich
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- 930 North University Avenue
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - John Andre
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt State University
- Arcata
- USA
| | | | - Kang-Wook Lee
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
- Yorktown Heights
- USA
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- 930 North University Avenue
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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15
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Lu X, Zhang C, Ulrich N, Xiao M, Ma YH, Chen Z. Studying Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 89:466-489. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and
Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathan Ulrich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Minyu Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yong-Hao Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and
Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Myers JN, Chen Z. Surface plasma treatment effects on the molecular structure at polyimide/air and buried polyimide/epoxy interfaces. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Ulrich NW, Myers JN, Chen Z. Characterization of polymer/epoxy buried interfaces with silane adhesion promoters before and after hygrothermal aging for the elucidation of molecular level details relevant to adhesion. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Buried interfacial structures containing epoxy underfills are incredibly important in the microelectronics industry and their structures determine the interfacial adhesion properties and ultimately their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John N. Myers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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