1
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Brió Pérez M, Wurm FR, de Beer S. On the Road to Circular Polymer Brushes: Challenges and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7249-7256. [PMID: 38556745 PMCID: PMC11008239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are unique surface coatings that have been of high interest in research for the past decades due to their covalent tethering to surfaces and the broad spectrum of polymers that can be grafted to or grafted from various surfaces. Modification of surfaces with brushes may provide lubricious and/or antifouling properties, and they can also potentially be used in many application fields due to their high responsiveness toward certain stimuli. Generally, polymer brushes are long-lasting coatings, while their end-of-life has to date largely been neglected. Therefore, it is important to consider additional design methodologies to produce circular brushes, which will degrade after a certain period of time such that surfaces can be reused, and the potentially obtained monomers may be used again to synthesize new brushes. In this Perspective, we aim to tackle and understand the challenges to translate the knowledge on degradation and chemical recycling of bulk polymers toward circular polymer brushes. We summarized the recent developments on (bio)degradable polymer brushes and the challenges that are to be tackled toward their potential implementation as circular coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department of Molecules &
Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Fridrich P, Posel Z. Phase Behavior of Polydisperse Y-Shaped Polymer Brushes under Good Solvent Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:721. [PMID: 38475403 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Y-shaped polymer brushes represent a special class of binary mixed polymer brushes, in which a combination of different homopolymers leads to unique phase behavior. While most theoretical and simulation studies use monodisperse models, experimental systems are always polydisperse. This discrepancy hampers linking theoretical and experimental results. In this theoretical study, we employed dissipative particle dynamics to study the influence of polydispersity on the phase behavior of Y-shaped brushes grafted to flat surfaces under good solvent conditions. Polydispersity was kept within experimentally achievable values and was modeled via Schulz-Zimm distribution. In total, 10 systems were considered, thus covering the phase behavior of monodisperse, partially polydisperse and fully polydisperse systems. Using such generic representation of real polymers, we observed a rippled structure and aggregates in monodisperse systems. In addition, polydisperse brushes formed a stable perforated layer not observed previously in monodisperse studies, and influenced the stability of the remaining phases. Although the perforated layer was experimentally observed under good solvent conditions and in the melt state, further confirmation of its presence in systems under good solvent conditions required mapping real polymers onto mesoscale models that reflected, for example, different polymer rigidity, and excluded volume effects or direct influence of the surface, just to mention a few parameters. Finally, in this work, we show that mesoscale modeling successfully describes polydisperse models, which opens the way for rapid exploring of complex systems such as polydisperse Y-shaped brushes in selective or bad solvents or under non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Fridrich
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyšek Posel
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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3
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Sato T, Dunderdale GJ, Hozumi A. Threshold of Surface Initiator Concentration for Polymer Brush Growth by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:480-488. [PMID: 38127729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of various materials by grafting functional molecules has attracted much attention from fundamental research to practical applications because of its ability to impart various physical and chemical properties to the surfaces. One promising approach is the use of polymer brushes synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from surface-tethered initiators (SIs). In this study, for the purpose of controlling the grafting amounts/densities of polymer brushes, we developed a facile method to precisely regulate SI concentrations of SI layers (SILs) by serial dilution based on a sol-gel method. By simply mixing organosilanes terminated with and without an initiator group ((p-chloromethyl) phenyltrimethoxysilane (CMPTMS) and phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS), respectively) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), SI concentrations of SILs could be arbitrarily tuned precisely by varying dilution factors of (CMPTMS + PTMS)/CMPTMS (DFs, 1-107). The resulting SILs prepared at different DFs were highly smooth and transparent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) also confirmed that the SIs were homogeneously distributed at the topmost surface of the SILs and their concentrations were proven to be accurately and precisely controlled from high to extremely low, comparable to theoretical values. Subsequent SI-ATRP in air ("paint-on" SI-ATRP) of two different types of monomers (hydrophobic/nonionic (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene) and hydrophilic/ionic (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)) demonstrated that polymer brushes with different grafting amounts/densities were successfully grafted only from SILs with DFs of 1-104 (theoretical SI concentrations: 3.9 × 10-4 ∼ 3.5 units/nm2), while at DFs of 105 and above (theoretical SI concentrations: <3.9 × 10-5 units/nm2), no sign of polymer brush growth was confirmed by thickness, XPS, and water contact angle data. Therefore, we are the first to gather evidence that the approximate threshold of SI concentration required for "paint-on" SI-ATRP might be on the order of 10-4 ∼ 10-5 units/nm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 4-205, Sakurazaka, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Gary J Dunderdale
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Atsushi Hozumi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 4-205, Sakurazaka, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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4
