1
|
SVD-clustering, a general image-analyzing method explained and demonstrated on model and Raman micro-spectroscopic maps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4238. [PMID: 32144407 PMCID: PMC7060257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An image analyzing method (SVD-clustering) is presented. Amplitude vectors of SVD factorization (V1…Vi) were introduced into the imaging of the distribution of the corresponding Ui basis-spectra. Since each Vi vector contains each point of the map, plotting them along the X, Y, Z dimensions of the map reconstructs the spatial distribution of the corresponding Ui basis-spectrum. This gives valuable information about the first, second, etc. higher-order deviations present in the map. We extended SVD with a clustering method, using the significant Vi vectors from the VT matrix as coordinates of image points in a ne-dimensional space (ne is the effective rank of the data matrix). This way every image point had a corresponding coordinate in the ne-dimensional space and formed a point set. Clustering was applied to this point set. SVD-clustering is universal; it is applicable to any measurement where data are recorded as a function of an external parameter (time, space, temperature, concentration, species, etc.). Consequently, our method is not restricted to spectral imaging, it can find application in many different 2D and 3D image analyses. Using SVD-clustering, we have shown on models the theoretical possibilities and limitations of the method, especially in the context of creating, meaning/interpreting of cluster spectra. Then for real-world samples, two examples are presented, where we were able to reveal minute alterations in the samples (changing cation ratios in minerals, differently structured cellulose domains in plant root) with spatial resolution.
Collapse
|
2
|
Leem G, Sherman BD, Schanze KS. Polymer-based chromophore-catalyst assemblies for solar energy conversion. NANO CONVERGENCE 2017; 4:37. [PMID: 29299399 PMCID: PMC5740205 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-017-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymer-based assemblies for light harvesting has been motivated by the multi-chromophore antennas that play a role in natural photosynthesis for the potential use in solar conversion technologies. This review describes a general strategy for using polymer-based chromophore-catalyst assemblies for solar-driven water oxidation at a photoanode in a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (DSPEC). This report begins with a summary of the synthetic methods and fundamental photophysical studies of light harvesting polychormophores in solution which show these materials can transport excited state energy to an acceptor where charge-separation can occur. In addition, studies describing light harvesting polychromophores containing an anchoring moiety (ionic carboxylate) for covalent bounding to wide band gap mesoporous semiconductor surfaces are summarized to understand the photophysical mechanisms of directional energy flow at the interface. Finally, the performance of polychromophore/catalyst assembly-based photoanodes capable of light-driven water splitting to oxygen and hydrogen in a DSPEC are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Benjamin D. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129 USA
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kanwa N, De SK, Adhikari C, Chakraborty A. Spectroscopic Study of the Interaction of Carboxyl-Modified Gold Nanoparticles with Liposomes of Different Chain Lengths and Controlled Drug Release by Layer-by-Layer Technology. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11333-11343. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Kanwa
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India 453552
| | - Soumya Kanti De
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India 453552
| | - Chandan Adhikari
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India 453552
| | - Anjan Chakraborty
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India 453552
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diamanti E, Gregurec D, Rodríguez-Presa MJ, Gervasi CA, Azzaroni O, Moya SE. High Resistivity Lipid Bilayers Assembled on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Cushions: An Impedance Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6263-6271. [PMID: 27267089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supported membranes on top of polymer cushions are interesting models of biomembranes as cell membranes are supported on a polymer network of proteins and sugars. In this work lipid vesicles formed by a mixture of 30% 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 70% 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (DOPS) are assembled on top of a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) cushion of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sodium sulfonate) (PSS). The assembly results in the formation of a bilayer on top of the PEM as proven by means of the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique (QCM-D) and by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The electrical properties of the bilayer are studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The bilayer supported on the PEMs shows a high resistance, on the order of 10(7) Ω cm(2), which is indicative of a continuous, dense bilayer. Such resistance is comparable with the resistance of black lipid membranes. This is the first time that such values are obtained for lipid bilayers supported on PEMs. The assembly of polyelectrolytes on top of a lipid bilayer decreases the resistance of the bilayer up to 2 orders of magnitude. The assembly of the polyelectrolytes on the lipids induces defects or pores in the bilayer which in turn prompts a decrease in the measured resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Diamanti
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Danijela Gregurec
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez-Presa
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, CONICET , Sucursal 4-C.C.16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Gervasi
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, CONICET , Sucursal 4-C.C.16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
- Area Electroquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , calle 1 y 47, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, CONICET , Sucursal 4-C.C.16, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20009 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Volpati D, Aoki PHB, Alessio P, Pavinatto FJ, Miranda PB, Constantino CJL, Oliveira ON. Vibrational spectroscopy for probing molecular-level interactions in organic films mimicking biointerfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 207:199-215. [PMID: 24530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into nanostructured organic films has served many purposes, including the design of functionalized surfaces that may be applied in biomedical devices and tissue engineering and for studying physiological processes depending on the interaction with cell membranes. Of particular relevance are Langmuir monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and layer-by-layer (LbL) films used to simulate biological interfaces. In this review, we shall focus on the use of vibrational spectroscopy methods to probe molecular-level interactions at biomimetic interfaces, with special emphasis on three surface-specific techniques, namely sum frequency generation (SFG), polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The two types of systems selected for exemplifying the potential of the methods are the cell membrane models and the functionalized surfaces with biomolecules. Examples will be given on how SFG and PM-IRRAS can be combined to determine the effects from biomolecules on cell membrane models, which include determination of the orientation and preservation of secondary structure. Crucial information for the action of biomolecules on model membranes has also been obtained with PM-IRRAS, as is the case of chitosan removing proteins from the membrane. SERS will be shown as promising for enabling detection limits down to the single-molecule level. The strengths and limitations of these methods will also be discussed, in addition to the prospects for the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Volpati
