1
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Preetha Genesh N, Dettmann D, Cui D, Che Y, Toader V, Johal TK, Fu C, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Effect of aromatic substituents on the H-bonded assembly of diketopyrrolopyrroles at solid-liquid interfaces. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14477-14489. [PMID: 39018156 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00725e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) self-assembly is a suitable approach for tailoring the solid-state packing and properties of organic semiconductors. Here we studied the H-bonded self-assembly of an important class of organic semiconductors, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives, diselenophenylDPP (DSeDPP), dithiazolylDPP (DTzDPP), and dithienothiophenylDPP (DTTDPP), at solid-liquid interfaces using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT). At the 1-octanoic acid/highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface, DSeDPP and DTzDPP either co-assemble with the solvent via H-bonding between lactam and carboxyl groups or form homoassemblies through H-bonding between the lactam groups. However, DTTDPP forms two different homoassemblies involving H-bonding between lactam groups or weak H-bonding between the lactam group and the heteroaromatic ring. Enthalpic factors for the formation of homoassemblies and co-assemblies are investigated by evaluating the inter- and intramolecular interactions in the self-assembled lattices using DFT. A homoassembly with a twisted geometry of molecules with intermolecular π-interactions is only observed for DSeDPP. The absence of homoassembly with the twisted geometry of DTzDPP is attributed to the higher strain energy required to acquire out-of-plane twists in this molecule. Our study shows the profound effects aromatic substituents can impart in the supramolecular assembly of DPP molecules, which influences film morphology and hence its properties (e.g. charge transport).
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Affiliation(s)
- Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada.
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada.
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daling Cui
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Yuxuan Che
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Violeta Toader
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Tarnjit Kaur Johal
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada.
| | - Chaoying Fu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Applications Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada.
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Kim H, Kim Y, Lee D. Small is Beautiful: Electronic Origin and Synthetic Evolution of Single-Benzene Fluorophores. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:140-152. [PMID: 38126345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSingle-benzene fluorophores (SBFs) are small molecules that produce visible light by using only one benzene ring as the sole aromatic core. This Account centers around the chemistry of a new class of SBF that we accidentally discovered but rationally developed and refined afterward. In a failed experiment that took an unintended reaction pathway, we encountered the bright green fluorescence of ortho-diacetylphenylenediamine (o-DAPA). Despite its uninspiring look, reminiscent of textbook examples of simple benzene derivatives, this molecule had neither been synthesized nor isolated before. This discovery led to our studies on the larger DAPA family, including isomeric m-DAPA and p-DAPA. Remarkably, p-DAPA is the lightest red fluorophore, with a molecular weight of only 192. While o- and p-DAPA are emissive, m-DAPA rapidly undergoes internal conversion, facilitated by sequential proton transfer reactions in the excited state.Leveraging the synthetic utility of the amine group, we carried out straightforward single-step modifications to create a full-color SBF library from p-DAPA as the common precursor. During the course of the investigation, we made another fortuitous discovery. With increasing acidity of the N-H group, the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reaction is promoted, opening up additional pathways for emission to occur at even longer wavelengths. Tipping the balance between the two excited-state tautomers enabled the first example of a single-benzene white-light emitter. We demonstrated the practical utility of these molecules in white light-emitting devices and live cell imaging.According to the particle-in-a-box model, it is difficult to expect a molecule with only one small aromatic ring to produce long-wavelength emission. SBFs rise to this challenge by exploiting electron donor-acceptor pairs around the benzene core, which lowers the energy of light absorption. However, this answers only half of the question. Where do the exceptionally large spectral shifts in the light emission of SBFs originate from? Chemists have long been curious about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dramatic spectral shifts observed in SBFs. Prevailing paradigms invoke the charge transfer (CT) between electron donor and acceptor groups in the excited state. However, without a large π-skeleton for effective charge separation, how could benzene support a CT-type excited state? Our experimental and theoretical studies have revealed that large excited-state antiaromaticity (ESAA) of the benzene core itself is responsible for this remarkable phenomenon. The core matters, not the periphery. With appropriate molecular design, large and extended π-conjugation is no longer a prerequisite for long-wavelength light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
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3
