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Kumar A, Dutta S, Kim S, Kwon T, Patil SS, Kumari N, Jeevanandham S, Lee IS. Solid-State Reaction Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials: Strategies and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12748-12863. [PMID: 35715344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) with unique structures and compositions can give rise to exotic physicochemical properties and applications. Despite the advancement in solution-based methods, scalable access to a wide range of crystal phases and intricate compositions is still challenging. Solid-state reaction (SSR) syntheses have high potential owing to their flexibility toward multielemental phases under feasibly high temperatures and solvent-free conditions as well as their scalability and simplicity. Controlling the nanoscale features through SSRs demands a strategic nanospace-confinement approach due to the risk of heat-induced reshaping and sintering. Here, we describe advanced SSR strategies for NM synthesis, focusing on mechanistic insights, novel nanoscale phenomena, and underlying principles using a series of examples under different categories. After introducing the history of classical SSRs, key theories, and definitions central to the topic, we categorize various modern SSR strategies based on the surrounding solid-state media used for nanostructure growth, conversion, and migration under nanospace or dimensional confinement. This comprehensive review will advance the quest for new materials design, synthesis, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Soumen Dutta
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seonock Kim
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taewan Kwon
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Santosh S Patil
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sampathkumar Jeevanandham
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - In Su Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Nanospace-confined Chemical Reactions (NCCR) and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Sonochemical decoration of palladium on graphene carpet for electrochemical methanol oxidation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jiang J, Nie G, Nie P, Li Z, Pan Z, Kou Z, Dou H, Zhang X, Wang J. Nanohollow Carbon for Rechargeable Batteries: Ongoing Progresses and Challenges. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:183. [PMID: 34138206 PMCID: PMC7770795 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the various morphologies of carbon-based materials, hollow carbon nanostructures are of particular interest for energy storage. They have been widely investigated as electrode materials in different types of rechargeable batteries, owing to their high surface areas in association with the high surface-to-volume ratios, controllable pores and pore size distribution, high electrical conductivity, and excellent chemical and mechanical stability, which are beneficial for providing active sites, accelerating electrons/ions transfer, interacting with electrolytes, and giving rise to high specific capacity, rate capability, cycling ability, and overall electrochemical performance. In this overview, we look into the ongoing progresses that are being made with the nanohollow carbon materials, including nanospheres, nanopolyhedrons, and nanofibers, in relation to their applications in the main types of rechargeable batteries. The design and synthesis strategies for them and their electrochemical performance in rechargeable batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, and lithium-sulfur batteries are comprehensively reviewed and discussed, together with the challenges being faced and perspectives for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Guangdi Nie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
- Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Nie
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Zongkui Kou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Hui Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, People's Republic of China.
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
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Hosseinzadeh Sanatkar T, Khorshidi A, Yaghoubi R, Sohouli E, Shakeri J. Stöber synthesis of salen-formaldehyde resin polymer- and carbon spheres with high nitrogen content and application of the corresponding Mn-containing carbon spheres as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27575-27584. [PMID: 35516953 PMCID: PMC9055611 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salen-formaldehyde (SF) resin polymer spheres were synthesized by the Stöber method from 4,4′-dihydroxysalen (N,N′-bis-(4-hydroxysalicylidene)-ethylenediamine; a tetradentate N2O2 Schiff base ligand) and formaldehyde. The salen precursor was prepared by condensation of ethylenediamine with 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde in methanol. The SF resin colloidal spheres were also prepared by using Pluronic F127 and ammonia as a porogenic agent and catalyst, respectively (SF-P). In addition, corresponding Mn(ii)-coordinated polymer spheres of the SF-P were synthesized (SF-P-Mn(ii)). Corresponding monodispersed carbon spheres of all of the abovementioned samples were also obtained by pyrolysis technique. All of the products were characterized with conventional microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, as well as other physical methods such as BET analysis. It was found that carbonization of the SF resin spheres results in carbon spheres with specific surface areas in the range of 499–528 m2 g−1 and average pore sizes in the range of 2.58–3.08 nm. Nitrogen content of the SF-MWHT (obtained hydrothermally in a methanol/water mixture), and SF-P-C@Mn (obtained from carbonization of SF-P-Mn(ii)) samples were as high as 27.5 wt% and 35.02 wt%, respectively. Finally, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with SF-P-C@Mn (SF-P-C@Mn/GCE) was prepared and its electrocatalytic activity was evaluated for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The LSV results showed that the SF-P-C@Mn/GCE has a higher current density and a lower negative potential in the ORR compared to GCE. Stöber synthesis of salen-formaldehyde resin polymer- and carbon spheres.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Khorshidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan Rasht Guilan 41335-1914 Iran