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Brió Pérez M, Hempenius MA, de Beer S, Wurm FR. Polyester Brush Coatings for Circularity: Grafting, Degradation, and Repeated Growth. Macromolecules 2023; 56:8856-8865. [PMID: 38024158 PMCID: PMC10653273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are widely used as versatile surface modifications. However, most of them are designed to be long-lasting by using nonbiodegradable materials. This generates additional plastic waste and hinders the reusability of substrates. To address this, we present a synthetic strategy for grafting degradable polymer brushes via organocatalytic surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) from stable PGMA-based macroinitiators. This yields polyester brush coatings (up to 50 nm in thickness) that hydrolyze with controlled patterns and can be regrown on the same substrate after degradation. We chose polyesters of different hydrolytic stability and degradation mechanism, i.e., poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which are grown from poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA)-based macroinitiators for strong surface binding and initiating site reuse. Brush degradation is monitored via thickness changes in pH-varied buffer solutions and seawater with PHB brushes showing rapid degradation in all solutions. PLA and PCL brushes show higher stability in solutions of up to pH 8, while all coatings fully degrade after 14 days in seawater. These brushes offer surface modifications with well-defined degradation patterns that can be regrown after degradation, making them an interesting alternative to (meth)acrylate-based, nondegradable polymers brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió Pérez
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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5
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Im S, Frey E, Lacks DJ, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Enhanced Triboelectric Charge Stability by Air-Stable Radicals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304459. [PMID: 37675836 PMCID: PMC10625048 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that air-stable radicals enhance the stability of triboelectric charge on surfaces. While charge on surfaces is often undesirable (e.g., static discharge), improved charge retention can benefit specific applications such as air filtration. Here, it is shown that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing air-stable radicals, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO), hold the charge longer than those without TEMPO. Charging and retention are monitored by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) as a function of time. Without the radicals on the surface, charge retention increases with the water contact angle (hydrophobicity), consistent with the understanding that surface water molecules can accelerate charge dissipation. Yet, the most prolonged charge retention is observed in surfaces treated with TEMPO, which are more hydrophilic than untreated control surfaces. The charge retention decreases with reducing radical density by etching the TEMPO-silane with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) or scavenging the radicals with ascorbic acid. These results suggest a pathway toward increasing the lifetime of triboelectric charges, which may enhance air filtration, improve tribocharging for patterning charges on surfaces, or boost triboelectric energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooik Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Ethan Frey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Daniel J. Lacks
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH44106USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
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6
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Teunissen LW, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Modular and Substrate-Independent Grafting-To Procedure for Functional Polymer Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37216307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor polymer brush coatings to the last nanometer has arguably placed them among the most powerful surface modification techniques currently available. Generally, the synthesis procedures for polymer brushes are designed for a specific surface type and monomer functionality and cannot be easily employed otherwise. Herein, we describe a modular and straightforward two-step grafting-to approach that allows introduction of polymer brushes of a desired functionality onto a large range of chemically different substrates. To illustrate the modularity of the procedure, gold, silicon oxide (SiO2), and polyester-coated glass substrates were modified with five different block copolymers. In short, the substrates were first modified with a universally applicable poly(dopamine) primer layer. Subsequently, a grafting-to reaction was performed on the poly(dopamine) films using five distinct block copolymers, all of which contained a short poly(glycidyl methacrylate) segment and longer segment of varying chemical functionality. Ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and static water contact angle measurements confirmed successful grafting of all five block copolymers to the poly(dopamine)-modified gold, SiO2, and polyester-coated glass substrates. In addition, our method was used to provide direct access to binary brush coatings, by simultaneous grafting of two different polymer materials. The ability to synthesize binary brush coatings further adds to the versatility of our approach and paves the way toward production of novel multifunctional and responsive polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W Teunissen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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7
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Photosensitive Spherical Polymer Brushes: Light-Triggered Process of Particle Repulsion. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a light-triggered process at which repulsive interactions between microparticles with a polyelectrolyte (PE) brush coating can be remotely controlled. The spherical polyelectrolyte brushes are loaded with photosensitive azobenzene containing surfactant which can undergo reversible photo-isomerization from trans to cis state. The surfactant hydrophilicity is altered by illumination with light of an appropriate wavelength, at which a dynamic exchange of the more surface-active trans isomer in comparison to the more water soluble cis isomer with the PE brush generates a concentration gradient of the cis isomers near a solid surface where the particle is sedimented. In this way, each spherical brush produces its local lateral diffusioosmotic flow pointing outside in a radial direction resulting in mutual long-range repulsive interactions. We demonstrate that a PE layer has a higher tendency to absorb surfactant in comparison to plain silica particles, yielding a larger flow strength. This correlation holds true up to a critical intensity, where the dynamic exchange is adsorption limited with respect to trans isomers and especially pronounced for the PE-coated particles.