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Xie R, Zeng X, Jiang ZH, Hu Y, Lee SL. STM Study of the Self-Assembly of Biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-Tetracarboxylic Acid and Its Mixing Behavior with Coronene at the Liquid-Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3637-3644. [PMID: 36867761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the molecular self-assembly of biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylic acid (BPTC) at the octanoic acid/graphite interface. STM revealed that the BPTC molecules generated stable bilayers and monolayers under high and low sample concentrations, respectively. Besides hydrogen bonds, the bilayers were stabilized by molecular π-stacking, whereas the monolayers were maintained by solvent co-adsorption. A thermodynamically stable Kagomé structure was obtained upon mixing BPTC with coronene (COR), while kinetic trapping of COR in the co-crystal structure was found by the subsequent deposition of COR onto a preformed BPTC bilayer on the surface. Force field calculation was conducted to compare the binding energies of different phases, which helped to provide plausible explanations for the structural stability formed via kinetic and thermodynamic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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4
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Monolayer and Bilayer Formation of Molecular 2D Networks Assembled at the Liquid/Solid Interfaces by Solution-Based Drop-Cast Method. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247707. [PMID: 34946789 PMCID: PMC8706512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, extending self-assembled structures from two-dimensions (2D) to three-dimensions (3D) has been a paradigm in surface supramolecular chemistry and contemporary nanotechnology. Using organic molecules of p-terphenyl-3,5,3′,5′-tetracarboxylic acid (TPTC), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we present a simple route, that is the control of the solute solubility in a sample solution, to achieve the vertical growth of supramolecular self-assemblies, which would otherwise form monolayers at the organic solvent/graphite interface. Presumably, the bilayer formations were based on π-conjugated overlapped molecular dimers that worked as nuclei to induce the yielding of the second layer. We also tested other molecules, including trimesic acid (TMA) and 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-benzene (BTB), as well as the further application of our methodology, demonstrating the facile preparation of layered assemblies.
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Tobe Y, Tahara K, De Feyter S. Chirality in porous self-assembled monolayer networks at liquid/solid interfaces: induction, reversion, recognition and transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:962-977. [PMID: 33432944 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chirality in two dimensions (2D) has attracted increasing attention with regard to interesting fundamental aspects as well as potential applications. This article reports several aspects of supramolecular chirality control as exemplified by self-assembled monolayer networks (SAMNs) formed by a class of chiral building blocks consisting of a triangular conjugated core and alkoxy chains on the periphery. It highlights 2D chirality induction phenomena through a classic "sergeants-and-soldiers" mechanism, in which the inducer is incorporated into a network component, as well as through a "supramolecular host-guest" mechanism, in which the inducer is entrapped in the porous space, leading to counterintuitive chirality reversal. Stereochemical control can be extended to three dimensions too, based on interlayer hydrogen bonding of the same class of building blocks bearing hydroxy groups, exhibiting diastereospecific bilayer formation at both single molecule level and supramolecular level arising from orientation between the top and bottom layers. Finally, we showcase that homochiral SAMNs can also be used as templates for the grafting of in situ generated aryl radicals, by covalent bond formation to the basal graphitic surface, thereby yielding topologically chiral functionalized graphite, and thus extending the potential of chiral SAMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan and The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan and Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Fang Y, Lindner BD, Destoop I, Tsuji T, Zhang Z, Khaliullin RZ, Perepichka DF, Tahara K, Feyter SD, Tobe Y. Stereospecific Epitaxial Growth of Bilayered Porous Molecular Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8662-8671. [PMID: 32306725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled multilayer growth of supramolecular porous networks at the interface between graphite and a solution was investigated. For this study, we designed a chiral dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) building block bearing alkoxy chains substituted at the 2 position with hydroxy groups, which enable van der Waals stabilization in a layer and potential hydrogen-bonding interactions between the layers. Bias voltage-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments revealed the diastereospecificity of the bilayer with respect to both the intrinsic chirality of the building blocks and the supramolecular chirality of the self-assembled networks. Top and bottom layers within the same crystalline domain were composed of the same enantiomers but displayed opposite supramolecular chiralities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Benjamin D Lindner
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Iris Destoop
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Zhenzhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Rustam Z Khaliullin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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7
