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Galluzzi M, Marfori L, Asperti S, De Vita A, Giannangeli M, Caselli A, Milani P, Podestà A. Interaction of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with supported phospholipid bilayers as model biomembranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27328-27342. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02866b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of ionic liquids (ILs) is receiving increasing attention due to their potential biological and environmental impact. We have used atomic force microscopy to investigate the interaction of ILs with supported phospholipid bilayers, as models of biomembranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Galluzzi
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marfori
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Asperti
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Vita
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Giannangeli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CNR-SCITEC, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Caselli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CNR-SCITEC, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- C.I.Ma.I.Na and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
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Galluzzi M, Zhang B, Zhang H, Wang L, Lin Y, Yu XF, Chu Z, Li J. Unveiling a Hidden Event in Fluorescence Correlative Microscopy by AFM Nanomechanical Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:669361. [PMID: 34026842 PMCID: PMC8136518 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.669361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent imaging combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM), namely AFM-fluorescence correlative microscopy, is a popular technology in life science. However, the influence of involved fluorophores on obtained mechanical information is normally underestimated, and such subtle changes are still challenging to detect. Herein, we combined AFM with laser light excitation to perform a mechanical quantitative analysis of a model membrane system labeled with a commonly used fluorophore. Mechanical quantification was additionally validated by finite element simulations. Upon staining, we noticed fluorophores forming a diffuse weakly organized overlayer on phospholipid supported membrane, easily detected by AFM mechanics. The laser was found to cause a degradation of mechanical stability of the membrane synergically with presence of fluorophore. In particular, a 30 min laser irradiation, with intensity similar to that in typical confocal scanning microscopy experiment, was found to result in a ∼40% decrease in the breakthrough force of the stained phospholipid bilayer along with a ∼30% reduction in its apparent elastic modulus. The findings highlight the significance of analytical power provided by AFM, which will allow us to “see” the “unseen” in correlative microscopy, as well as the necessity to consider photothermal effects when using fluorescent dyes to investigate, for example, the deformability and permeability of phospholipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Galluzzi
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bokai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,DGene (Dongjin Big Health (Shenzhen)) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.,BenHealth Biopharmaceutical (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong Univerisity, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Franzé S, Donadoni G, Podestà A, Procacci P, Orioli M, Carini M, Minghetti P, Cilurzo F. Tuning the Extent and Depth of Penetration of Flexible Liposomes in Human Skin. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1998-2009. [PMID: 28409629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work we made an attempt to assess the effect of drug-induced changes of flexibility on the penetration of deformable vesicles into the human skin. Eight cationic liposomes with different degrees of flexibility were obtained by entrapping unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, and nadroparin. The deformability was studied by a novel, facile, and reliable extrusion assay appositely developed and validated by means of quantitative nanoscale mechanical AFM measurements of vesicle elastic modulus (log10(YM)). The proposed extrusion assay, determining the forces involved in vesicles deformation, resulted very sensitive to evidence of minimal changes in bilayer rigidity (σ) and vesicle deformation (K). The drug loading caused a reduction of liposome flexibility with respect to the reference plain liposomes and in accordance to the heparin type, drug to cationic lipid (DOTAP) ratio, and drug distribution within the vesicles. Interestingly, the σ and log10(YM) values perfectly correlated (R2 = 0.935), demonstrating the reliability of the deformability data obtained with both approaches. The combination of TEM and LC-MS/MS spectrometry allowed the pattern of the penetration of the entire vesicles into the skin to be followed. In all cases, intact liposomes in the epidermis layers were observed and a relationship between the depth of penetration and the liposome flexibility was found, supporting the hypothesis of the whole vesicle penetration mechanism. Moreover, the results of the extent (R24) of vesicle penetration in the human skin samples showed a direct relation to the flexibility values (σ1 = 0.65 ± 0.10 MPa → R24 = 3.33 ± 0.02 μg/mg; σ2 = 0.95 ± 0.04 MPa → R24 = 1.18 ± 0.26 μg/mg; σ3 = 1.89 ± 0.30 MPa → R24 = 0.53 ± 0.33 μg/mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Donadoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Department of Physics and CIMaINa, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Procacci
- Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Orioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via G. Colombo 71, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Love BE, Mitchell KS, Speight KF. Preparation of Re-Usable Glass-Supported Acid/Base Indicators. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2017.1260399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Love
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | | | - Kaitlyn F. Speight
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858
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Waichman S, Roder F, Richter CP, Birkholz O, Piehler J. Diffusion and interaction dynamics of individual membrane protein complexes confined in micropatterned polymer-supported membranes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:570-577. [PMID: 23109503 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterned polymer-supported membranes (PSM) are established as a tool for confining the diffusion of transmembrane proteins for single molecule studies. To this end, a photochemical surface modification with hydrophobic tethers on a PEG polymer brush is implemented for capturing of lipid vesicles and subsequent fusion. Formation of contiguous membranes within micropatterns is confirmed by scanning force microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and super-resolved single-molecule tracking and localization microscopy. Free diffusion of transmembrane proteins reconstituted into micropatterned PSM is demonstrated by FRAP and by single-molecule tracking. By exploiting the confinement of diffusion within micropatterned PSM, the diffusion and interaction dynamics of individual transmembrane receptors are quantitatively resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Waichman
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Andolfi L, Trevisan E, Zweyer M, Prato S, Troian B, Vita F, Borelli V, Soranzo MR, Melato M, Zabucchi G. The crocidolite fibres interaction with human mesothelial cells as investigated by combining electron microscopy, atomic force and scanning near-field optical microscopy. J Microsc 2013; 249:173-83. [PMID: 23305229 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have performed a morphological analysis of crocidolite fibres interaction with mesothelial cells (MET5A) by combining conventional electron microscopy with atomic force (AFM) and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). After 6-h exposure at a crocidolite dose of 5 μg cm(-2), 90% of MET5A cells interact with fibres that under these conditions have a low cytotoxic effect. SEM images point out that fibres can be either engulfed by the cells that lose their typical morphology or they can accumulate over or partially inside the cells, which preserve their typical spread morphology. By using AFM we are able to directly visualize the entry-site of nanometric-sized fibres at the plasma membrane of the spread mesothelial cells. More importantly, the crocidolite fibres that are observed to penetrate the plasma membrane in SNOM topography can be simultaneously followed beneath the cell surface in the SNOM optical images. The analysis of SNOM data demonstrates the entrance of crocidolite fibres in proximity of nuclear compartment, as observed also in the TEM images. Our findings indicate that the combination of conventional electron microscopy with novel nanoscopic techniques can be considered a promising approach to achieve a comprehensive morphological description of the interaction between asbestos fibres and mesothelial cells that represents the early event in fibre pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andolfi
- Clinical Department of Medical, Chirurgical and Healthy Science, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
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