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8
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Mouillard F, Ferté T, Voirin E, Méry S, Masson P, Carradò A. Use of a Photocleavable Initiator to Characterize Polymer Chains Grafted onto a Metal Plate with the Grafting-from Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051265. [PMID: 36904506 PMCID: PMC10007346 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The thorough characterization of polymer chains grafted through a "grafting-from" process onto substrates based on the determination of number (Mn) and weight (Mw) average molar masses, as well as dispersity (Ɖ), is quite challenging. It requires the cleavage of grafted chains selectively at the polymer-substrate bond without polymer degradation to allow their analysis in solution with steric exclusion chromatography, in particular. The study herein describes a technique for the selective cleavage of PMMA grafted onto titanium substrate (Ti-PMMA) using an anchoring molecule that combines an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator and a UV-cleavable moiety. This technique allows the demonstration of the efficiency of the ATRP of PMMA on titanium substrates and verification that the chains were grown homogeneously.
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9
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Zbonikowski R, Mente P, Bończak B, Paczesny J. Adaptive 2D and Pseudo-2D Systems: Molecular, Polymeric, and Colloidal Building Blocks for Tailored Complexity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:855. [PMID: 36903733 PMCID: PMC10005801 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional and pseudo-2D systems come in various forms. Membranes separating protocells from the environment were necessary for life to occur. Later, compartmentalization allowed for the development of more complex cellular structures. Nowadays, 2D materials (e.g., graphene, molybdenum disulfide) are revolutionizing the smart materials industry. Surface engineering allows for novel functionalities, as only a limited number of bulk materials have the desired surface properties. This is realized via physical treatment (e.g., plasma treatment, rubbing), chemical modifications, thin film deposition (using both chemical and physical methods), doping and formulation of composites, or coating. However, artificial systems are usually static. Nature creates dynamic and responsive structures, which facilitates the formation of complex systems. The challenge of nanotechnology, physical chemistry, and materials science is to develop artificial adaptive systems. Dynamic 2D and pseudo-2D designs are needed for future developments of life-like materials and networked chemical systems in which the sequences of the stimuli would control the consecutive stages of the given process. This is crucial to achieving versatility, improved performance, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Here, we review the advancements in studies on adaptive, responsive, dynamic, and out-of-equilibrium 2D and pseudo-2D systems composed of molecules, polymers, and nano/microparticles.
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10
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Macdonald B, Zhang C, Chen Z, Tuteja A. Polysiloxane-Based Liquid-like Layers for Reducing Polymer and Wax Fouling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:274-284. [PMID: 36583570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface fouling occurs when undesired matter adheres and accumulates on a surface, resulting in a decrease or loss of functionality. Polymer and wax fouling can cause costly blockages to crude oil pipelines, clog jet fuel injectors, foul chemical reaction vessels, and significantly decrease the efficiency of heat exchangers. Fouling occurs in many forms but can be segmented based on adherent size, modulus, and chemical functionality. Depending on the foulant, surface design strategies can vary greatly. Few strategies exist to prevent the buildup of wax and polymers on surfaces. In this report, we investigate the potential of highly disordered, siloxane liquid-like layers as a strategy for reducing wax and polymer deposition. In our tests, it was found that the liquid-like layers developed here were able to reduce postadsorption roughness for polymer and wax by as much as 35- and 47-fold, respectively, when compared to the control. SFG was utilized to investigate the molecular-level interfacial properties for each of the modified surfaces to help understand the antifouling mechanism. The data showed that the likely higher grafting density and a large degree of random conformational freedom at the liquid-surface interface make the developed siloxane-covered surfaces energetically unfavorable for polymer and wax accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Macdonald
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anish Tuteja
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Ritsema van Eck G, Kiens EM, Veldscholte LB, Brió Pérez M, de Beer S. Vapor Swelling of Polymer Brushes Compared to Nongrafted Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13763-13770. [PMID: 36331903 PMCID: PMC9671043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes, coatings of polymers covalently end-grafted to a surface, have been proposed as a more stable alternative to traditional physisorbed coatings. However, when such coatings are applied in settings such as vapor sensing and gas separation technologies, their responsiveness to solvent vapors becomes an important consideration. It can be anticipated that the end-anchoring in polymer brushes reduces the translational entropy of the polymers and instead introduces an entropic penalty against stretching when vapor is absorbed. Therefore, swelling can be expected to be diminished in brushes compared to nongrafted films. Here, we study the effect of the anchoring-constraint on vapor sorption in polymer coatings using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations as well as humidity-controlled ellipsometry on chemically identical polymer brushes and nongrafted films. We find a qualitative agreement between simulations and experiments, with both indicating that brushes certainly swell less than physisorbed films, although this effect is minor for common grafting densities. Our results imply that polymer brushes indeed hold great potential for the intended applications.
