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Gardeniers M, Mani M, de Boer E, Hermida-Merino D, Graf R, Rastogi S, Harings JAW. Hydration, Refinement, and Dissolution of the Crystalline Phase in Polyamide 6 Polymorphs for Ultimate Thermomechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2022; 55:5080-5093. [PMID: 35784656 PMCID: PMC9245196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Timescales of polyamide
6 melt-shaping technologies, relative to
the dynamics of conformational rearrangements upon crystallization,
challenge the formation of the most thermodynamically favorable chain
packing and thus optimum performance. In this publication, we make
use of the mediation of hydrogen bonding by water molecules in the
superheated state of water, i.e., above 100 °C in a closed environment,
in the structural refinement of polyamide 6 for enhanced thermomechanical
performance. The paper addresses dissolution and (re)crystallization
of different polyamide 6 polymorphs in the superheated state of water
by time-resolved simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering
and solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy and the effect on mechanical
properties. The experiments reveal that upon heating in the superheated
state of water, the pseudo-hexagonal phase dissolves at relatively
low temperature and instantly crystallizes in a defected monoclinic
phase that successively refines to a perfected monoclinic structure.
The dissolution temperature of the pseudo-hexagonal phase of polyamide
6 is found to be dependent on the degree of crystal perfection originating
from conformational disorder and misalignment of hydrogen bonding
in the lattice, retrospectively, to the Brill transition temperature.
The perfected monoclinic phase below the dissolution temperature can
be preserved upon cooling but is plasticized by hydration of the amide
moieties in the crystalline phase. The removal of water from the hydrated
crystals, in the proximity of Brill transition temperature, strengthening
the hydrogen bonding, occurs. Retrospectively, the most thermodynamically
stable crystallographic phase is preserved and renders an increase
in mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the product.
The insight obtained on the influence of superheated water on the
structural refinement of imperfected crystallographic states assists
in polyamide 6 postprocessing strategies for enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo Gardeniers
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohanraj Mani
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ele de Boer
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), DUBBLE-CRG, FR-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jules A. W. Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Dawelbeit A, Yu M. Tentative Confinement of Ionic Liquids in Nylon 6 Fibers: A Bridge between Structural Developments and High-Performance Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3535-3547. [PMID: 33585738 PMCID: PMC7876690 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A reversible confinement of ionic liquid (IL) among the amide segments has been carried out for the preparation of high-modulus and high-strength aliphatic semicrystalline nylon 6 fibers. In this research work, the suppression or the weakening of the hydrogen bonds during the conventional low-speed melt spinning process is followed by a hot-drawing stage and a subsequent IL extraction of the IL out of the 2% wt IL-confined fibers and an immediate thermal stabilization process for the improvement of the properties of the pristine nylon 6 fibers. The resulted crystal structural developments of the IL-confined fibers are attributed to ultimate molecular orientations, which have contributed to the developments of the overall fiber properties. Here, the influences of the IL on the γ and the α crystal phases, the γ-α transition, the morphological properties, and the tensile properties are investigated. The FTIR reported, experimentally, additional peaks at 1237 cm-1 for the γ crystal phase and at 1417 and 1476 cm-1 for the α crystal phase, in conformity with the theoretical computations. The XRD demonstrated that the conventional low-speed melt spinning can successfully be used to prepare as-spun IL-confined fibers having highly improved properties. The so prepared as-spun IL-confined fibers are found to have a γ phase structure that has a small crystal size and high crystal perfections. Fortunately, the γ-to-α crystal phase transition for the IL-confined nylon 6 fibers can be acquired during the hot-drawing stage (stress-induced phase transformation). Furthermore, the IL extraction process followed by a thermal stabilization process, interestingly, has led to significant increases in both of the tensile strengths and the tensile moduli of the reverted nylon 6 fibers. The values that are found are 8.46 cN/dtex for the tensile strength and 39.09 cN/dtex for the tensile modulus. The structure-property relationships between the IL-confined and the reverted nylon 6 fibers have also been discussed.
