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Liu H, Lu HH, Alp Y, Wu R, Thayumanavan S. Structural Determinants of Stimuli-Responsiveness in Amphiphilic Macromolecular Nano-assemblies. Prog Polym Sci 2024; 148:101765. [PMID: 38476148 PMCID: PMC10927256 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nano-assemblies from amphiphilic macromolecules could undergo controlled structural transformations and generate diverse macroscopic phenomenon under stimuli. Due to the controllable responsiveness, they have been applied for broad material and biomedical applications, such as biologics delivery, sensing, imaging, and catalysis. Understanding the mechanisms of the assembly-disassembly processes and structural determinants behind the responsive properties is fundamentally important for designing the next generation of nano-assemblies with programmable responsiveness. In this review, we focus on structural determinants of assemblies from amphiphilic macromolecules and their macromolecular level alterations under stimuli, such as the disruption of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), depolymerization, decrosslinking, and changes of molecular packing in assemblies, which eventually lead to a series of macroscopic phenomenon for practical purposes. Applications of stimuli-responsive nano-assemblies in delivery, sensing and imaging were also summarized based on their structural features. We expect this review could provide readers an overview of the structural considerations in the design and applications of nanoassemblies and incentivize more explorations in stimuli-responsive soft matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hung-Hsun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yasin Alp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruiling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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2
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Valdez S, Robertson M, Qiang Z. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements in Polymer Science: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200421. [PMID: 35689335 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a non-invasive characterization method for studying molecular structures and dynamics, providing high spatial resolution at nanometer scale. Over the past decades, FRET-based measurements are developed and widely implemented in synthetic polymer systems for understanding and detecting a variety of nanoscale phenomena, enabling significant advances in polymer science. In this review, the basic principles of fluorescence and FRET are briefly discussed. Several representative research areas are highlighted, where FRET spectroscopy and imaging can be employed to reveal polymer morphology and kinetics. These examples include understanding polymer micelle formation and stability, detecting guest molecule release from polymer host, characterizing supramolecular assembly, imaging composite interfaces, and determining polymer chain conformations and their diffusion kinetics. Finally, a perspective on the opportunities of FRET-based measurements is provided for further allowing their greater contributions in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdez
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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3
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Landazuri G, Fernandez V, Soltero J, Rharbi Y. Length of the Core Forming Block Effect on Fusion and Fission Dynamics at Equilibrium in PEO–PPO–PEO Triblock Copolymer Micelles in the Spherical Regime. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Landazuri
- Université Grenoble Alpes—LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán # 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
| | - V.V.A. Fernandez
- Université Grenoble Alpes—LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Ciencias Tecnológicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad No. 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco 47820, Mexico
| | - J.F.A. Soltero
- Université Grenoble Alpes—LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán # 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, Mexico
| | - Y. Rharbi
- Université Grenoble Alpes—LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LRP, F-38041 Grenoble, France
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4
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Dey P, Rajdev P, Pramanik P, Haag R, Ghosh S. Synthesis of a Cylindrical Micelle from Hydrophilic Polymers Connected with a Single Supramolecular Structure-Directing Unit. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Sui B, Cheng C, Xu P. Pyridyl Disulfide Functionalized Polymers as Nanotherapeutic Platforms. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Sui
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of South Carolina 715 Sumter Columbia SC 29208 USA
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6
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Rajdev P, Ghosh S. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET): A Powerful Tool for Probing Amphiphilic Polymer Aggregates and Supramolecular Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2018; 123:327-342. [PMID: 30407823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article highlights the utility of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to probe the dynamics and related issues in amphiphilic polymeric aggregates and supramolecular polymers. Amphiphilic polymers are more attractive compared to their small molecule analogues because they exhibit significantly lower critical aggregation concentration, relatively larger particle size (suitable for the enhanced permeation and retention effect), and a much slower dynamics of exchange between the unimer and the aggregate. Representative examples of exchange dynamics in amphiphilic polymer aggregates and their noncovalent encapsulation stability as a function of the structure of the macromolecule, cross-linking, environmental parameters, and biological conditions, as probed by FRET studies, have been included in this article. Further, related observations on the utility of FRET in studying the exchange dynamics in supramolecular polymers, particularly in aqueous medium, have been discussed at length, revealing a strong impact of chirality, side chain polarity, and other parameters. Overall, this Review Article brings out the strength of this technique to probe dynamics of aggregates and assembled systems, mostly in water medium, which has a paramount importance in designing future biomaterials.
