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P V S, Madhurima V. Investigation of Orderliness of Breath Figures on Polydimethylsiloxane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4087-4095. [PMID: 38363219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Breath figures, the self-assembled water droplet patterns formed on cold surfaces, are ideally hexagonal. A deviation from the ideal honeycomb pattern can occur due to variation of roughness of the substrate, change in vapor from water to other liquids, etc. The thermodynamics of breath figure formation is complex, and any deviation from ideality is even more difficult to understand. In the absence of a unified theory to understand such patterns and experimental difficulties in monitoring all aspects of formation of breath figures, the patterns formed are studied in terms of their orderliness by determining their Voronoi entropy. We report here the Voronoi entropy calculations of the breath figure fabricated over the smooth and constrained surfaces using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of molecular weight 235 g/mol in two different environments: (a) water and (b) binary mixture of ethanol-propanol over the entire concentration range. Ordered honeycomb patterns are seen on the smooth surfaces, and disordered patterns are seen on constrained surfaces when imaged using confocal microscopy. The latter is attributed to the depinning of the triple-phase contact line, implying that the underlying constraints influence the pore morphology. Contact angle studies of water over the breath figure patterned surfaces indicate the hydrophobic nature of the patterned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi P V
- Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610005, India
| | - V Madhurima
- Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610005, India
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Fajstavr D, Fajstavrová K, Frýdlová B, Slepičková Kasálková N, Švorčík V, Slepička P. Biopolymer Honeycomb Microstructures: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:772. [PMID: 36676507 PMCID: PMC9863042 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the formation of honeycomb microstructures and their applications, which include tissue engineering, antibacterial materials, replication processes or sensors. The history of the honeycomb pattern, the first experiments, which mostly involved the breath figure procedure and the improved phase separation, the most recent approach to honeycomb pattern formation, are described in detail. Subsequent surface modifications of the pattern, which involve physical and chemical modifications and further enhancement of the surface properties, are also introduced. Different aspects influencing the polymer formation, such as the substrate influence, a particular polymer or solvent, which may significantly contribute to pattern formation, and thus influence the target structural properties, are also discussed.
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Pizarro GDC, Marambio OG, Jeria-Orell M, Sánchez J, Oyarzún DP, Martin-Trasanco R, Novio F. Morphological, optical and wettability characterization of honeycomb patterned films based on self-assembling copolymer under thermal annealing. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Nilavarasi K, S G R, Madhurima V. 1D Roughness Driven Depinning of Self-Assembly of Liquid Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14576-14585. [PMID: 31638401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The conventional hexagonal, uniform breath figure pattern formed over smooth substrates and substrates with constraints of the order of 50 μm is distorted when the underlying constraints are down to 1 μm. This paper explores this phenomenon further and concludes that, in addition to topology-based arguments presented by other authors previously, it is necessary to invoke the depinning effects of the three-phase contact line in order to explain the same. The influence of surface constraints on the self-assembly of liquid droplets is investigated. A semiquantitative explanation for large-scale pattern formation consisting of small-scale closely arranged droplets inside the large-scale distorted ring of droplets is presented in this paper. The scale at which the influence of constraints becomes dominant is also determined in this study. It is seen that the underlying roughness has a larger impact than the nature of polymer on pore size. Comparative studies of pore patterns formed on smooth and constrained substrates are reported. The simulated energy-minimized shapes of the droplets on smooth and constrained substrates are obtained using Surface Evolver.
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Bormashenko E, Bormashenko Y, Frenkel M. Formation of Hierarchical Porous Films with Breath-Figures Self-Assembly Performed on Oil-Lubricated Substrates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3051. [PMID: 31546980 PMCID: PMC6766328 DOI: 10.3390/ma12183051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical honeycomb patterns were manufactured with breath-figures self-assembly by drop-casting on the silicone oil-lubricated glass substrates. Silicone oil promoted spreading of the polymer solution. The process was carried out with industrial grade polystyrene and polystyrene with molecular mass M w = 35 , 000 g m o l . Both polymers gave rise to patterns, built of micro and nano-scaled pores. The typical diameter of the nanopores was established as 125 nm. The mechanism of the formation of hierarchical patterns was suggested. Ordering of the pores was quantified with the Voronoi tessellations and calculation of the Voronoi entropy. The Voronoi entropy for the large scale pattern was S v o r = 0.6 - 0.9 , evidencing the ordering of pores. Measurement of the apparent contact angles evidenced the Cassie-Baxter wetting regime of the porous films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Bormashenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel.
| | - Yelena Bormashenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel.
| | - Mark Frenkel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel.