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12
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Altorbaq AS, Alkhodairi H, Mendez NF, Schadler LS, Müller AJ, Kumar SK. Crystallization Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Miscible Polymer Blend Nanocomposites: Linear versus Grafted Systems. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S. Altorbaq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Husam Alkhodairi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Mendez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Linda S. Schadler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Basque Country University UPV/EHU, Paseo Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque - Basque Science Foundation, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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13
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Wang F, Liu W, Lu R, Huang JH, Zuo B, Wang X. Entropy-Enhanced Mechanochemical Activation for Thermal Degrafting of Surface-Tethered Dry Polystyrene Brushes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1041-1048. [PMID: 35920565 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dry polymer brushes have attracted great attention because of their potential utility in regulating interface properties. However, it is still unknown whether dry polymer brushes will exhibit degrafting behavior as a result of thermal annealing. Herein, a study of the conformational entropy effect on thermal degrafting of dry polystyrene (PS) brushes is presented. For PS brushes with an initial grafting density (σpini) of 0.61 nm-2, degrafting behavior was observed at 393 K, and the equilibrium σp was approximately 0.14 nm-2 at 413 K. However, for brushes with σpini ≤ 0.14 nm-2, thermal degrafting was not observed even if the temperature was increased to 453 K. Furthermore, we found that the degrafting rate was faster for PS brushes with higher σpini and higher molecular weights when σpini > 0.14 nm-2. Our findings confirmed that degrafting is a mechanochemical activation process driven by tension imposed on bonds that anchor the chains to the surface, and the process is amplified by conformational entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rongxing Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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14
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Alkhodairi H, Kumar SK. Fracture Toughness of Polymer Interfaces Compatibilized with Nanoparticle Brushes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husam Alkhodairi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sanat K. Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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15
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Verma M, Rana A, Vidyasagar KEC, Kalyansundaram D, Saha S. Protein Patterning on Microtextured Polymeric Nano-brush Templates Obtained By Nanosecond Fibre Laser. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2100454. [PMID: 35102705 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Micropatterned polymer brushes have attracted attention in several biomedical areas, i.e., tissue engineering, protein microarray, biosensors etc., for precise arrangement of biomolecules. Herein, we report a facile and scalable approach to create microtextured polymer brushes with the ability to generate different type of protein patterns. Nanosecond fibre laser was exploited to generate micropatterns on polyPEGMA (poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) brush modified Ti alloy substrate. Surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation was employed to grow PolyPEGMA brush (11-87 nm thick) on Ti alloy surface immobilized with initiator having an initiator density (σ*) of 1.5 initiators/nm2 . Polymer brushes were then selectively laser ablated and their presence on non-textured area was confirmed by atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Spatial orientation of biomolecules was first achieved by non-specific protein adsorption on areas ablated by the laser, via physisorption. Further, patterned brushes of polyPEGMA were modified to activated ester that gave rise to protein conjugation specifically on non-laser ablated brush areas. Moreover, the laser ablated brush modified patterned template was also successfully utilized for generating alternate patterns of bacteria. This promising technique can be further extended to create interesting patterns of several biomolecules which are of great interest to biomedical research community. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Rana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - K E Ch Vidyasagar
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kalyansundaram
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, India
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16
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Ivanova AS, Polotsky AA, Skvortsov AM, Klushin LI, Schmid F. Adsorption-active polydisperse brush with tunable molecular mass distribution. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0076382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Ivanova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Bolshoy pr, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Polotsky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Bolshoy pr, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Skvortsov
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, ul. Professora Popova 14, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Leonid I. Klushin
- Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon and Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Bolshoy pr, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Friederike Schmid
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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17
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Ko Y, Truong VK, Woo SY, Dickey MD, Hsiao L, Genzer J. Counterpropagating Gradients of Antibacterial and Antifouling Polymer Brushes. Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:424-430. [PMID: 34905339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the formation of counterpropagating density gradients in poly([2-dimethylaminoethyl] methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes featuring spatially varying quaternized and betainized units. Starting with PDMAEMA brushes with constant grafting density and degree of polymerization, we first generate a density gradient of quaternized units by directional vapor reaction involving methyl iodide. The unreacted DMAEMA units are then betainized through gaseous-phase betainization with 1,3-propanesultone. The gas reaction of PDMAEMA with 1,3-propanesultone eliminates the formation of byproducts present during the liquid-phase modification. We use the counterpropagating density gradients of quaternized and betainized PDMAEMA brushes in antibacterial and antifouling studies. Completely quaternized and betainized brushes exhibit antibacterial and antifouling behaviors. Samples containing 12% of quaternized and 85% of betainized units act simultaneously as antibacterial and antifouling surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States.,Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sun Young Woo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Lilian Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
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18
