1
|
Coudane J, Nottelet B, Mouton J, Garric X, Van Den Berghe H. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-Based Graft Copolymers: Synthesis Methods and Applications in the Biomedical Field: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:7339. [PMID: 36364164 PMCID: PMC9653691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biopolymers are attractive alternatives to biobased polymers, especially because they rarely induce an immune response in a living organism. Poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a well-known synthetic aliphatic polyester universally used for many applications, including biomedical and environmental ones. Unlike poly lactic acid (PLA), PCL has no chiral atoms, and it is impossible to play with the stereochemistry to modify its properties. To expand the range of applications for PCL, researchers have investigated the possibility of grafting polymer chains onto the PCL backbone. As the PCL backbone is not functionalized, it must be first functionalized in order to be able to graft reactive groups onto the PCL chain. These reactive groups will then allow the grafting of new reagents and especially new polymer chains. Grafting of polymer chains is mainly carried out by "grafting from" or "grafting onto" methods. In this review we describe the main structures of the graft copolymers produced, their different synthesis methods, and their main characteristics and applications, mainly in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Coudane
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Mouton
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids, IMT Mines d’Alès, 30100 Alès, France
- EPF Graduate School of Engineering, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Garric
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900 Nimes, France
| | - Hélène Van Den Berghe
- Department of Polymers for Health and Biomaterials, Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A review of protein adsorption and bioactivity characteristics of poly ε-caprolactone scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
3
|
A bimetallic load-bearing bioceramics of TiO 2 @ ZrO 2 integrated polycaprolactone fibrous tissue construct exhibits anti bactericidal effect and induces osteogenesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112501. [PMID: 34857287 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive mesoporous binary metal oxide nanoparticles allied with polymeric scaffolds can mimic natural extracellular matrix because of their self-mineralized functional matrix. Herein, we developed fibrous scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) integrating well-dispersed TiO2@ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) via electrospinning for a tissue engineering approach. The scaffold with 0.1 wt% of bioceramic (TiO2@ZrO2) shows synergistic effects on physicochemical and bioactivity suited to stem cell attachment/proliferation. The bioceramics-based scaffold shows excellent antibacterial activity that can prevent implant-associated infections. In addition, the TiO2@ZrO2 in scaffold serves as a stem cell microenvironment to accelerate cell-to-cell interactions, including cell growth, morphology/orientation, differentiation, and regeneration. The NPs in PCL exert superior biocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 cells inducing osteogenic differentiation. The ALP activity and ARS staining confirm the upregulation of bone-related proteins and minerals suggesting the scaffolds exhibit osteoinductive abilities and contribute to bone cell regeneration. Based on this result, the bimetallic oxide could become a novel bone ceramic tailor TiO2@ZrO2 composite tissue-construct and keep potential nanomaterials-based scaffold for bone tissue engineering strategy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Morise BT, Mutch AL, Garms BC, Herculano RD, Grøndahl L. Evaluation of acrylic acid grafting on the loading and release of scopolamine butylbromide from polymeric matrices for future sialorrhea treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tiemi Morise
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University Araraquara Brazil
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Alexandra Louise Mutch
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Bruna Cambraia Garms
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | | | - Lisbeth Grøndahl
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evaluation of surface layer stability of surface-modified polyester biomaterials. Biointerphases 2020; 15:061010. [PMID: 33276701 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface modification of biomaterials is a strategy used to improve cellular and in vivo outcomes. However, most studies do not evaluate the lifetime of the introduced surface layer, which is an important aspect affecting how a biomaterial will interact with a cellular environment both in the short and in the long term. This study evaluated the surface layer stability in vitro in buffer solution of materials produced from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (50:50) and polycaprolactone modified by hydrolysis and/or grafting of hydrophilic polymers using grafting from approaches. The data presented in this study highlight the shortcomings of using model substrates (e.g., spun-coated films) rather than disks, particles, and scaffolds. It also illustrates how similar surface modification strategies in some cases result in very different lifetimes of the surface layer, thus emphasizing the need for these studies as analogies cannot always be drawn.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, McArthur SL. Physicochemical Surface Modification of Materials Used in Medicine. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Qi Y, Ma HL, Du ZH, Yang B, Wu J, Wang R, Zhang XQ. Hydrophilic and Antibacterial Modification of Poly(lactic acid) Films by γ-ray Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21439-21445. [PMID: 31867539 PMCID: PMC6921625 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To improve the hydrophilicity and imparting antibacterial properties to poly(lactic acid), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and silver particles (AgNPs) were simultaneously introduced onto the surface of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films by γ-ray irradiation. The morphology and structure of the modified films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The interaction between PAA and AgNPs was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirming the coordination between AgNPs and the oxygen atom on the carboxylic group of PAA. The contact-angle (CA) measurements and antibacterial tests showed that the modified PLA films with a low silver content (PLA-g-PAA-Ag) exhibited excellent hydrophilicity as well as antibacterial activity compared with the neat PLA film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui-Ling Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-He Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Clothing Materials R & D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research