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Yeh SC, Wu CH, Huang YC, Lee JY, Jeng RJ. In Search of a Green Process: Polymeric Films with Ordered Arrays via a Water Droplet Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1473. [PMID: 31505874 PMCID: PMC6780950 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As an efficient technique for the preparation of polymeric hexagonal orderly arrays, the breath figure (BF) process has opened a modern avenue for a bottom-up fabrication method for more than two decades. Through the use of the water vapor condensation on the solution surface, the water droplets will hexagonally pack into ordered arrays, acting as a template for controlling the regular micro patterns of polymeric films. Comparing to the top-down techniques, such as lithography or chemical etching, the use of water vapor as the template provides a simple fabrication process with sustainability. However, using highly hazardous solvents such as chloroform, carbon disulfide (CS2), benzene, dichloromethane, etc., to dissolve polymers might hinder the development toward green processes based on this technique. In this review, we will touch upon the contemporary techniques of the BF process, including its up-to-date applications first. More importantly, the search of greener processes along with less hazardous solvents for the possibility of a more sustainable BF process is the focal point of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Yeh
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hsin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chih Huang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Yu Lee
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Liu X, Monzavi T, Gitsov I. Controlled ATRP Synthesis of Novel Linear-Dendritic Block Copolymers and Their Directed Self-Assembly in Breath Figure Arrays. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E539. [PMID: 30960523 PMCID: PMC6473431 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the formation and characterization of novel amphiphilic linear-dendritic block copolymers (LDBCs) composed of hydrophilic dendritic poly(ether-ester), PEE, blocks and hydrophobic linear poly(styrene), PSt. The LDBCs are synthesized via controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated by a PEE macroinitiator. The copolymers formed have narrow molecular mass distributions and are designated as LGn-PSt Mn, in which LG represents the PEE fragment, n denotes the generation of the dendron (n = 1⁻3), and Mn refers to the average molecular mass of the LDBC (Mn = 3.5⁻68 kDa). The obtained LDBCs are utilized to fabricate honeycomb films by a static "breath figure" (BF) technique. The copolymer composition strongly affects the film morphology. LDBCs bearing acetonide dendron end groups produce honeycomb films when the PEE fraction is lower than 20%. Pore uniformity increases as the PEE content decreases. For LDBCs with hydroxyl end groups, only the first generation LDBCs yield BF films, but with a significantly smaller pore size (0.23 μm vs. 1⁻2 μm, respectively). Although higher generation LDBCs with free hydroxyl end groups fail to generate honeycomb films by themselves, the use of a cosolvent or addition of homo PSt leads to BF films with a controllable pore size (3.7⁻0.42 μm), depending on the LDBC content. Palladium complexes within the two triazole groups in each of the dendron's branching moieties can also fine-tune the morphology of the BF films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York⁻College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Tina Monzavi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York⁻College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Ivan Gitsov
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York⁻College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Bormashenko E, Frenkel M, Vilk A, Legchenkova I, Fedorets AA, Aktaev NE, Dombrovsky LA, Nosonovsky M. Characterization of Self-Assembled 2D Patterns with Voronoi Entropy. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20120956. [PMID: 33266680 PMCID: PMC7512542 DOI: 10.3390/e20120956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Voronoi entropy is a mathematical tool for quantitative characterization of the orderliness of points distributed on a surface. The tool is useful to study various surface self-assembly processes. We provide the historical background, from Kepler and Descartes to our days, and discuss topological properties of the Voronoi tessellation, upon which the entropy concept is based, and its scaling properties, known as the Lewis and Aboav–Weaire laws. The Voronoi entropy has been successfully applied to recently discovered self-assembled structures, such as patterned microporous polymer surfaces obtained by the breath figure method and levitating ordered water microdroplet clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Bormashenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-074-729-68-63
| | - Mark Frenkel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel
| | - Alla Vilk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel
| | - Irina Legchenkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Sciences Faculty, Ariel University, Ariel 407000, Israel
| | | | | | - Leonid A. Dombrovsky
- University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen 625003, Russia
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, 17A Krasnokazarmennaya St., Moscow 111116, Russia
| | - Michael Nosonovsky
- University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen 625003, Russia
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Bormashenko E. Breath-Figure Self-Assembly, a Versatile Method of Manufacturing Membranes and Porous Structures: Physical, Chemical and Technological Aspects. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:E45. [PMID: 28813026 PMCID: PMC5618130 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the physical, chemical, and technological aspects of the breath-figure self-assembly process. The main stages of the process and impact of the polymer architecture and physical parameters of breath-figure self-assembly on the eventual pattern are covered. The review is focused on the hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales inherent to breath-figure self-assembly. Multi-scale patterns arising from the process are addressed. The characteristic spatial lateral scales of patterns vary from nanometers to dozens of micrometers. The temporal scale of the process spans from microseconds to seconds. The qualitative analysis performed in the paper demonstrates that the process is mainly governed by interfacial phenomena, whereas the impact of inertia and gravity are negligible. Characterization and applications of polymer films manufactured with breath-figure self-assembly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Bormashenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Engineering Faculty, Ariel University, P.O.B. 3, 407000 Ariel, Israel.
- Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarsky St., Tyumen 625003, Russia.
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From honeycomb- to microsphere-patterned surfaces of poly(lactic acid) and a starch-poly(lactic acid) blend via the breath figure method. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2017; 15:e31-e42. [PMID: 27647384 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the preparation of ordered patterned surfaces and/or microspheres from a natural-based polymer, using the breath figure and reverse breath figure methods. METHODS Poly(D,L-lactic acid) and starch poly(lactic acid) solutions were precipitated in different conditions - namely, polymer concentration, vapor atmosphere temperature and substrate - to evaluate the effect of these conditions on the morphology of the precipitates obtained. RESULTS The possibility of fine-tuning the properties of the final patterns simply by changing the vapor atmosphere was also demonstrated here using a range of compositions of the vapor phase. Porous films or discrete particles are formed when the differences in surface tension determine the ability of polymer solution to surround water droplets or methanol to surround polymer droplets, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed applying a simple standard protocol to evaluate the possibility to use these materials in biomedical applications. Moreover, fluorescent microscopy images showed a good interaction of cells with the material, which were able to adhere on the patterned surfaces after 24 hours in culture. CONCLUSIONS The development of patterned surfaces using the breath figure method was tested in this work for the preparation of both poly(lactic acid) and a blend containing starch and poly(lactic acid). The potential of these films to be used in the biomedical area was confirmed by a preliminary cytotoxicity test and by morphological observation of cell adhesion.
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Meier T, Solares SD. Rhodamine-doped nanoporous polymer films as high-performance anti-reflection coatings and optical filters. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17675-17685. [PMID: 27714057 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04505g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple and robust procedure for the fabrication of rhodamine-doped nanoporous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films, whose optical properties, such as anti-reflection, fluorescence and absorption can be tailored to specific applications. By exploiting phase separation of a binary polymer blend (PMMA and polystyrene), we fabricated foam-like nanoporous films that could be easily and cost-effectively integrated into the fabrication process of optical components. We link film morphology, studied by multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM), to the effective refractive index of the films for use as anti-reflection coatings. The film's morphology leads to superior broadband anti-reflection performance compared with homogeneous films. For applications involving optical filters and spectral conversion layers (e.g., for photovoltaic applications), we doped the films with the fluorescent molecule rhodamine, whereby simple variations in the fabrication process enabled us to prepare rhodamine-doped nanoporous PMMA with tunable fluorescence and absorption, without losing the anti-reflective properties. The above combination of optical properties makes the films attractive for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meier
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Santiago D Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Zhang A, Bai H, Li L. Breath Figure: A Nature-Inspired Preparation Method for Ordered Porous Films. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9801-68. [PMID: 26284609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Zhang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Aw JE, Goh GTW, Huang S, Reithofer MR, Thong AZ, Chin JM. Non-Close-Packed Breath Figures via Ion-Partitioning-Mediated Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6688-6694. [PMID: 26011098 DOI: 10.1021/la504656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a one-step method of forming non-close-packed (NCP) pore arrays of micro- and sub-micropores using chloroform-based solutions of polystyrene acidified with hydrogen bromide for breath figure (BF) patterning. As BF patterning takes place, water vapor condenses onto the polystyrene solution, forming water droplets on the solution surface. Concurrently, preferential ion partitioning of hydrogen bromide leads to positively charged water droplets, which experience interdroplet electrostatic repulsion. Self-organization of charged water droplets because of surface flow and subsequent evaporation of the droplet templates result in ordered BF arrays with pore separation/diameter (L/D) ratios of up to 16.5. Evidence from surface potential scans show proof for preferential ion partitioning of HBr. Radial distribution functions and Voronoi polygon analysis of pore arrays show that they possess a high degree of conformational order. Past fabrication methods of NCP structures typically require multi-step processes. In contrast, we have established a new route for facile self-assembly of previously inaccessible patterns, which comprises of only a single operational step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia En Aw
- †Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Glen Tai Wei Goh
- †Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Shengnan Huang
- †Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | | | - Aaron Zhenghui Thong
- §Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Min Chin