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Pedro H B Aoki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, CEP 19060-900 SP,Brazil
| | - Priscila Alessio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, CEP 19060-900 SP,Brazil
| | - Felippe J Pavinatto
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo B Miranda
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Multilayer films by blending heparin with semisynthetic cellulose sulfates: Physico-chemical characterization and cell responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 102:4224-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Wang M, Liu C, Thormann E, Dėdinaitė A. Hyaluronan and Phospholipid Association in Biolubrication. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4198-206. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400947v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Surface
and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chao Liu
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Surface
and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esben Thormann
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Surface
and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andra Dėdinaitė
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of
Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Surface
and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces,
Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang R, Li W, Möhwald H, Sui W, Wang Z, Gao C. Shell modulation by tailoring substituents in chitosan for LbL-assembled microcapsules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 372:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Effect of antimicrobial peptide-amide: indolicidin on biological membranes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:670589. [PMID: 21765635 PMCID: PMC3134306 DOI: 10.1155/2011/670589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indolicidin, a cationic antimicrobial tridecapeptide amide, is rich in proline and tryptophan residues. Its biological activity is intensively studied, but the details how indolicidin interacts with membranes are not fully understood yet. We report here an in situ atomic force microscopic study describing the effect of indolicidin on an artificial supported planar bilayer membrane of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and on purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarum. Concentration dependent interaction of the peptide and membranes was found in case of DPPC resulting the destruction of the membrane. Purple membrane was much more resistant against indolicidin, probably due to its high protein content. Indolicidin preferred the border of membrane disks, where the lipids are more accessible. These data suggest that the atomic force microscope is a powerful tool in the study of indolicidin-membrane interaction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lavalle P, Voegel JC, Vautier D, Senger B, Schaaf P, Ball V. Dynamic aspects of films prepared by a sequential deposition of species: perspectives for smart and responsive materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1191-221. [PMID: 21264957 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of surface coatings using a step-by-step approach from mutually interacting species allows the fabrication of so called "multilayered films". These coatings are very versatile and easy to produce in environmentally friendly conditions, mostly from aqueous solution. They find more and more applications in many hot topic areas, such as in biomaterials and nanoelectronics but also in stimuli-responsive films. We aim to review the most recent developments in such stimuli-responsive coatings based on layer-by-layer (LBL) depositions in relationship to the properties of these coatings. The most investigated stimuli are based on changes in ionic strength, temperature, exposure to light, and mechanical forces. The possibility to induce a transition from linear to exponential growth in thickness and to change the charge compensation from "intrinsic" to "extrinsic" by controlling parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength are the ways to confer their responsiveness to the films. Chemical post-modifications also allow to significantly modify the film properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Structural characterization of an elevated lipid bilayer obtained by stepwise functionalization of a self-assembled alkenyl silane film. Biointerphases 2010; 2:109-18. [PMID: 20408645 DOI: 10.1116/1.2790852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports a novel tethered lipid membrane supported on silicon oxide providing an improved model cell membrane. There is an increasing need for robust solid supported fluid model membranes that can be easily deposited on soft cushions. In such architecture the space between the membrane and the substrate should be tunable in the nanometer range. For this purpose a SiO(2) surface was functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid tethers and further modified with poly(ethylene glycol) making a biologically passivated substrate available for lipid bilayer deposition. First, a short chain self-assembled alkenyl silane film was oxidized to yield terminal COOH groups and then functionalized with amino-terminated PEG-lipids via N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The functionalized silane film was then additionally passivated by functionalization of unreacted COOH groups with amino-terminated PEG of variable chain length. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of dry films, carried out near the C 1s ionization edge to characterize chemical groups formed in the near-surface region, confirmed binding of PEG-lipid tethers to the silane film. XPS further indicated that backfilling with PEG caused the lipid tails to stick up above the PEG layer which was confirmed by the x-ray reflectivity measurements. Lipid vesicle fusion on these surfaces in the presence of excess water resulted in the formation of supported membranes characterized by very high homogeneity and long range mobility, as confirmed by fluorescence bleaching experiments. Even after repeated drying-hydrating cycles, these robust surfaces provided good templates for high fluidity elevated membranes. X-ray reflectivity measurements of the tethered membranes, with a resolution of 0.6 nm in water, showed that these fluid membranes are elevated up to 8 nm above the silicon oxide surface.