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Arraez FJ, Van Steenberge PHM, Sobieski J, Matyjaszewski K, D’hooge DR. Conformational Variations for Surface-Initiated Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: From Flat to Curved Nanoparticle Surfaces. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Arraez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | | | - Julian Sobieski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, Zwijnaarde, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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19
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen‐Tolerant SI‐PET‐RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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20
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen-Tolerant SI-PET-RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19988-19996. [PMID: 34337845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An oxygen-tolerant approach is described for preparing surface-tethered polymer films of organic semiconductors directly from electrode substrates using polymer brush photolithography. A photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) approach was used to prepare multiblock polymer architectures with the structures of multi-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), including electron-transport, emissive, and hole-transport layers. The preparation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thermally assisted fluorescence (TAF) trilayer OLED architectures are described. By using direct photomasking as well as a digital micromirror device, we also show that the surface-initiated (SI)-PET-RAFT approach allows for enhanced control over layer thickness, and spatial resolution in polymer brush patterning at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alexander M Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Christian W Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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21
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Vy NCH, Liyanage CD, Williams RML, Fang JM, Kerns PM, Schniepp HC, Adamson DH. Surface-Initiated Passing-through Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes for Salt-Selective and Antifouling Materials. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Chau H. Vy
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Chinthani D. Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3036, United States
| | - Robert M. L. Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Justin M. Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247, United States
| | - Peter M. Kerns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3036, United States
| | - Hannes C. Schniepp
- Department of Applied Science, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Douglas H. Adamson
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3036, United States
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22
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Li M, Fromel M, Ranaweera D, Pester CW. Comparison of Long‐Term Stability of Initiating Monolayers in Surface‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerizations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000337. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Dhanesh Ranaweera
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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23
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Yan W, Dadashi-Silab S, Matyjaszewski K, Spencer ND, Benetti EM. Surface-Initiated Photoinduced ATRP: Mechanism, Oxygen Tolerance, and Temporal Control during the Synthesis of Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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24
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Witte J, Krause P, Kyrey T, Dahl AM, Lutzki J, Schmidt BVKJ, Ganeva M, Koutsioubas A, Holderer O, Wellert S. Grazing Incidence Neutron Spin Echo Study of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Brushes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Witte
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Krause
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tetyana Kyrey
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Anna Margarethe Dahl
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Lutzki
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marina Ganeva
- JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Holderer
- JCNS at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Wellert
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Mocny P, Klok HA. Complex polymer topologies and polymer—nanoparticle hybrid films prepared via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Flejszar M, Chmielarz P. Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for the Preparation of Well-Defined Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3030. [PMID: 31540468 PMCID: PMC6766320 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is a powerful tool that allows for the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials with high potential applications in many disciplines. This review presents synthetic achievements and modifications of nanoparticles via SI-ATRP described in literature last decade. The work mainly focuses on the research development of silica, gold and iron polymer-grafted nanoparticles as well as nature-based materials like nanocellulose. Moreover, typical single examples of nanoparticles modification, i.e., ZnO, are presented. The organic-inorganic hybrid systems received according to the reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) approach with drastically reduced catalyst complex concentration indicate a wide range of applications of materials including biomedicine and microelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Flejszar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
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27
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Ko Y, Genzer J. Spontaneous Degrafting of Weak and Strong Polycationic Brushes in Aqueous Buffer Solutions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
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28
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Turgman‐Cohen S, Genzer J. Computer Simulation of Surface‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: Effect of Free‐Monomer Model on Brush Properties. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7905 USA
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29
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Design and Optimization of a Process for the Production of Methyl Methacrylate via Direct Methylation. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) plays a vital role in national productions with broad application. Herein, the production of MMA is realized by the improved eco-friendly direct methylation method using Aspen Plus software. Three novel kinds of energy-saving measures were proposed in this study, including the recycle streams of an aqueous solution, methacrolein (MAL), and methanol, the deployment of double-effect distillation instead of a normal one, and the design of a promising heat-exchange network. Moreover, MMA with a purity of 99.9% is obtained via the design of a MAL absorber column with an optimal stage number of 11 and a facile chloroform recovery process by using the RadFrac model. Thus, the proposed green process with energy-conservation superiority is the vital clue for developing MMA, and provides a reference for the production of MMA-ramifications with excellent prospects.