- †Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, HU6 7RX Hull, United Kingdom
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Colombo RN, Petri DF, Córdoba de Torresi SI, Gonçales VR. Porous Polymeric Templates on ITO Prepared by Breath Figure Method for Gold Electrodeposition. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Hernández J. Wrinkled interfaces: Taking advantage of surface instabilities to pattern polymer surfaces. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Towards hierarchically ordered functional porous polymeric surfaces prepared by the breath figures approach. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wan LS, Zhu LW, Ou Y, Xu ZK. Multiple interfaces in self-assembled breath figures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4024-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49826c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the breath figure method is reviewed by emphasizing the role of the multiple interfaces and the applications of honeycomb films in separation, biocatalysis, biosensing, templating, stimuli-responsive surfaces and adhesive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
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18
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Polyanion cluster patterning on polymer surface through microemulsion approach for selective adsorption of proteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 409:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de León AS, Campo AD, Labrugère C, Fernández-García M, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Control of the chemistry outside the pores in honeycomb patterned films. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ponnusamy T, Lawson LB, Freytag LC, Blake DA, Ayyala RS, John VT. In vitro degradation and release characteristics of spin coated thin films of PLGA with a "breath figure" morphology. BIOMATTER 2012; 2:77-86. [PMID: 23507805 PMCID: PMC3549860 DOI: 10.4161/biom.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coatings on implant materials are widely used in controlled drug delivery applications. Typically, such coatings are made with non-porous films. Here, we have synthesized a thin PLGA film coating with a highly ordered microporous structure using a simple and inexpensive water templating "breath figure" technique. A single stage process combining spin coating and breath figure process was used to obtain drug incorporated porous thin films. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the surface and bulk features of porosity and also, degradation pattern of the films. Moreover, the effect of addition of small amount of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) into PLGA was characterized. SEM analysis revealed an ordered array of ~2 µm sized pores on the surface with the average film thickness measured to be 20 µm. The incorporation of hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) enhances pore structure uniformity and facilitates ingress of water into the structure. A five week in vitro degradation study showed a gradual deterioration of the breath figure pores. During the course of degradation, the surface pore structure deteriorates to initially flatten the surface. This is followed by the formation of new pinprick pores that eventually grow into a macroporous film prior to film breakup. Salicylic acid (highly water soluble) and Ibuprofen (sparingly water soluble) were chosen as model drug compounds to characterize release rates, which are higher in films of the breath figure morphology rather than in non-porous films. The results are of significance in the design of biodegradable films used as coatings to modulate delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruselvam Ponnusamy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Louise B. Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Lucy C. Freytag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Diane A. Blake
- Department of Biochemistry; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Ramesh S. Ayyala
- Department of Ophthalmology; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Vijay T. John
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Tulane University; New Orleans, LA USA
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Huang C, Moosmann M, Jin J, Heiler T, Walheim S, Schimmel T. Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:620-8. [PMID: 23019558 PMCID: PMC3458608 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and cost-effective lithographic method, polymer blend lithography (PBL), is reported to produce patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on solid substrates featuring two or three different chemical functionalities. For the pattern generation we use the phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend solution during a spin-coating process. By controlling the spin-coating parameters and conditions, including the ambient atmosphere (humidity), the molar mass of the polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and the mass ratio between the two polymers in the blend solution, the formation of a purely lateral morphology (PS islands standing on the substrate while isolated in the PMMA matrix) can be reproducibly induced. Either of the formed phases (PS or PMMA) can be selectively dissolved afterwards, and the remaining phase can be used as a lift-off mask for the formation of a nanopatterned functional silane monolayer. This "monolayer copy" of the polymer phase morphology has a topographic contrast of about 1.3 nm. A demonstration of tuning of the PS island diameter is given by changing the molar mass of PS. Moreover, polymer blend lithography can provide the possibility of fabricating a surface with three different chemical components: This is demonstrated by inducing breath figures (evaporated condensed entity) at higher humidity during the spin-coating process. Here we demonstrate the formation of a lateral pattern consisting of regions covered with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and at the same time featuring regions of bare SiO(x). The patterning process could be applied even on meter-sized substrates with various functional SAM molecules, making this process suitable for the rapid preparation of quasi two-dimensional nanopatterned functional substrates, e.g., for the template-controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Moosmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jiehong Jin