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Wisman DL, Kim S, Morris TW, Choi J, Tempas CD, Trainor CQ, Lee D, Tait SL. Surface Self-Assembly, Film Morphology, and Charge Transport Properties of Semiconducting Triazoloarenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6304-6311. [PMID: 30977664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface-assisted molecular self-assembly is a powerful strategy for forming molecular-scale architectures on surfaces. These molecular self-assemblies have potential applications in organic electronics, catalysis, photovoltaics, and many other technologies. Understanding the intermolecular interactions on a surface can help predict packing, stacking, and charge transport properties of films and allow for new molecular designs to be tailored for a required function. We have previously studied a molecular platform, tris( N-phenyltriazole) (TPT), that exhibits planar stacking through >20 molecular layers through donor-acceptor-type intermolecular π-π contacts between the electron-deficient tris(triazole) core and electron-rich peripheral phenyl units. Here, we investigate an expanded family of TPT-based molecules with variations made on the peripheral aryl groups to modulate the molecular electron distribution and examine the impact on molecular packing and charge transport properties. Molecular-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy was used to compare the molecular packing in the monolayer and to investigate the effects that the structural and electronic modifications have on the stacking in subsequent layers. Conductivity measurements were made using the four-point probe van der Pauw technique to demonstrate charge transport properties comparable to pentacene. Although molecular packing is clearly impacted by the chemical structure, we find that the charge transport efficiency is quite tolerant to small structural variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Wisman
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
- NAVSEA Crane , Crane , Indiana 47522 , United States
| | - Seyong Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Tobias W Morris
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Jihwan Choi
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Christopher D Tempas
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Colleen Q Trainor
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Hillsdale College , Hillsdale , Michigan 49242 , United States
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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8
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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9
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Shi H, Liu Y, Song J, Lu X, Geng Y, Zhang J, Xie J, Zeng Q. On-Surface Synthesis of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Benzothiazole Derivatives Studied by STM and XPS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4216-4223. [PMID: 28409926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has gradually become a prevalent approach to constructing two-dimensional functional monolayers on various substrates. In the present work, the synthesis of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of benzothiazole derivatives was conducted at the liquid/solid interface for the first time. Two kinds of nanostructures were achieved on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface via the condensation reaction between aromatic aldehyde derivatives and 2-aminothiophenol (ATP). The formation of thiazole-based self-assemblies was revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and further confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The successful synthesis of the benzothiazole derivatives not only extends the scope of on-surface reactions but also can be applied in designing multifunctional SAMs at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanfang Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junyong Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jingli Xie
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Qingdao Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100190, China
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10
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He Y, Kröger J, Wang Y. Organic Multilayer Films Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:429-450. [PMID: 27973695 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview focuses exclusively on work with scanning tunneling microscopy to study the self-assembled multilayer films (SAMTs) of organic molecules. The π-conjugated organic molecules form different structures within different monolayers on various substrates. The interplay between molecule-substrate and intermolecular interactions plays a key role in determining the stacking mode of organic multilayer films. Different substrates strongly influence the organic-film growth and electronic properties of the organic molecules. Geometric and electronic structures of SAMTs are important factors that may determine device performance. In addition to the inorganic interface, this Minireview addresses the organic-organic interface. Homo- and hetero-SAMTs of organic molecules are also considered. The subtle interplay between structural and electronic characteristics, on one hand, and functionality and reactivity, on the other hand, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jörg Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China.,Peking University Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
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Abstract