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7
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Mayoral MJ, Serrano-Molina D, Camacho-García J, Magdalena-Estirado E, Blanco-Lomas M, Fadaei E, González-Rodríguez D. Understanding complex supramolecular landscapes: non-covalent macrocyclization equilibria examined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7809-7821. [PMID: 30429990 PMCID: PMC6194488 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As molecular self-assembled systems increase in complexity, due to a large number of participating entities and/or the establishment of multiple competing equilibria, their full understanding becomes likewise more complicated, and the use of diverse analytical techniques that can afford complementary information is required. We demonstrate in this work that resonance excitation energy transfer phenomena, measured by fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with other optical spectroscopies, can be a valuable tool to obtain supplementary thermodynamic data about complex supramolecular landscapes that other methods fail to provide. In particular, noncovalent macrocyclization processes of lipophilic dinucleosides are studied here by setting up a competition between intra- and intermolecular association processes of Watson-Crick H-bonding pairs. Multiwavelength analysis of the monomer emission changes allowed us to determine cyclotetramerization constants and to quantify chelate cooperativity, which was confirmed to be substantially larger for the G-C than for the A-U pair. Furthermore, when bithiophene-BODIPY donor-acceptor energy transfer probes are employed in these competition experiments, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy measurements in different regions of the visible spectrum additionally reveal intermolecular interactions occurring simultaneously at both sides of the macrocyclization reaction: the cyclic product, acting as a host for the competitor, and the monomer reactant, ultimately leading to macrocycle denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Mayoral
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - David Serrano-Molina
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Jorge Camacho-García
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Eva Magdalena-Estirado
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Marina Blanco-Lomas
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - Elham Fadaei
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
| | - David González-Rodríguez
- Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group , Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain . ;
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
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8
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Palanikumar L, Choi ES, Oh JY, Park SA, Choi H, Kim K, Kim C, Ryu JH. Importance of Encapsulation Stability of Nanocarriers with High Drug Loading Capacity for Increasing in Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3030-3039. [PMID: 29883544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current drug delivery systems are hampered by poor delivery to tumors, in part reflecting poor encapsulation stability of nanocarriers. Although nanocarriers such as polymeric micelles have high colloidal stability and do not aggregate or precipitate in bulk solution, nanocarriers with low encapsulation stability can lose their cargo during circulation in blood due to interactions with blood cells, cellular membranes, serum proteins, and other biomacromolecules. The resulting premature drug release from carriers limits the therapeutic efficacy at target sites. Herein, we report a simple and robust technique to improve encapsulation stability of drug delivery systems. Specifically, we show that installation of disulfide cross-linked noncovalent polymer gatekeepers onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a high loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs enhances in vivo therapeutic efficacy by preventing premature release of cargo. Subsequent release of drug cargos was triggered by cleavage of disulfide cross-linking by glutathione, leading to improved antitumor activity of doxoroubicin in mice. These findings provide novel insights into the development of nanocarriers with high encapsulation stability and improved in vivo therapeutic efficacy.
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9
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Liu R, Liu M, Hood D, Chen CY, MacNevin CJ, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Chlorophyll-Inspired Red-Region Fluorophores: Building Block Synthesis and Studies in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010130. [PMID: 29320445 PMCID: PMC6017558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorophores that absorb and emit in the red spectral region (600-700 nm) are of great interest in photochemistry and photomedicine. Eight new target chlorins (and 19 new chlorins altogether)-analogues of chlorophyll-of different polarities have been designed and synthesized for various applications; seven of the chlorins are equipped with a bioconjugatable tether. Hydrophobic or amphiphilic chlorins in a non-polar organic solvent (toluene), polar organic solvent (DMF), and aqueous or aqueous micellar media show a sharp emission band in the red region and modest fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 0.2-0.3). A Poisson analysis implies most micelles are empty and few contain >1 chlorin. Water-soluble chlorins each bearing three PEG (oligoethyleneglycol) groups exhibit narrow emission bands (full-width-at-half maximum <25 nm). The lifetime of the lowest singlet excited state and the corresponding yields and rate constants for depopulation pathways (fluorescence, intersystem crossing, internal conversion) are generally little affected by the PEG groups or dissolution in aqueous or organic media. A set of chlorin-avidin conjugates revealed a 2-fold increase in Φf with increased average chlorin/avidin ratio (2.3-12). In summary, the chlorins of various polarities described herein are well suited as red-emitting fluorophores for applications in aqueous or organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (R.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (R.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA;
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- NIRvana Sciences, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (C.-Y.C.); (C.J.M.)
