Determination of cross-link density in ion-irradiated polystyrene surfaces from rippling

Effect of the molecular weight on deformation states of the polystyrene film by AFM single scanning

Nanobundles patterns can be formed on the surface of most thermoplastic polymers when the atomic force microscope (AFM)-based nanomechanical machining method is employed to scratch their surfaces. Such patterns are reviewed as three-dimensional sine-wave structures. In the present study, the single-line scratch test is used firstly to study different removal states of the polystyrene (PS) polymer with different molecular weights (MWs). Effects of the scratching direction and the scratching velocity on deformation of the PS film and the state of the removed materials are also investigated. Single-wear box test is then employed to study the possibility of forming bundle structures on PS films with different MWs. The experimental results show that the state between the tip and the sample plays a key role in the nano machining process. If the contact radius between the AFM tip and the polymer surface is larger than the chain end-to-end distance, it is designated as the "cutting" state that means the area of both side ridges is less than the area of the groove and materials are removed. If the contact radius is less than the chain end-to-end distance, it is designated as the "plowing" state that means the area of both side ridges is larger than the area of the groove and no materials are removed at all. For the perfect bundles formation on the PS film, the plowing state is ideal condition for the larger MW polymers because of the chains' entanglement.

Thinning and shaping solid films into functional and integrative nanomembranes

Conventional solid films on certain substrates play a crucial role in various applications, for example in flat panel displays, silicon technology, and protective coatings. Recently, tremendous attention has been directed toward the thinning and shaping of solids into so-called nanomembranes, offering a unique and fantastic platform for research in nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this Review, a conceptual description of nanomembranes is introduced and a series of examples demonstrate their great potential for future applications. The thinning of nanomembranes indeed offers another strategy to fabricate nanomaterials, which can be integrated onto a chip and exhibit valuable properties (e.g. giant persistent photoconductivity and thermoelectric property). Furthermore, the stretching of nanomembranes enables a macroscale route for tuning the physical properties of the membranes at the nanoscale. The process by which nanomembranes release from a substrate presents several approaches to shaping nanomembranes into three-dimensional architectures, such as rolled-up tubes, wrinkles, and the resulting channels, which can provide fascinating applications in electronics, mechanics, fluidics, and photonics. Nanomembranes as a new type of nanomaterial promise to be an attractive direction for nanoresearch.