Collapse
|
12
|
Crouzier T, Szarpak A, Boudou T, Auzély-Velty R, Picart C. Polysaccharide-blend multilayers containing hyaluronan and heparin as a delivery system for rhBMP-2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:651-662. [PMID: 20155753 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that blend multilayers of hyaluronan (HA) and heparin (HEP) as polyanions and poly(L-lysine) (PLL) as a polycation can be used to prepare films with different thicknesses and chemical compositions. The amounts of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) loaded and the fraction initially released from the films depend on the film's chemical composition. The amounts of rhBMP-2 loaded in the films are much higher for HA mass fractions of more than 0.4. The bioactivity of the rhBMP-2-loaded films is investigated on C2C12 myoblasts, which differentiates into osteoblasts in contact with the films. The alkaline phosphatase expression for cells grown on nanoblend films of various compositions falls over a unique curve. This suggests that the cells "sensing" the rhBMP-2 are not influenced by the film's chemistry. The rhBMP-2 can sustain at least three successive culture sequences while remaining bioactive, thus confirming the important and protective effect of rhBMP-2. Altogether, these results indicate that crosslinked PLL/HA films have superior properties for the incorporation of rhBMP-2 and on its long-lasting bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crouzier
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP 3 Parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boudou T, Crouzier T, Ren K, Blin G, Picart C. Multiple functionalities of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: new biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:441-67. [PMID: 20217734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced functional materials with nanometer- and micrometer-scale control over their properties is of considerable interest for both fundamental and applied studies because of the many potential applications for these materials in the fields of biomedical materials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The layer-by-layer deposition technique introduced in the early 1990s by Decher, Moehwald, and Lvov is a versatile technique, which has attracted an increasing number of researchers in recent years due to its wide range of advantages for biomedical applications: ease of preparation under "mild" conditions compatible with physiological media, capability of incorporating bioactive molecules, extra-cellular matrix components and biopolymers in the films, tunable mechanical properties, and spatio-temporal control over film organization. The last few years have seen a significant increase in reports exploring the possibilities offered by diffusing molecules into films to control their internal structures or design "reservoirs," as well as control their mechanical properties. Such properties, associated with the chemical properties of films, are particularly important for designing biomedical devices that contain bioactive molecules. In this review, we highlight recent work on designing and controlling film properties at the nanometer and micrometer scales with a view to developing new biomaterial coatings, tissue engineered constructs that could mimic in vivo cellular microenvironments, and stem cell "niches."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Grenoble-INP, LMGP-MINATEC, CNRS UMR 5628 3, Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qi W, Wang A, Yang Y, Du M, Bouchu MN, Boullanger P, Li J. The lectin binding and targetable cellular uptake of lipid-coated polysaccharide microcapsules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b920469p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Dvoracek CM, Sukhonosova G, Benedik MJ, Grunlan JC. Antimicrobial behavior of polyelectrolyte-surfactant thin film assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:10322-10328. [PMID: 19537701 DOI: 10.1021/la901161z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, a technique that alternately deposites cationic and anionic materials, has proven to be a powerful technique for assembling thin films with a variety of properties and applications. The present work incorporates the antimicrobial agent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the cationic layer and uses poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as the anionic layer. When the films are exposed to a humid environment, these agents diffuse out of the film, inhibiting bacterial growth in neighboring regions. Film growth, microstructure, and antimicrobial efficacy are studied here, with 10-bilayer films yielding thicknesses on the order of 2 microm. Various factors are shown to influence the antimicrobial efficacy including time, temperature, secondary ingredients, and number of bilayers. As more layers are deposited, antimicrobial efficacy is increased because more CTAB is able to diffuse throughout the film, and higher amounts of antimicrobials are released. Additionally, inclusion of the cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) in the cationic layer in conjunction with CTAB increases film uniformity, and as a result, antimicrobial effectiveness is enhanced. These thin films provide the ability to render a surface antimicrobial and may be useful for bandages or sterilization of disposable objects (e.g., surgical marker).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Dvoracek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chapter 1 Liposome Embedding into Polyelectrolyte Multilayers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1554-4516(08)00201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|