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Dudziak M, Topolniak I, Silbernagl D, Altmann K, Sturm H. Long-Time Behavior of Surface Properties of Microstructures Fabricated by Multiphoton Lithography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3285. [PMID: 34947633 PMCID: PMC8708078 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multiphoton lithography (MPL) technique represents the future of 3D microprinting, enabling the production of complex microscale objects with high precision. Although the MPL fabrication parameters are widely evaluated and discussed, not much attention has been given to the microscopic properties of 3D objects with respect to their surface properties and time-dependent stability. These properties are of crucial importance when it comes to the safe and durable use of these structures in biomedical applications. In this work, we investigate the surface properties of the MPL-produced SZ2080 polymeric microstructures with regard to the physical aging processes during the post-production stage. The influence of aging on the polymeric microstructures was investigated by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). As a result, a time-dependent change in Young's Modulus, plastic deformation, and adhesion and their correlation to the development in chemical composition of the surface of MPL-microstructures are evaluated. The results presented here are valuable for the application of MPL-fabricated 3D objects in general, but especially in medical technology as they give detailed information of the physical and chemical time-dependent dynamic behavior of MPL-printed surfaces and thus their suitability and performance in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Dudziak
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (D.S.); (K.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Ievgeniia Topolniak
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (D.S.); (K.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (D.S.); (K.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Korinna Altmann
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (D.S.); (K.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Heinz Sturm
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany; (D.S.); (K.A.); (H.S.)
- Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Operations (IWF), TU Berlin, Pascalstr. 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Phooplub K, Meesane J, Muensit N. Development of Young’s modulus for collagen thin films reinforced with ZnO nanorods probed by Atomic force microscopy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aada23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Chyasnavichyus M, Young SL, Tsukruk VV. Mapping micromechanical properties of soft polymer contact lenses. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Krämer G, Griepentrog M, Bonaccurso E, Cappella B. Study of morphology and mechanical properties of polystyrene–polybutadiene blends with nanometre resolution using AFM and force–distance curves. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Mechanical properties of silicone methacrylate microparticles determined by AFM Colloidal Probe Technique. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Camposeo A, Greenfeld I, Tantussi F, Pagliara S, Moffa M, Fuso F, Allegrini M, Zussman E, Pisignano D. Local mechanical properties of electrospun fibers correlate to their internal nanostructure. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5056-62. [PMID: 24090350 PMCID: PMC3834296 DOI: 10.1021/nl4033439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The properties of polymeric nanofibers can be tailored and enhanced by properly managing the structure of the polymer molecules at the nanoscale. Although electrospun polymer fibers are increasingly exploited in many technological applications, their internal nanostructure, determining their improved physical properties, is still poorly investigated and understood. Here, we unravel the internal structure of electrospun functional nanofibers made by prototype conjugated polymers. The unique features of near-field optical measurements are exploited to investigate the nanoscale spatial variation of the polymer density, evidencing the presence of a dense internal core embedded in a less dense polymeric shell. Interestingly, nanoscale mapping the fiber Young's modulus demonstrates that the dense core is stiffer than the polymeric, less dense shell. These findings are rationalized by developing a theoretical model and simulations of the polymer molecular structural evolution during the electrospinning process. This model predicts that the stretching of the polymer network induces a contraction of the network toward the jet center with a local increase of the polymer density, as observed in the solid structure. The found complex internal structure opens an interesting perspective for improving and tailoring the molecular morphology and multifunctional electronic and optical properties of polymer fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camposeo
- National
Nanotechnology Laboratory of Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center
for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Barsanti, I-73010 Arnesano, LE, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Israel Greenfeld
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- E-mail:
| | - Francesco Tantussi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “Enrico Fermi” and CNISM, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica INO−CNR, Sezione
di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- National
Nanotechnology Laboratory of Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Moffa
- National
Nanotechnology Laboratory of Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center
for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Barsanti, I-73010 Arnesano, LE, Italy
| | - Francesco Fuso
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “Enrico Fermi” and CNISM, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica INO−CNR, Sezione
di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Allegrini
- Dipartimento
di Fisica “Enrico Fermi” and CNISM, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica INO−CNR, Sezione
di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dario Pisignano
- National
Nanotechnology Laboratory of Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center
for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Barsanti, I-73010 Arnesano, LE, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
- E-mail:
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8