Organic (opto)electronic materials have received considerable attention due to their applications in thin-film-transistors, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensors, photorefractive devices, and many others. The technological promises include low cost of these materials and the possibility of their room-temperature deposition from solution on large-area and/or flexible substrates. The article reviews the current understanding of the physical mechanisms that determine the (opto)electronic properties of high-performance organic materials. The focus of the review is on photoinduced processes and on electronic properties important for optoelectronic applications relying on charge carrier photogeneration. Additionally, it highlights the capabilities of various experimental techniques for characterization of these materials, summarizes top-of-the-line device performance, and outlines recent trends in the further development of the field. The properties of materials based both on small molecules and on conjugated polymers are considered, and their applications in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and photorefractive devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Ostroverkhova
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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12
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Makoudi Y, Beyer M, Lamare S, Jeannoutot J, Palmino F, Chérioux F. Towards 1D nanolines on a monolayered supramolecular network adsorbed on a silicon surface. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12347-12351. [PMID: 27273449 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01826b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The growth of 3D extended periodic networks made up of π-conjugated molecules on semi-conductor surfaces is of interest for the integration of nano-components in the future generations of smart devices. In the work presented in this article, we successfully achieved the formation of bilayered networks on a silicon surface including 1D-isolated nanolines in the second layer. Firstly, we observed the formation of a 2D large-scale supramolecular network in the plane of a silicon surface through the deposition of tailored molecules. Then using the same molecules, a second-layer, based on 1D nanolines, grew above the first layer, thanks to a template effect. Mono- or bi-layered networks were found to be stable from 100 K up to room temperature. These networks were investigated by scanning tunnel microscopy imaging under an ultra-high vacuum (UHV-STM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Makoudi
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Matthieu Beyer
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Simon Lamare
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Judicael Jeannoutot
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Frank Palmino
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Chérioux
- Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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13
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Liu T, Cheng K, Salami-Ranjbaran E, Gao F, Li C, Tong X, Lin YC, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Klinge L, Walsh PJ, Fakhraai Z. The effect of chemical structure on the stability of physical vapor deposited glasses of 1,3,5-triarylbenzene. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:084506. [PMID: 26328855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We detail the formation and properties associated with stable glasses (SG) formed by a series of structural analogues of 1,3-bis(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene (α,α,β-TNB), a well-studied SG former. Five compounds with similar structural properties were synthesized and physical vapor-deposited with a constant deposition rate at various substrate temperatures (Tdep) in the range between 0.73 Tg and 0.96 Tg. These molecules include α,α,β-TNB, 3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenylbenzene (α,α-P), 9-(3,5-di(naphthalen-1-yl)phenyl)anthracene (α,α-A), 9,9'-(5-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)dianthracene (β-AA), and 3,3',5,5'-tetra(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,1'-biphenyl (α,α,α,α-TNBP). Ellipsometry was used to study the transformations from the as-deposited glasses into ordinary glasses (OG). The stability of each film was evaluated by measuring the fictive temperature (Tf) and density difference between the as-deposited glass and OG. It is demonstrated that all five molecules can form SGs upon vapor deposition in this temperature range. In-depth studies on the dependence of the stability of as-deposited glasses upon Tdep were performed with three molecules, α,α,β-TNB, α,α-P, and α,α-A. The general trends of stability were comparable at the same Tdep/Tg for these three compounds. Similar to previous studies on α,α,β-TNB, vapor-deposited glasses of α,α-P and α,α-A formed the most stable structures around Tdep = 0.8-0.85 Tg. The most stable glass of each molecule showed the lowest thermal expansion coefficient compared to OG and a positive optical birefringence. However, the SGs of α,α-A were less stable compared to α,α-P and α,α,β-TNB at the relative Tdep/Tg. Based on Arrhenius extrapolation of the aging time, as a measure of stability, the most stable α,α-A glass was only aged for a few years as opposed to hundreds or thousands of years for other glasses. We hypothesize that the reduced stability is due to slower mobility at the free surface of α,α-A glass compared to the other two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Elmira Salami-Ranjbaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yi-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - William Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Lindsey Klinge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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14