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30
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Klushin LI, Skvortsov AM, Qi S, Kreer T, Schmid F. Polydispersity Effects on Interpenetration in Compressed Brushes. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid I. Klushin
- Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander M. Skvortsov
- Institute for Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical
University, Prof. Popova 14, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Shuanhu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Torsten Kreer
- Leibniz-Institut für
Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmid
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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31
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Tas S, Kopec´ M, van der Pol R, Cirelli M, de Vries I, Bölükbas DA, Tempelman K, Benes NE, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ, de Beer S. Chain End-Functionalized Polymer Brushes with Switchable Fluorescence Response. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tas
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Kopec´
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van der Pol
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Vries
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Deniz A. Bölükbas
- Lund University; Department of Experimental Medical Sciences; Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration; 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Kristianne Tempelman
- Membrane Science and Technology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Membrane Science and Technology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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32
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Mandal J, Simic R, Spencer ND. Tuning and in situ monitoring of surface-initiated, atom-transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide derivatives in water-based solvents. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SI-ATRP kinetics of acrylamide derivatives is studied in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The effect of growth kinetics on polymer-brush dispersity have been examined using colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Mandal
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Rok Simic
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology
- Department of Materials
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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33
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Patil R, Miles J, Ko Y, Datta P, Rao BM, Kiserow D, Genzer J. Kinetic Study of Degrafting Poly(methyl methacrylate) Brushes from Flat Substrates by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jason Miles
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Preeta Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Balaji M. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Douglas Kiserow
- US Army Research
Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2211, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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34
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Klushin LI, Skvortsov AM, Qi S, Schmid F. Polydisperse Brush with the Linear Density Profile. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238218020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Zuo B, Bai L, Li Z, Xu H, Li Y, Wang X. A Nanoconfinement Effect Imposed by the Limited End-to-End Distance of the Grafted Chains on a Molecular Aggregation of Polymer Brushes with Crystalline Side Groups. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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36
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Wu HX, Zhang XH, Huang L, Ma LF, Liu CJ. Diblock Polymer Brush (PHEAA- b-PFMA): Microphase Separation Behavior and Anti-Protein Adsorption Performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11101-11109. [PMID: 30148645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of amphiphilic diblock polymers of poly(hydroxyethylacrylamide)- b-poly(1H,1H-pentafluoropropyl methacrylate) (PHEAA- b-PFMA) were grafted from silicon wafer via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Surface wettability and chemical compositions of the modified surfaces were characterized by contact angle goniometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) respectively. Molecular weight and polydispersity of each block were measured using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The topography and the microphase separation behavior of PHEAA- b-PFMA surfaces were investigated by atomic force microscope (AFM). The results show that only when the grafting density (σ) and thickness of PHEAA brush were in the range of 0.9-1.3 (chain/nm2) and 6.6-15.1 nm, respectively, and the ratio of PFMA/PHEAA varied from 89/42 to 89/94, could the diblock copolymer phase separate into nanostructures. Further, the antiprotein adsorption performance of the modified surfaces against BSA, fibrinogen, and lysozyme was studied. The results indicated the modified surfaces could reduce the protein adsorption compared to the pristine silicon wafer. For Fibrinogen, the antiadsorption effect of PHEAA- b-PFMA-modified surfaces with microphase segregation was better than that of corresponding PHEAA modified surfaces. The results provide further evidence that surface composition and microphase segregation of fluorinated moieties of block copolymer brushes significantly impact protein adsorption behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials , Luoyang Normal University , Luoyang 471022 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Lu-Fang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials , Luoyang Normal University , Luoyang 471022 , P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
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37
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Harrisson S. The Chain Length Distribution of an Ideal Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E887. [PMID: 30960812 PMCID: PMC6403729 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chain length distribution (CLD) of a reversible deactivation radical polymerization at full conversion is shown to be a negative binomial distribution with parameters that are simple functions of the number-average degree of polymerization and either the chain transfer constant (in the case of polymerizations that incorporate a reversible chain transfer step) or the concentrations of dormant polymer chains and deactivating agent and the rate constants of propagation and deactivation (other types of RDRP). Expressions for the CLD at intermediate conversions are also derived, and shown to be consistent with known expressions for the number-average degree of polymerization and dispersity. It is further demonstrated that these CLDs are well-approximated by negative binomial distributions with appropriate choice of parameters. The negative binomial distribution is thus a useful model for CLDs of reversible deactivation radical polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
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38