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Heiler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ma Y, Liang J, Sun H, Wu L, Dang Y, Wu Y. Honeycomb Micropatterning of Proteins on Polymer Films through the Inverse Microemulsion Approach. Chemistry 2011; 18:526-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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de León AS, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Breath figures method to control the topography and the functionality of polymeric surfaces in porous films and microspheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ferrari E, Fabbri P, Pilati F. Solvent and substrate contributions to the formation of breath figure patterns in polystyrene films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1874-1881. [PMID: 21226506 DOI: 10.1021/la104500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The generation of ordered porous polymer structures by the breath figures (BFs) method has long been described as a complex phenomenon, in which several parameters combine in a fairly unknown way. The type of polymer and solvent, degree of humidity, and additives are just a few examples of the several parameters that have been described as playing a role in the generation of BFs. This work reports a detailed investigation over the role played by the solvent in the process of BFs generation from polystyrene (PS) solutions spread over different substrates, and discusses the geometrical aspects of the pores via a quantitative point of view by using a purposely developed software for image analysis. Results show that thermodynamic affinity between polymer and solvent is the key parameter for BFs formation, along with other solvent characteristics such as water miscibility, boiling point, and enthalpy. According to our findings, the role played by the substrate is strictly related to the type of solvent used in the generation of BFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferrari
- Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Strada Vignolese 905/a, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Sohn EH, Kim BG, Chung JS, Kang H, Lee JC. Wettability of the morphologically and compositionally varied surfaces prepared from blends of well ordered comb-like polymer and polystyrene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 354:650-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ma H, Hao J. Ordered patterns and structures via interfacial self-assembly: superlattices, honeycomb structures and coffee rings. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:5457-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Touny AH, Bhaduri SB. A reactive electrospinning approach for nanoporous PLA/monetite nanocomposite fibers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jiang X, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Guo Z, Gu N. Interfacial effects of in situ-synthesized Ag nanoparticles on breath figures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2477-2483. [PMID: 19775133 DOI: 10.1021/la9027139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we introduced Ag nanoparticles into polymer and found for the first time that Ag nanoparticles can induce the formation of breath figure (BF) arrays on polymer surfaces. The effect of Ag nanoparticles has a balance with the BF process, which is influenced by humidity levels and polymers. These nanoparticle-induced BF process involves an interesting interaction between two self-assembly processes on different length scales. The aggregation of Ag nanoparticles on the water/polymer interface might be the key to their inducing ability. Hence, the interfacial-active Ag nanoparticles can be utilized to widen the applications of the BF method and to fabricate a wide variety of novel functionalized porous polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 4 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
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Sokuler M, Auernhammer GK, Roth M, Liu C, Bonacurrso E, Butt HJ. The softer the better: fast condensation on soft surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1544-1547. [PMID: 19928793 DOI: 10.1021/la903996j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Condensation on soft elastic surfaces differs significantly from condensation on hard surfaces. On polymeric substrates with varying cross-linking density, we investigate the nucleation and the growth of condensing water drops. With increasing softness of the substrates, we find (1) increasing nucleation density, (2) longer relaxation times for drop shape equilibration after merging of two drops, and (3) prevention of merging on very soft surfaces. These effects lead to higher surface coverage and overall condensed volume on soft surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordechai Sokuler
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Campbell SE, Collins M, Xie L, BelBruno JJ. Surface morphology of spin-coated molecularly imprinted polymer films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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