Center of Textile Nanofiber, School of Materials Design & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szewczyk PK, Ura DP, Metwally S, Knapczyk-Korczak J, Gajek M, Marzec MM, Bernasik A, Stachewicz U. Roughness and Fiber Fraction Dominated Wetting of Electrospun Fiber-Based Porous Meshes. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E34. [PMID: 30960018 PMCID: PMC6401689 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Wettability of electrospun fibers is one of the key parameters in the biomedical and filtration industry. Within this comprehensive study of contact angles on three-dimensional (3D) meshes made of electrospun fibers and films, from seven types of polymers, we clearly indicated the importance of roughness analysis. Surface chemistry was analyzed with X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and it showed no significant difference between fibers and films, confirming that the hydrophobic properties of the surfaces can be enhanced by just roughness without any chemical treatment. The surface geometry was determining factor in wetting contact angle analysis on electrospun meshes. We noted that it was very important how the geometry of electrospun surfaces was validated. The commonly used fiber diameter was not necessarily a convincing parameter unless it was correlated with the surface roughness or fraction of fibers or pores. Importantly, this study provides the guidelines to verify the surface free energy decrease with the fiber fraction for the meshes, to validate the changes in wetting contact angles. Eventually, the analysis suggested that meshes could maintain the entrapped air between fibers, decreasing surface free energies for polymers, which increased the contact angle for liquids with surface tension above the critical Wenzel level to maintain the Cassie-Baxter regime for hydrophobic surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Szewczyk
- International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Daniel P Ura
- International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sara Metwally
- International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Knapczyk-Korczak
- International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Gajek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Mateusz M Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- International Centre of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hou L, Liang Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Dong D, Zhang N. Lewis Pair-Mediated Surface-Initiated Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:65-69. [PMID: 35610918 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the first example of surface-initiated polymerization mediated by Lewis pairs for the synthesis of polymer brushes on planar substrates. The method enables the rapid grafting polymerization from the self-assembled monolayer or surface-attached macroinitiators, furnishing linear polymer brushes and bottle-brush brushes. Both homopolyester and block copolyester brushes can be synthesized via this versatile approach. This work not only opens up new opportunities for the application of Lewis pair-mediated polymerization but also enriches the surface-initiated polymerization on different surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liman Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Yongjiu Liang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qianyi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dewen Dong
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Rubber, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rampichová M, Košt'áková Kuželová E, Filová E, Chvojka J, Šafka J, Pelcl M, Daňková J, Prosecká E, Buzgo M, Plencner M, Lukáš D, Amler E. Composite 3D printed scaffold with structured electrospun nanofibers promotes chondrocyte adhesion and infiltration. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 12:271-285. [PMID: 29130836 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1385713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is an effective method for preparing scaffolds with defined structure and porosity. The disadvantage of the technique is the excessive smoothness of the printed fibers, which does not support cell adhesion. In the present study, a 3D printed scaffold was combined with electrospun classic or structured nanofibers to promote cell adhesion. Structured nanofibers were used to improve the infiltration of cells into the scaffold. Electrospun layers were connected to 3D printed fibers by gluing, thus enabling the fabrication of scaffolds with unlimited thickness. The composite 3D printed/nanofibrous scaffolds were seeded with primary chondrocytes and tested in vitro for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The experiment showed excellent cell infiltration, viability, and good cell proliferation. On the other hand, partial chondrocyte dedifferentiation was shown. Other materials supporting chondrogenic differentiation will be investigated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rampichová
- a University Center for Energy Efficient Buildings (UCEEB), Czech Technical University in Prague , Buštěhrad , Czech Republic.,b Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - E Košt'áková Kuželová
- c Technical University of Liberec , Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - E Filová
- b Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - J Chvojka