| | - Rouhollah Yaghoubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Esmail Sohouli
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Jamaladin Shakeri
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
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Yang X, Kwon EE, Dou X, Zhang M, Kim KH, Tsang DCW, Ok YS. Fabrication of spherical biochar by a two-step thermal process from waste potato peel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:478-485. [PMID: 29353788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new approach for the preparation of spherical biochar (SBC) by employing a two-step thermal technology to potato peel waste (PPW). Potato starch (PS), as a carbon-rich material with microscale spherical shape, was separated from PPW as a precursor to synthesizing SBC. The synthesis process comprised (1) pre-oxidization (preheating under air) of PS at 220 °C and (2) subsequent pyrolysis of the pretreated sample at 700 °C. Results showed that the produced SBC successfully retained the original PS morphology and that pre-oxidization was the key for its shape maintenance, as it reduced surface tension and enhanced structural stability. The SBC possessed excellent chemical inertness (high aromaticity) and uniform particle size (10-30 μm). Zero-cost waste material with a facile and easy-to-control process allows the method to be readily scalable for industrialization, while offering a new perspective on the full use of PPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaomin Dou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 60, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Moreno-Castilla C. Colloidal and micro-carbon spheres derived from low-temperature polymerization reactions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 236:113-41. [PMID: 27530712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon spheres (CSs) have recently attracted major interest due to their new applications, mainly in energy storage and conversion but also in hard-templating, sorption/catalysis processes, and drug delivery systems. This is attributable to their physico-chemical properties, including their tunable morphology (solid, hollow and core-shell), size, surface area/porosity, good electrical conductivity, low external surface-to-volume ratio, high packing density, enhanced mass transport, robust mechanical stability, low cytotoxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. They can be obtained from a wide variety of carbon precursors and methods. This review covers their production by carbonization of polymer spheres from low-temperature polymerization reactions, considered here as below 250°C. This is a very important method because it allows the synthesis of CSs with different morphologies and doped with other elements or chemical compounds. The preparation of polymer spheres by this technique is well documented in the literature, and the objective of this review is to summarize and give an overview of the most significant publications, proposing a novel classification based on the formation mechanism of the polymer spheres. This classification includes the following polymerization processes: emulsion polymerization and its derivatives, seeded emulsion and inverse emulsion polymerization; precipitation polymerization and its derivative, dispersion polymerization; hard-templating; spray-drying; and hydrothermal or solvothermal treatment of carbohydrates and biomass in general. This review also reports on the morphology and surface characteristics of the CSs obtained by different synthetic approaches. The final section of the review describes the current applications of these CSs, notably in energy storage (supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries) and energy conversion (fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells). Besides the numerous applications listed above, they are utilized as sacrificial hard templates to prepare single- and multi-shell hollow spheres of metal oxides and other inorganic compounds and filters, as well as in adsorption and catalysis processes, drug delivery systems, and other minority applications (e.g., lubricants, black pigment in e-papers, and microwave absorber).
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Shaikh A, Parida S. Facile sonochemical synthesis of highly dispersed ultrafine Pd nanoparticle decorated carbon nano-onions with high metal loading and enhanced electrocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly dispersed, ultrafine Pd nanoparticle decorated carbon nano-onions (CNO) were prepared by a facile, one-step sonochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasiya Shaikh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- I.I.T. Bombay
- Mumbai
- India-400076
| | - Smrutiranjan Parida
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science
- I.I.T. Bombay
- Mumbai
- India-400076
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