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Mandal J, Varunprasaath RS, Yan W, Divandari M, Spencer ND, Dübner M. In situ monitoring of SI-ATRP throughout multiple reinitiations under flow by means of a quartz crystal microbalance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20048-20055. [PMID: 30009020 PMCID: PMC6003541 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by means of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) has been carried out in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance, with multiple reinitiations under continuous flow of the reaction mixture. The SI-ATRP kinetics of HEMA were studied continuously by means of changes in the frequency, varying conditions including temperature and solvent composition, as well as monomer and catalyst concentrations, showing the influence of key reaction parameters on SI-ATRP kinetics. Such experiments enabled the design of a polymerisation protocol that leads to a reasonably fast but well-controlled growth of poly(HEMA) brushes. Furthermore, only a minor change in growth rate was observed when the polymerisation was stopped and reinitiated multiple times (essential for block synthesis), demonstrating the living nature of the SI-ATRP reaction under such conditions. The clean switching of reaction mixtures in the flow-based QCM has been shown to be a powerful tool for real-time in situ studies of surface-initiated polymerisation reactions, and a promising approach for the precise fabrication of block-containing brush structures. The polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by means of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) has been studied in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance, with multiple reinitiations under continuous flow of the reaction mixture.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Mandal
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - R S Varunprasaath
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. .,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mohammad Divandari
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Dübner
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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39
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Liu HY, Chen WL, Ober CK, Daniel S. Biologically Complex Planar Cell Plasma Membranes Supported on Polyelectrolyte Cushions Enhance Transmembrane Protein Mobility and Retain Native Orientation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1061-1072. [PMID: 29020444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituted supported lipid bilayers (SLB) are widely used as in vitro cell-surface models because they are compatible with a variety of surface-based analytical techniques. However, one of the challenges of using SLBs as a model of the cell surface is the limited complexity in membrane composition, including the incorporation of transmembrane proteins and lipid diversity that may impact the activity of those proteins. Additionally, it is challenging to preserve the transmembrane protein native orientation, function, and mobility in SLBs. Here, we leverage the interaction between cell plasma membrane vesicles and polyelectrolyte brushes to create planar bilayers from cell plasma membrane vesicles that have budded from the cell surface. This approach promotes the direct incorporation of membrane proteins and other species into the planar bilayer without using detergent or reconstitution and preserves membrane constituents. Furthermore, the structure of the polyelectrolyte brush serves as a cushion between the planar bilayer and rigid supporting surface, limiting the interaction of the cytosolic domains of membrane proteins with this surface. Single particle tracking was used to analyze the motion of GPI-linked yellow fluorescent proteins (GPI-YFP) and neon-green fused transmembrane P2X2 receptors (P2X2-neon) and shows that this platform retains over 75% mobility of multipass transmembrane proteins in its native membrane environment. An enzyme accessibility assay confirmed that the protein orientation is preserved and results in the extracellular domain facing toward the bulk phase and the cytosolic side facing the support. Because the platform presented here retains the complexity of the cell plasma membrane and preserves protein orientation and mobility, it is a better representative mimic of native cell surfaces, which may find many applications in biological assays aimed at understanding cell membrane phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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40
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Khan M, Wu Z, Mao S, Shah SNA, Lin JM. Controlled grafted poly(quaternized-4-vinylpyridine-co-acrylic acid) brushes attract bacteria for effective antimicrobial surfaces. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3782-3791. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00702k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The substrates were coated with P(Q4VP-co-AA) brushes and adsorbed GA to attract, kill and release microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashooq Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Zengnan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Sifeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Syed Niaz Ali Shah
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
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41
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Duque-Sánchez L, Brack N, Postma A, Pigram PJ, Meagher L. Optimisation of grafting of low fouling polymers from three-dimensional scaffolds via surface-initiated Cu(0) mediated polymerisation. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5896-5909. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01828f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Well-controlled low fouling polymers brushes were grafted from the surface of biodegradable electrospun fibres for advanced tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Duque-Sánchez
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing
| | - Narelle Brack
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | | | - Paul J. Pigram
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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42
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Miles J, Schlenker S, Ko Y, Patil R, Rao BM, Genzer J. Design and Fabrication of Wettability Gradients with Tunable Profiles through Degrafting Organosilane Layers from Silica Surfaces by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14556-14564. [PMID: 29161508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound wettability gradients allow for a high-throughput approach to evaluate surface interactions for many biological and chemical processes. Here we describe the fabrication of surface wettability gradients on flat surfaces by a simple, two-step procedure that permits precise tuning of the gradient profile. This process involves the deposition of homogeneous silane SAMs followed by the formation of a surface coverage gradient through the selective removal of silanes from the substrate. Removal of silanes from the surface is achieved by using tetrabutylammonium fluoride which selectively cleaves the Si-O bonds at the headgroup of the silane. The kinetics of degrafting has been modeled by using a series of first order rate equations, based on the number of attachment points broken to remove a silane from the surface. Degrafting of monofunctional silanes exhibits a single exponential decay in surface coverage; however, there is a delay in degrafting of trifunctional silanes due to the presence of multiple attachment points. The effects of degrafting temperature and time are examined in detail and demonstrate the ability to reliably and precisely control the gradient profile on the surface. We observe a relatively homogeneous coverage of silane (i.e., without the presence of islands or holes) throughout the degrafting process, providing a much more uniform surface when compared to additive approaches of gradient formation. Linear gradients were formed on the substrates to demonstrate the reproducibility and tuneability of this subtractive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Miles