- c Technical University of Liberec , Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - J Šafka
- d Technical University of Liberec , Department of Manufacturing Systems and Automatization , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - M Pelcl
- c Technical University of Liberec , Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - J Daňková
- b Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - E Prosecká
- b Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - M Buzgo
- a University Center for Energy Efficient Buildings (UCEEB), Czech Technical University in Prague , Buštěhrad , Czech Republic
| | - M Plencner
- b Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - D Lukáš
- c Technical University of Liberec , Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - E Amler
- a University Center for Energy Efficient Buildings (UCEEB), Czech Technical University in Prague , Buštěhrad , Czech Republic.,b Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
In vitro mineralization of dual grafted polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. Biointerphases 2017; 12:02C413. [PMID: 28565915 DOI: 10.1116/1.4984012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of biomaterials by radiation induced grafting is a promising method to improve their bioactivity. Successful introduction of carboxyl and amine functional groups on the surface of a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was achieved by grafting of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA) using simultaneous gamma irradiation grafting. Chemical characterization by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of amine and carboxylate functionalities and indicated that all protonated amines formed ion pairs with carboxyl groups, but not all carboxyl are involved in ion pairing. It was found that the irradiation doses (2, 5, or 10 kGy) affected the grafting outcome only when sulfuric acid (0.5 or 0.9 M) was added as a polymerization enhancer. The use of the inorganic acid successfully enhanced the total graft yield (GY), but the changes in the graft extent (GE) were not conclusive. Dual functional films were produced by either a one- or a two-step process. Generally, higher GY and GE values were observed for the samples produced by the two-step grafting of AA and AEMA. The in vitro mineralization in 1.5× simulated body fluid (SBF) induced the formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite as verified by FITR. All samples showed an increase in weight after mineralization with significantly larger increases observed for the samples which had the 1.5× SBF changed every third day compared to every seventh. For the dual functional samples, it was found that the sample grafted by the one-step method shows a significantly higher increase in weight despite a much lower GY compared to the sample prepared by the two-step method and this was attributed to the different architecture of grafted chains.
Collapse
|
12
|
Development of polymeric functionally graded scaffolds: a brief review. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2017; 15:e107-e121. [PMID: 28009418 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, there has been a growing interest in multilayer scaffolds fabrication approaches. In fact, functionally graded scaffolds (FGSs) provide biological and mechanical functions potentially similar to those of native tissues. Based on the final application of the scaffold, there are different properties (physical, mechanical, biochemical, etc.) which need to gradually change in space. Therefore, a number of different technologies have been investigated, and often combined, to customize each region of the scaffolds as much as possible, aiming at achieving the best regenerative performance.In general, FGSs can be categorized as bilayered or multilayered, depending on the number of layers in the whole structure. In other cases, scaffolds are characterized by a continuous gradient of 1 or more specific properties that cannot be related to the presence of clearly distinguished layers. Since each traditional approach presents peculiar advantages and disadvantages, FGSs are good candidates to overcome the limitations of current treatment options. In contrast to the reviews reported in the literature, which usually focus on the application of FGS, this brief review provides an overview of the most common strategies adopted to prepare FGS.
Collapse
|
13
|
Arnal-Pastor M, Comín-Cebrián S, Martínez-Ramos C, Monleón Pradas M, Vallés-Lluch A. Hydrophilic surface modification of acrylate-based biomaterials. J Biomater Appl 2016; 30:1429-41. [PMID: 26767395 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215627414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acrylic polymers have proved to be excellent with regard to cell adhesion, colonization and survival, in vitro and in vivo. Highly ordered and regular pore structures thereof can be produced with the help of polyamide templates, which are removed with nitric acid. This treatment converts a fraction of the ethyl acrylate side groups into acrylic acid, turning poly(ethyl acrylate) scaffolds into a more hydrophilic and pH-sensitive substrate, while its good biological performance remains intact. To quantify the extent of such a modification, and be able to characterize the degree of hydrophilicity of poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate) was treated with acid for different times (four, nine and 17 days), and compared with poly(acrylic acid) and a 90/10%wt. EA/AAc copolymer (P(EA-co-AAc)). The biological performance was also assessed for samples immersed in acid up to four days and the copolymer, and it was found that the incorporation of acidic units on the material surface was not prejudicial for cells. This surface modification of 3D porous hydrophobic scaffolds makes easier the wetting with culture medium and aqueous solutions in general, and thus represents an advantage in the manageability of the scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arnal-Pastor
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Comín-Cebrián
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Martínez-Ramos
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Monleón Pradas
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Vallés-Lluch
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|