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Fortuna S, Cheung DL, Johnston K. Phase behaviour of self-assembled monolayers controlled by tuning physisorbed and chemisorbed states: A lattice-model view. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:134707. [PMID: 27059585 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of molecules on surfaces into 2D structures is important for the bottom-up fabrication of functional nanomaterials, and the self-assembled structure depends on the interplay between molecule-molecule interactions and molecule-surface interactions. Halogenated benzene derivatives on platinum have been shown to have two distinct adsorption states: a physisorbed state and a chemisorbed state, and the interplay between the two can be expected to have a profound effect on the self-assembly and phase behaviour of these systems. We developed a lattice model that explicitly includes both adsorption states, with representative interactions parameterised using density functional theory calculations. This model was used in Monte Carlo simulations to investigate pattern formation of hexahalogenated benzene molecules on the platinum surface. Molecules that prefer the physisorbed state were found to self-assemble with ease, depending on the interactions between physisorbed molecules. In contrast, molecules that preferentially chemisorb tend to get arrested in disordered phases. However, changing the interactions between chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules affects the phase behaviour. We propose functionalising molecules in order to tune their adsorption states, as an innovative way to control monolayer structure, leading to a promising avenue for directed assembly of novel 2D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fortuna
- MOlecular NAnotechnology for LIfe Science Applications Theory Group, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - David L Cheung
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Karen Johnston
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
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15
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Kervella Y, Shilova E, Latil S, Jousselme B, Silly F. S-Shaped Conformation of the Quaterthiophene Molecular Backbone in Two-Dimensional Bisterpyridine-Derivative Self-Assembled Nanoarchitecture. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13420-13425. [PMID: 26624809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The conformation and the two-dimensional self-assembly of 4'-(3',4″-dihexyloxy-5,2':5',2″:5″,2‴-quaterthien-2,5‴-diyl)-bis(2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) molecules are theoretically and experimentally investigated. This molecular building block forms a hydrogen-bonded chiral supramolecular nanoarchitecture on graphite at the solid/liquid interface. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) shows that the molecule adopts an S-shaped conformation in this structure. DFTB+ calculations reveal that this conformation is not the lowest-energy conformation. The molecular nanoarchitecture appears to be stabilized by hydrogen bonding as well as van der Waals interactions. I-, L-, and D-shaped molecular conformations are, however, locally observed at the domain boundary, but these conformations do not self-assemble into organized 2D structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Kervella
- CEA Grenoble INAC/SPrAM UMR 5819 CEA - CNRS - Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble 1, LEMOH, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Bruno Jousselme
- CEA Grenoble INAC/SPrAM UMR 5819 CEA - CNRS - Univ. J. Fourier-Grenoble 1, LEMOH, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
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16
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Lee S, Hirsch BE, Liu Y, Dobscha JR, Burke DW, Tait SL, Flood AH. Multifunctional Tricarbazolo Triazolophane Macrocycles: One-Pot Preparation, Anion Binding, and Hierarchical Self-Organization of Multilayers. Chemistry 2015; 22:560-9. [PMID: 26593327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Programming the synthesis and self-assembly of molecules is a compelling strategy for the bottom-up fabrication of ordered materials. To this end, shape-persistent macrocycles were designed with alternating carbazoles and triazoles to program a one-pot synthesis and to bind large anions. The macrocycles bind anions that were once considered too weak to be coordinated, such as PF6 (-) , with surprisingly high affinities (β2 =10(11) M(-2) in 80:20 chloroform/methanol) and positive cooperativity, α=(4 K2 /K1 )=1200. We also discovered that the macrocycles assemble into ultrathin films of hierarchically ordered tubes on graphite surfaces. The remarkable surface-templated self-assembly properties, as was observed by using scanning tunneling microscopy, are attributed to the complementary pairing of alternating triazoles and carbazoles inscribed into both the co-facial and edge-sharing seams that exist between shape-persistent macrocycles. The multilayer assembly is also consistent with the high degree of molecular self-association observed in solution, with self-association constants of K=300 000 M(-1) (chloroform/methanol 80:20). Scanning tunneling microscopy data also showed that surface assemblies readily sequester iodide anions from solution, modulating their assembly. This multifunctional macrocycle provides a foundation for materials composed of hierarchically organized and nanotubular self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA).,Current Address: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Brandon E Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
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17
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Skomski D, Tempas CD, Cook BJ, Polezhaev AV, Smith KA, Caulton KG, Tait SL. Two- and Three-Electron Oxidation of Single-Site Vanadium Centers at Surfaces by Ligand Design. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7898-902. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skomski
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher D. Tempas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brian J. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alexander V. Polezhaev
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kevin A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Caulton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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