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Spencer Schlenker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Rohan Patil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Balaji M Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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43
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44
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Christau S, Moeller T, Genzer J, Koehler R, von Klitzing R. Salt-Induced Aggregation of Negatively Charged Gold Nanoparticles Confined in a Polymer Brush Matrix. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Christau
- Stranski
Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Tim Moeller
- Stranski
Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Str. des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Ralf Koehler
- Institute
of Soft Matter and Functional Materials (F-ISFM), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Landesamt fuer
Arbeitsschutz, Verbraucherschutz und Gesundheit, Muellroser Chaussee 50, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Department
of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Joint Laboratory
for Structural Research (JLSR) of Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fuer Materialien
und Energie (HZB), Institut für Physik, Humboldt-University Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Chmielarz P, Krys P, Wang Z, Wang Y, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of Well‐Defined Polymer Brushes from Silicon Wafers
via
Surface‐Initiated
se
ATRP. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Rzeszow University of Technology Al. Powstanńców Warszawy 6 35‐959 Rzeszow Poland
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Pawel Krys
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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46
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Zuo B, Zhang S, Niu C, Zhou H, Sun S, Wang X. Grafting density dominant glass transition of dry polystyrene brushes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2426-2436. [PMID: 28150841 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02790c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the grafting densities (σp), molecular weights (Mn) and thicknesses of dry polystyrene (PS) brushes on their glass transition temperature (T) were investigated by ellipsometry. The results show that T strongly depends on the grafting density of the PS brushes. The T of the PS brushes with σp > 0.30 increases with decreasing Mn (or brush thickness) and is mainly dominated by entropic effects, in which the grafted chains are highly extended along the film thickness direction resulting in a sharp reduction in configurational entropy. The T of PS brushes with σp < 0.30 decreases with decreasing Mn (or brush thickness) which is mainly dominated by surface effects. For intermediate-density brushes (σp = 0.30), T becomes independent of Mn or brush thickness. The reason for this grafting density dependence of T is attributed to the transition of the PS brush conformation from mushroom-to-brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Chen Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shuzheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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47
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Al-Jaf O, Alswieleh A, Armes SP, Leggett GJ. Nanotribological properties of nanostructured poly(cysteine methacrylate) brushes. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2075-2084. [PMID: 28217790 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00013h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The nanomechanical properties of zwitterionic poly(cysteine methacrylate) (PCysMA) brushes grown from planar surfaces by atom transfer radical polymerisation have been characterised by friction force microscopy (FFM). FFM provides quantitative insights into polymer structure-property relationships and in particular illuminates the dependence of brush swelling on chain packing in nanostructured materials. In ethanol, which is a poor solvent for PCysMA, a linear friction-load relationship is observed, indicating that energy dissipation occurs primarily through ploughing. In contrast, in a good solvent for PCysMA such as water, a non-linear friction-load relationship is observed that can be fitted by Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) mechanics, suggesting that the relatively small modulus of the swollen polymer leads to a large contact area and consequently a significant shear contribution to energy dissipation. The brush grafting density was varied by using UV photolysis of C-Br bonds at 244 nm to dehalogenate the surface in a controlled fashion. The surface shear strength increases initially as the brush grafting density is reduced, but then decreases for UV doses greater than 0.5 J cm-2, reaching a limiting value when the brush thickness is ca. 50% that of a brush monolayer. Below this critical grafting density, a collapsed brush layer is obtained. For nm-scale gradient brush structures formed via interferometric lithography, the mean width increases as the period is increased, and the lateral mobility of brushes in these regions is reduced, leading to an increase in brush height as the grafted chains become progressively more extended. For a width of 260 nm, the mean brush height in water and ethanol is close to the thickness of a dense unpatterned brush monolayer synthesised under identical conditions. Both the surface shear stress measured for PCysMA brushes under water and the coefficient of friction measured in ethanol are closely correlated to the feature height, and hence to the chain conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omed Al-Jaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | | | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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48
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Kesal D, Christau S, Trapp M, Krause P, von Klitzing R. The internal structure of PMETAC brush/gold nanoparticle composites: a neutron and X-ray reflectivity study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30636-30646. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04404f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amount and distribution of gold nanoparticles within a polymer brush matrix can be changed by altering the electrostatic interaction between particle–particle as well as particle–brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kesal
- Soft Matter at Interfaces
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - S. Christau
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - M. Trapp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie
- 14109 Berlin
- Germany
| | - P. Krause
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Phyisikalische Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - R. von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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50
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Wolski K, Gruszkiewicz A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Bernasik A, Zapotoczny S. The grafting density and thickness of polythiophene-based brushes determine the orientation, conjugation length and stability of the grafted chains. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-templating surface-initiated method combining ATRP and oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of ladder-like polythiophene-based brushes with a 90–100 mer conjugation length.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wolski
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Gruszkiewicz
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - M. Wytrwal-Sarna
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology
| | - S. Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
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