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-314-935-6502 (D.H.); +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (R.L.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-314-935-6502 (D.H.); +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
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10
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Fan H, Li Y, Yang J, Ye X. Effect of Hydrophobic Chain Length on the Stability and Guest Exchange Behavior of Shell-Sheddable Micelles Formed by Disulfide-Linked Diblock Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9708-9717. [PMID: 28925709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b06165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-responsive micelles hold enormous promise for application as drug carriers due to the fast drug release triggered by reducing conditions and high anticancer activity. However, the effect of hydrophobic chain length on the stability and guest exchange of reduction-responsive micelles, especially for the micelles formed by diblock copolymers containing single disulfide group, is not fully understood. Here, shell-sheddable micelles formed by a series of disulfide-linked copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-SS-PCL) containing the same chain length of PEG but different chain lengths of hydrophobic block PCL were prepared and well characterized. The influence of the chain length of hydrophobic PCL block on the stability and guest exchange of PEG-SS-PCL micelles was studied by the use of both dynamic laser light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The results show that longer PCL chains lead to a slower aggregation rate and guest exchange of micelles in the aqueous solutions containing 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). The cell uptake of the shell-sheddable PEG-SS-PCL micelles in vitro shows that the amount of internalization of dyes loaded in PEG-SS-PCL micelles increases with the chain length of hydrophobic PCL block investigated by flow cytometric analysis and confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yixia Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinxian Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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11
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Song J, Palanikumar L, Choi Y, Kim I, Heo TY, Ahn E, Choi SH, Lee E, Shibasaki Y, Ryu JH, Kim BS. The power of the ring: a pH-responsive hydrophobic epoxide monomer for superior micelle stability. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed micelles with superior stability by integrating a novel hydrophobic, pH-responsive epoxide monomer, tetrahydropyranyl glycidyl ether.
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12
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Hao W, Shen Y, Liu D, Shang Y, Zhang J, Xu S, Liu H. Dual-pH-sensitivity and tumour targeting core–shell particles for intracellular drug delivery. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal problem in the area of drug delivery is achieving better selectivity and controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiju Hao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yinxing Shen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Danyang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yazhuo Shang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology
- Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Shouhong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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13
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Xie M, Wang S, Singh A, Cooksey TJ, Marquez MD, Bhattarai A, Kourentzi K, Robertson ML. Fluorophore exchange kinetics in block copolymer micelles with varying solvent-fluorophore and solvent-polymer interactions. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:6196-205. [PMID: 27383924 PMCID: PMC4973472 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to characterize the kinetics of guest exchange in diblock copolymer micelles composed of poly(ethylene oxide-b-ε-caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) diblock copolymers in water/tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixtures which encapsulated fluorophores. The solvent composition (THF content) of the micelle solution was varied as a means of modulating the strength of interactions between the fluorophore and solvent as well as between the micelle core and solvent. A donor-acceptor fluorophore pair was employed consisting of 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO, the donor) and 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI, the acceptor). Through the process of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), energy was transferred from the donor to acceptor when the fluorophores were in close proximity. A micelle solution containing DiO was mixed with a micelle solution containing DiI at t = 0, and the emission spectra of the mixed solution were monitored over time (at an excitation wavelength optimized for the donor). In micelle solutions containing 5 and 10 vol% THF in the bulk solvent, an increase in the acceptor peak intensity maximum occurred over time in the post-mixed solution, accompanied by a decrease in the donor peak intensity maximum, indicating the presence of energy transfer from the donor to the acceptor. At long times, the FRET ratios (acceptor peak intensity divided by the sum of the acceptor and donor peak intensities) were indistinguishable from that determined from pre-mixed micelle solutions of the same THF content (in pre-mixed solutions, DiO and DiI were encapsulated within the same micelle cores). In the micelle solution containing 20 vol% THF, the fluorophore exchange process occurred too quickly to be observed (the FRET ratios measured from the solutions mixed at t = 0 were commensurate to that measured from the pre-mixed solution). A time constant describing the guest exchange process was extracted from the time-dependence of the FRET ratio through fit of an exponential decay. An increase in the THF content in the micelle solution resulted in a decrease in the time constant, and the time constant varied over five orders of magnitude as the THF content was varied from 5-20 vol%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Avantika Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Tyler J Cooksey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Maria D Marquez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Ashish Bhattarai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
| | - Megan L Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Road, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, TX 77204-4004, USA.
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14
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Song C, Li L, Dai L, Thayumanavan S. Responsive single-chain polymer nanoparticles with host–guest features. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00600g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile approach to form ultra-fine single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCPNs)viadisulfide-based intrachain crosslinking of single polymer chains of a random copolymer poly(HEMA-co-PDSEMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunfeng Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- College of Materials
| | - Longyu Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- P. R. China
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
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15
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Alexy EJ, Hintz CW, Hughes HM, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Paley's watchmaker analogy and prebiotic synthetic chemistry in surfactant assemblies. Formaldehyde scavenging by pyrroles leading to porphyrins as a case study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10025-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Facile exchange of micromolar dialkylpyrrolic constituents among a Poisson distribution of aqueous micelles overcomes immense statistical odds against reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Alexy
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Carl W. Hintz
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Hubert M. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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