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3
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Lotz B. Original Crystal Structures of Even–Even Polyamides Made of Pleated and Rippled Sheets. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lotz
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, Rue du Lœss, Strasbourg 67034, France
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lotz
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, Rue du Lœss, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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5
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An M, Zhang Q, Lin Y, Wang D, Chen W, Meng L, Yin P, Li L. Stretch-Induced Reverse Brill Transition in Polyamide 46. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minfang An
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qianlei Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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6
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Tao L, Liu K, Li T, Xiao R. Structure and properties of bio‐based polyamide 109 treated with superheated water. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Taotao Li
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Ru Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of High‐Performance Fiber and Product, Ministry of EducationCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai P.R. China
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7
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Preparation and properties of biobased polyamides based on 1,9-azelaic acid and different chain length diamines. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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New Solvent for Polyamide 66 and Its Use for Preparing a Single-Polymer Composite-Coated Fabric. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6235165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamides (PAs) are one of the most important engineering polymers; however, the difficulty in dissolving them hinders their applications. Formic acid (FA) is the most common solvent for PAs, but it has industrial limitations. In this contribution, we proposed a new solvent system for PAs by replacing a portion of the FA with urea and calcium chloride (FAUCa). Urea imparts the hydrogen bonding and calcium ion from the calcium chloride, as a Lewis acid was added to the system to compensate for the pH decrease due to the addition of urea. The results showed that the proposed solvent (FAUCa) could readily dissolve PAs, resulting in a less decrease in the mechanical properties during the dissolution. The composite prepared using the FAUCa has almost the same properties as the one prepared using the FA solution. The solution was applied on a polyamide 66 fabric to make an all-polyamide composite-coated fabric, which then was characterized. The FAUCa solution had a higher viscosity than the one prepared using the neat FA solvent, which can be an advantage in the applications which need higher viscosity like preparing the all-polyamide composite-coated fabric. A more viscous solution makes a denser coating which will increase the water /gas tightness. In conclusion, using the FAUCa solvent has two merits: (1) replacement of 40% of the FA with less harmful and environmentally friendly chemicals and (2) enabling for the preparation of more viscous solutions, which makes a denser coating.
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9
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Abstract
AbstractFor the past decade, market demands for semicrystalline heat-resistant polyamides (HPAs) with excellent performance and significantly improved heat-resistant temperature has grown rapidly, and they are widely used in the electronic and electrical industry, as light-emitting diodes and in the automobile field (as metal replacements). Industrialized HPAs to date, include PA46, PA6T copolyamides, PA9T and PA10T. Other HPAs being researched include full aliphatic HPA, PA5T, long carbon chain HPA, PXD10 and alicyclic HPA. This review addresses progress in HPAs, especially the properties of HPA, patents analysis and polymerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Zhang
- National-Certified Enterprise Technology Center, Kingfa Science and Technology Co., LTD., Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Specialty Engineering Plastics, Guangzhou, China
- Zhuhai Vanteque Specialty Engineering Plastics Co., LTD., Zhuhai, China
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10
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He M, Wang Z, Wang R, Zhang L, Jia Q. Preparation of Bio-Based Polyamide Elastomer by Using Green Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E257. [PMID: 30974535 PMCID: PMC6432398 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of three green plasticizers H₂O, glycerol, and soybean oil, on the properties of bio-based BDIS polyamides. The BDIS polyamides synthesized from the following biomass monomers: 1,4-butanediamine (BD), 1,10-decanediamine (DD), itaconic acid (IA), and sebacic acid (SA). It is interesting to note that the amorphous BDIS (IA-80%) polyamide was changed from the glassy state to the rubbery state after water soaking and induced crystallization at the same time. The H₂O-plasticized non-crosslinked BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides can be very useful for the preparation of physical water gel. The glycerol- and soybean oil-plasticized BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides displayed excellent toughness. The plasticized BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides were characterized by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao He
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid, SD 57701, USA.
