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Li Z, Liu G, Fan Q, Liu Y, Yang M, Liu J, Yang BR. Cation-Modified Poly(vinyl alcohol) Film to Optimize the Bistability of Transparent Electrophoretic Display Based on Charge Adsorption Behavior in Nonpolar Solvent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12137-12147. [PMID: 38800839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) utilize the electrophoretic particles in electronic ink (e-ink) to display different color states with bistability. Bistability of EPDs is achieved by placing colloidal particles in a highly viscous solvent to keep the distribution of colloidal particles stable without sustaining the external field, so it only consumes power when updating the image. The feature of low power consumption makes it suitable for applications such as advertising boards, price tags, etc. Apart from these applications, recent research on lateral-driving EPDs extends its applications to smart windows, privacy control, and so on. However, achieving bistability by simply increasing the viscosity of solvent is inefficient in the case of lateral driving operation. Therefore, it is deserving to have intensive study on the mechanism of bistability from other aspects. Herein, we propose a mechanism to investigate the charge adsorption behavior on the electrode to affect the bistability of particles, which is based on the "Stern layer adsorption/desorption" model. Based on the above mechanism, we further fabricated a hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite film on the electrode to improve the bistability of lateral-driving EPD by reducing the diffusion current caused by unabsorbed charges. This developed lateral-driving EPD can significantly improve the bistability, which is enhanced from 40 s to 7 min, an increase by a factor of approximately 10. This work gives a way to consider the bistability of colloidal particles in nonpolar solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qitian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Rankin LA, Lee B, Mineart KP. Effect of network connectivity on the mechanical and transport properties of block copolymer gels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Rankin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X‐Ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois USA
| | - Kenneth P. Mineart
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
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Mineart KP, Walker WW, Mogollon‐Santiana J, Lee B. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy‐
based
method for tracking diffusion in organogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P. Mineart
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - William W. Walker
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Byeongdu Lee
- X‐ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Lemont Illinois USA
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Khademi M, Cheng SSY, Barz DPJ. Charge and Electrical Double Layer Formation in a Nonpolar Solvent Using a Nonionic Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5156-5164. [PMID: 32326706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study the charge formation and the characteristics of the electrical double layer in a nonpolar medium using electrical impedance spectroscopy. To stabilize the free ionic species, a nonionic surfactant is added to the system. The conductivity and permittivity of the medium are obtained from high- to medium-frequency impedance data. Based on the correlation between (viscosity-adjusted) conductivity and surfactant concentration, we conclude that charge formation occurs due to a disproportionation mechanism. We accordingly estimate the concentration of the charge carriers in the sample and the Debye length of the diffuse double layer. The capacitance of the electrical double layer can be extracted from the low-frequency impedance data. We use this data to calculate the electrode distance of an equivalent parallel-plate capacitor. It is found that this distance is on the order of magnitude of Angstroms, indicating that the measured electrical double-layer capacitance is in fact the Stern layer capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Khademi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sammi Sham Yin Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dominik P J Barz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Holbrook TP, Storey RF. Micellization and Adsorption to Carbon Black of Polyisobutylene‐Based Ionic Liquids. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis P. Holbrook
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Robson F. Storey
- School of Polymer Science and EngineeringThe University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
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Strubbe F, Neyts K. Charge transport by inverse micelles in non-polar media. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:453003. [PMID: 28895874 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8bf6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charged inverse micelles play an important role in the electrical charging and the electrodynamics of nonpolar colloidal dispersions relevant for applications such as electronic ink displays and liquid toner printing. This review examines the properties and the behavior of charged inverse micelles in microscale devices in the absence of colloidal particles. It is discussed how charge in nonpolar liquids is stabilized in inverse micelles and how conductivity depends on the inverse micelle size, water content and ionic impurities. Frequently used nonpolar surfactant systems are investigated with emphasis on aerosol-OT (AOT) and poly-isobutylene succinimide (PIBS) in dodecane. Charge generation in the bulk by disproportionation is studied from measurements of conductivity as a function of surfactant concentration and from generation currents in quasi steady-state. When a potential difference is applied, the steady-state situation can show electric field screening or complete charge separation. Different regimes of charge transport are identified when a voltage step is applied. It is shown how the transient and steady-state currents depend on the rate of bulk generation, on insulating layers and on the sticking or non-sticking behavior of charged inverse micelles at interfaces. For the cases of AOT and PIBS in dodecane, the magnitude of the generation rate and the type of interaction at the interface are very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Strubbe
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Prasad M, Strubbe F, Beunis F, Neyts K. Electrokinetics and behavior near the interface of colloidal particles in non-polar dispersions. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5604-5612. [PMID: 28737178 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00559h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electrokinetics and charging of nonpolar colloidal dispersions subjected to a voltage are investigated by electric current and optical measurements. From electric current measurements in response to an alternating triangular voltage with a peak value of a few hundred volts, we find that polystyrene toner particles are compacted near the electrodes and their charge increases by more than a factor of 20. The important increase of charge is interpreted by a mechanism in which counter charges, which are originally at the particle surface, are desorbed. Optical measurements performed under a dc voltage of the order of a few hundred volts demonstrate that the charge of the particles can again decrease or even be inverted. These phenomena are attributed to the movement of counter charged species from the interface layers onto the surface of the particles. The findings of this study are relevant for electrophoretic displays and liquid toner printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Prasad
- Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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Bleier BJ, Yezer BA, Freireich BJ, Anna SL, Walker LM. Droplet-based characterization of surfactant efficacy in colloidal stabilization of carbon black in nonpolar solvents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 493:265-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Prasad M, Strubbe F, Beunis F, Neyts K. Different Types of Charged-Inverse Micelles in Nonpolar Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:5796-5801. [PMID: 27231768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the electrodynamics of charged inverse micelles (CIMs) in nonpolar liquids and the generation mechanism and properties of newly generated CIMs have been studied extensively for the model system of polyisobutylene succinimide in dodecane. However, the newly generated CIMs, which accumulate at the electrodes when a continuous voltage is applied, behave differently compared to the regular CIMs present in equilibrium in the absence of a field. In this work, we use transient current measurements to investigate the behavior of the newly generated CIMs when the field is reduced to zero or reversed. We demonstrate that the newly generated CIMs do not participate in the diffuse double layer near the electrode formed by the regular CIMs but form an interface layer at the electrode surface. A fraction of the newly generated negative CIMs can be released from this interface layer when the field there becomes zero. The findings of this study provide a better understanding of fundamental processes in nonpolar liquids and are relevant for applications such as electronic ink displays and liquid toner printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Prasad
- Electronics and Information Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University , Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- Electronics and Information Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University , Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Beunis
- Electronics and Information Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University , Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- Electronics and Information Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University , Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Determination of charge carrier concentration in doped nonpolar liquids by impedance spectroscopy in the presence of charge adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 469:325-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Prasad M, Strubbe F, Beunis F, Neyts K. Space charge limited release of charged inverse micelles in non-polar liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19289-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charged inverse micelles (CIMs) generated during a continuous polarizing voltage between electrodes in the model system of polyisobutylene succinimide in dodecane do not populate a diffuse double layer like CIMs present in equilibrium (regular CIMs), but instead end up in interface layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Prasad
- LCP Group
- ELIS Department
- Ghent University
- 9052 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- LCP Group
- ELIS Department
- Ghent University
- 9052 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Filip Beunis
- LCP Group
- ELIS Department
- Ghent University
- 9052 Gent
- Belgium
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Hao T. Exploring the charging mechanisms in non-aqueous multiphase surfactant solutions, emulsions and colloidal systems via conductivity behaviors predicted with eyring's rate process theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:476-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The schematic diagram shows charge separation induced and stabilized by an electric field and inverse micelles charged in the end.
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Karvar M, Strubbe F, Beunis F, Kemp R, Smith N, Goulding M, Neyts K. Charging Dynamics of Aerosol OT Inverse Micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10939-10945. [PMID: 26375733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol OT (AOT) is a commonly used surfactant and charging agent in nonpolar liquids. Properties such as the conductivity of AOT suspensions in nonpolar liquids and the behavior of charged AOT inverse micelles at interfaces have been studied recently, but still little is known about the generation dynamics of charged AOT inverse micelles. In this article, the generation dynamics of charged AOT inverse micelles in dodecane are investigated with transient current measurements. At low applied voltages, the generation rate is sufficiently fast to maintain the equilibrium concentration of charged inverse micelles, such that the current scales proportionally with the applied voltage. However, above a threshold voltage the current becomes limited by the generation of charged inverse micelles. Al2O3-coated electrodes are used to achieve these high-voltage current measurements while reducing surface generation currents. The dependency of the resulting generation-limited currents with the micelle concentration and the liquid volume is compatible with a bulk disproportionation mechanism. The measured currents are analyzed using a model based on drift, generation, and recombination of charged inverse micelles and the corresponding generation and recombination rates of charged AOT inverse micelles have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Karvar
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Strubbe
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Beunis
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roger Kemp
- Merck Chemicals Ltd, University Parkway, Chilworth, Southampton, SO16 7QD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Smith
- Merck Chemicals Ltd, University Parkway, Chilworth, Southampton, SO16 7QD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Goulding
- Merck Chemicals Ltd, University Parkway, Chilworth, Southampton, SO16 7QD, United Kingdom
| | - Kristiaan Neyts
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University , B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Strubbe F, Prasad M, Beunis F. Characterizing Generated Charged Inverse Micelles with Transient Current Measurements. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1957-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Strubbe
- Electronics and Information
Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics
(NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Manoj Prasad
- Electronics and Information
Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics
(NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Filip Beunis
- Electronics and Information
Systems and Center for Nano and Biophotonics
(NB-Photonics), Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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