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Weber A, Resch K. Effect of temperature-cycling on the morphology of polymeric thermotropic glazings for overheating protection applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Morphology, nanomechanical and thermodynamic surface characteristics of nylon 6/feather keratin blend films: an atomic force microscopy investigation. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Park S, Frey W. Polymer nanogels grafted from nanopatterned surfaces studied by AFM force spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8956-8966. [PMID: 21675795 DOI: 10.1021/la2011953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanopatterned cross-linked polymers are important for applications with controlled mechanical properties. Grafted linear and cross-linked polydimethylacrylamide gels on micro- and nanopatterns were created using iniferter-driven quasi-living radical polymerization combined with conventional photolithography and nanosphere lithography. Micropatterned linear polymers reproduce the expected scaling behavior at moderate grafting density. The addition of cross-linker to the polymerization solution leads to an increased tendency of early termination as determined by AFM force spectroscopy. Similarly, nanopatterned linear polymers show reduced thickness in agreement with the expected scaling relationship for nanoisland grafts that have reduced lateral confinement. The addition of cross-linker reintroduces some of the lateral confinement for the length of polymers reported here. The mechanical properties of both the micro- and nanopatterned linear as well as cross-linked polymers were analyzed using an algorithm to objectively determine the contact point in AFM force spectroscopy and two independent Hertz-based analysis approaches. The obtained Young's moduli are close to those expected for homogeneous thick polymer films and are independent of pattern size. Our results demonstrate that polymeric nanopillars with controlled elastic modulus can be fabricated using irreversible cross-linkers. They also highlight some of the factors that must be considered for successful fabrication of grafted nanopillars of defined mechanical and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeun Park
- Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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12
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Tranchida D, Lilge I, Schönherr H. Substrate effect and application of the elastic foundation model to evaluate atomic force microscope nanoindentations of thin polymeric films. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Ihalainen P, Järnström J, Määttänen A, Peltonen J. Nano-scale mapping of mechanical and chemical surface properties of pigment coated surfaces by torsional harmonic atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fluctuations in adhesion behavior of dividing/budding mycobacterium sp. strains JLS, KMS, MCS: An AFM evaluation. Micron 2010; 41:814-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Silbernagl D, Cappella B. Mechanical properties of thin polymer films on stiff substrates. SCANNING 2010; 32:282-293. [PMID: 20718012 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Force-displacement curves have been acquired with a commercial atomic force microscope on thin films of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) on glass substrates in order to examine the so-called "mechanical double layer" topic, i.e. the influence of the substrate on the mechanical properties of the film in dependence of the film thickness. The hyperbolic fit, a novel semi-empirical equation introduced in previous articles, has been further corroborated. The interpretation of this equation has been deepened, yielding a quantitative and demonstrative characterization of the mechanical properties of double layers. Provided that the Young's moduli of bulk polymer and substrate are measured from the deformation curves, this mathematical model permits to fit the deformation-force curves on the double layers and to determine the thickness of the polymer films in wide range (0-200 nm).
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Silbernagl D, Sturm H, Cappella B. Influence of film-substrate adhesion on the mechanical properties of thin polymer films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5091-5097. [PMID: 19397354 DOI: 10.1021/la8041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of mechanical double layers (thin amorphous films of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) on considerably stiffer silicon substrates) were investigated by force-displacement curves acquired with an atomic force microscope. The substrate surface was modified to provide a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moiety. Such a modification affects the adhesion between film and substrate, since the polymer film adheres strongly on the hydrophilic side and weakly on the hydrophobic one. In this way, we were able to investigate the influence of the adhesion between the polymer film and substrate on the mechanical properties of the mechanical double layer. We were able to show that force-displacement curves on the two moieties of the sample have a different shape, and we propose an interpretation of the mechanisms determining the force-deformation curves on films with small adhesion to the substrate. This experiment can also provide an approach to the question of how the mechanical properties of a bulk material change with the volume to surface ratio, since a film with vanishing adhesion to the substrate is the only experimental accessible setup approximating a free-standing thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Silbernagl
- Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Clifford CA, Seah MP. Nanoindentation measurement of Young's modulus for compliant layers on stiffer substrates including the effect of Poisson's ratios. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:145708. [PMID: 19420538 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/14/145708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to investigate the effect of the Poisson's ratios of both the overlayer and the substrate on the nanoindentation of an elastic two-phase system where the elastic overlayer is more compliant than the underlying elastic substrate. A rigid spherical indenter is used as a probe. It is found that nanoindentation results may be expressed analytically using a simple extension of the previously described equation (Clifford and Seah 2006 Nanotechnology 17 5283). This simple function describes the reduced modulus value measured using Oliver and Pharr's method (1992 J. Mater. Res. 7 1564) for any modulus values or Poisson's ratio values of the overlayer and substrate, overlayer thickness or indenter tip radius. This equation and the FEA behind it are tested using experimental published data for the nanoindentation of a silicon dioxide layer on silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Clifford
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.
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18
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Pericet-Cámara R, Best A, Butt HJ, Bonaccurso E. Effect of capillary pressure and surface tension on the deformation of elastic surfaces by sessile liquid microdrops: an experimental investigation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10565-10568. [PMID: 18720996 DOI: 10.1021/la801862m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sessile liquid drops are predicted to deform an elastic surface onto which they are placed because of the combined action of the liquid surface tension at the periphery of the drop and the capillary pressure inside the drop. Here, we show for the first time the in situ experimental confirmation of the effect of capillary pressure on this deformation. We demonstrate micrometer-scale deformations made possible by using a low Young's modulus material as an elastic surface. The experimental profiles of the deformed surfaces fit well the theoretical predictions for surfaces with a Young's modulus between 25 and 340 kPa.
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