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingxiu Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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11
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Rios de Anda A, Fillot LA, Long DR, Sotta P. Influence of the amorphous phase molecular mobility on impact and tensile properties of polyamide 6,6. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Rios de Anda
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay UMR 5268; Solvay in Axel'one, 87 rue Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex France
| | - Louise-Anne Fillot
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay UMR 5268; Solvay in Axel'one, 87 rue Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex France
| | - Didier R. Long
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay UMR 5268; Solvay in Axel'one, 87 rue Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex France
| | - Paul Sotta
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay UMR 5268; Solvay in Axel'one, 87 rue Frères Perret, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex France
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12
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Wang ZL, Xu JL, Yuan Q, Shibraen MHMA, Xu J, Yang SG. Hydrothermal treatment of polyamide 6 with presence of lanthanum chloride. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Ma P, Deshmukh YS, Wilsens CH, Ryan Hansen M, Graf R, Rastogi S. Self-assembling process of Oxalamide compounds and their nucleation efficiency in bio-degradable Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13280. [PMID: 26290334 PMCID: PMC4642526 DOI: 10.1038/srep13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key requirements in semi-crystalline polyesters, synthetic or bio-based, is the control on crystallization rate and crystallinity. One of the limiting factors in the commercialization of the bio-based polyesters, for example polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized by bacteria for energy storage purposes, is the slow crystallization rate. In this study, we show that by tailoring the molecular structure of oxalamide compounds, it is possible to dissolve these compounds in molten poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), having a hydroxyvalerate co-monomer content of less than 2 mol%. Upon cooling the polymer melt, the homogeneously dispersed oxalamide compound crystallizes just below the melting temperature of the polymer. The phase-separated compound reduces the nucleation barrier of the polymer, thus enhancing the crystallization rate, nucleation density and crystallinity. The findings reported in this study provide a generic route for the molecular design of oxalamide-based compounds that can be used for enhancing nucleation efficiency of semi-crystalline bio-based polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piming Ma
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Carolus H.R.M. Wilsens
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Science, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Science, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Bio-Based Materials, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, England (UK)
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14
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Dissolution, hydrolysis and crystallization behavior of polyamide 6 in superheated water. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-015-1682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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16
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Deshmukh YS, Graf R, Hansen MR, Rastogi S. Dissolution and Crystallization of Polyamides in Superheated Water and Concentrated Ionic Solutions. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4012335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz,
Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhang Q, Liebeck BM, Yan K, Demco DE, Körner A, Popescu C. Alpha-Helix Self-Assembly of Oligopeptides Originated From Beta-Sheet Keratin. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Harings JAW, Deshmukh YS, Hansen MR, Graf R, Rastogi S. Processing of Polyamides in the Presence of Water via Hydrophobic Hydration and Ionic Interactions. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300459q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jules A. W. Harings
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven BV, P.O. Box 6284, 5600HG Eindhoven,
The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Polymer Technology,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yogesh S. Deshmukh
- Laboratory
of Polymer Technology,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Laboratory
of Polymer Technology,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K
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19
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Jasinska-Walc L, Villani M, Dudenko D, van Asselen O, Klop E, Rastogi S, Hansen MR, Koning CE. Local Conformation and Cocrystallization Phenomena in Renewable Diaminoisoidide-Based Polyamides Studied by FT-IR, Solid State NMR, and WAXD. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Jasinska-Walc
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, P.O.
Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), PO Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza Str.
11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maurizio Villani
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | | | - Enno Klop
- Teijin Aramid BV, Research Institute, P.O. Box 5153, 6802 ED Arnhem,
The Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Teijin Aramid BV, Research Institute, P.O. Box 5153, 6802 ED Arnhem,
The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz,
Germany
| | - Cor E. Koning
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, P.O.
Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), PO Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM Coating Resins, Ceintuurbaan 5, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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20
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Charlet K, Mathot V, Devaux J. Crystallization and dissolution behaviour of polyamide 6-water systems under pressure. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Jasinska L, Koning CE. Unsaturated, biobased polyesters and their cross-linking via radical copolymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Harings JAW, Yao Y, Graf R, van Asselen O, Broos R, Rastogi S. Erasing conformational limitations in N,N'-1,4-butanediyl-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) crystallization from the superheated state of water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7652-7666. [PMID: 19374343 DOI: 10.1021/la900318n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyamides consist of regularly distributed amide moieties located in an aliphatic chain, off which the segment length can be varied. The crystallization and hence the eventual performance of the material can be tailored by changing the aliphatic lengths, and thus the hydrogen bonding density and the directional chemical positioning of the amide motifs. In this paper, N,N'-1,4-butanediyl-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) crystallized either from the melt or from the superheated state of water is investigated. A comparison with N,N'-1,2-ethanediyl-1,2-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) reveals the role of the hydrogen bonding density on the accommodation of water molecules in amide based crystals grown from the superheated state of water. However, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and solid state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy reveal hydrogen bonding between the amide planes, while aliphatic polyamides and N,N'-1,2-diethyl-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) feature hydrogen bonds that reside within the amide plane only. As a consequence, the role of N,N'-1,4-butanediyl-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) crystals as a model system for polyamide 4Y polymers is questionable. However, the thermodynamic and structural behavior as function of temperature is determined by a balance between thermally introduced gauche conformers and hydrogen bonding efficiencies. These crystals enable a thorough investigation in the effect of superheated water on the crystallization of these uniquely hydrogen bonded molecules. Crystallization from the superheated state of water results in denser molecular packing and enhanced hydrogen bonding efficiencies. The induced spatial confinement hinders molecular motion upon heating, and thermodynamically more stable crystals are observed. Although the amide-hydroxyl hydrogen bonded crystals do not favor the accommodation of physically bound water molecules in the lattice, saturation of the amide motifs during crystallization erases conformational restrictions of the planar amide moieties that facilitates maximum hydrogen bonding efficiencies in the eventual lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules A W Harings
- Polymer Technology Group Eindhoven BV, P.O. Box 6284, 5600 HG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Vinken E, Terry AE, Spoelstra AB, Koning CE, Rastogi S. Influence of superheated water on the hydrogen bonding and crystallography of piperazine-based (Co)polyamides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:5294-5303. [PMID: 19397364 DOI: 10.1021/la804046r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that superheated water is a solvent for polyamide 2,14 and piperazine-based copolyamides up to a piperazine content of 62 mol %. The incorporation of piperazine allows for a variation of the hydrogen bond density without altering the crystal structure (i.e., the piperazine units cocrystallize with the PA2,14 units (Hoffmann, S.; Vanhaecht, B.; Devroede, J.; Bras, W.; Koning, C. E.; Rastogi, S. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 1797-1803). It is shown that the crystallization of PA2,14 from superheated water greatly influences the crystal structure. Water molecules incorporated in the PA2,14 crystal lattice cause a slip on the hydrogen bonded planes, resulting in a coexistence of a triclinic and a monoclinic crystal structure. On heating above the Brill transition, the water molecules exit from the lattice, restoring the triclinic crystal structure. With increasing piperazine content, and hence decreasing hydrogen bond density, the dissolution temperature decreases. It is only possible to grow single crystals from superheated water up to a piperazine content of 62 mol %. For these single crystals, the incorporation of water molecules in the vicinity of the amide group is seen by the presence of COO- stretch vibrations with FTIR spectroscopy. These vibrations disappear on heating above the Brill transition temperature, and the water molecules leave the amide groups. For copolyamides with more than 62 mol % piperazine, no Brill transition is observed, no single crystals can be grown from water, and no water molecules are observed in the vicinity of the amide groups (Vinken, E.; Terry, A. E.; Hoffmann, S.; Vanhaecht, B.; Koning, C. E.; Rastogi, S. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 2546-2552). The high piperazine content (co)polyamides have fewer hydrogen bond donors and are therefore less likely to have interactions with the water molecules. This work demonstrates the relation among the Brill transition, the dissolution of polyamide in superheated water, and its influence on the hydrogen bonds and the amide groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vinken
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Hess B, Harings JAW, Rastogi S, Vegt NFAVD. Interaction of water with N,N'-1,2-ethanediyl-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) crystals: a simulation study. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:627-31. [PMID: 19143571 DOI: 10.1021/jp806721r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown, using a variety of experimental techniques, that water can be hosted in N,N'-1,2-ethanediyl-bis(6-hydroxy-hexanamide) crystals. It forms stable interactions with the hydroxyl groups at the ends of the molecule, as well as with the amide groups. However, with experimental techniques one can not observe the exact hydrogen bonding geometries of the physically bound water molecules. Here a series of molecular dynamics simulations is presented that provide an atomistically detailed picture of the interactions of water with different parts of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Hess
- Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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