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Egger DA, Weissman S, Refaely-Abramson S, Sharifzadeh S, Dauth M, Baer R, Kümmel S, Neaton JB, Zojer E, Kronik L. Outer-valence Electron Spectra of Prototypical Aromatic Heterocycles from an Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functional. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1934-1952. [PMID: 24839410 PMCID: PMC4020925 DOI: 10.1021/ct400956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Density functional theory with optimally
tuned range-separated
hybrid (OT-RSH) functionals has been recently suggested [Refaely-Abramson
et al. Phys. Rev. Lett.2012, 109, 226405] as a nonempirical approach to predict the outer-valence
electronic structure of molecules with the same accuracy as many-body
perturbation theory. Here, we provide a quantitative evaluation of
the OT-RSH approach by examining its performance in predicting the
outer-valence electron spectra of several prototypical gas-phase molecules,
from aromatic rings (benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine) to more complex
organic systems (terpyrimidinethiol and copper phthalocyanine). For
a range up to several electronvolts away from the frontier orbital
energies, we find that the outer-valence electronic structure obtained
from the OT-RSH method agrees very well (typically within ∼0.1–0.2
eV) with both experimental photoemission and theoretical many-body
perturbation theory data in the GW approximation. In particular, we
find that with new strategies for an optimal choice of the short-range
fraction of Fock exchange, the OT-RSH approach offers a balanced description
of localized and delocalized states. We discuss in detail the sole
exception found—a high-symmetry orbital, particular to small
aromatic rings, which is relatively deep inside the valence state
manifold. Overall, the OT-RSH method is an accurate DFT-based method
for outer-valence electronic structure prediction for such systems
and is of essentially the same level of accuracy as contemporary GW
approaches, at a reduced computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Egger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria ; Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Shira Weissman
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth 76100, Israel
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias Dauth
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University , 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States ; Department of Physics and Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovoth 76100, Israel
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Rissner F, Natan A, Egger DA, Hofmann OT, Kronik L, Zojer E. Dimensionality effects in the electronic structure of organic semiconductors consisting of polar repeat units. ORGANIC ELECTRONICS 2012; 13:3165-3176. [PMID: 23470879 PMCID: PMC3587343 DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In conjugated organic molecules, excitation gaps typically decrease reciprocally with increasing the number of repeat units, n. This usually holds for individual molecules as well as for the corresponding bulk materials. Here, we show using density-functional theory calculations that a qualitatively different evolution is found for layers built from molecules consisting of polar repeat units. Whereas a 1/n-dependence is still observed in the case of isolated polar molecules, the global gap decreases essentially linearly with n in the corresponding 2D-periodic systems and vanishes beyond a certain molecular length, with the frontier states being localized at opposite ends of the layer. The latter is accompanied by a saturation of the dipole moment per molecule, an effect not observed in the isolated polar molecules. Interestingly, in both cases the limit of the gap for long (but finite) molecules differs qualitatively from that of infinite length obtained in 1D-periodic and 3D-periodic calculations, the latter serving as models for polymers and the bulk. We rationalize these dimensionality effects as a consequence of the potential gradient within the finite-length layers. They arise from the collective action of intra-molecular dipoles in the 2D periodic layers and can be traced back to surface effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Rissner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amir Natan
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - David A. Egger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver T. Hofmann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Egger DA, Rissner F, Zojer E, Heimel G. Polarity switching of charge transport and thermoelectricity in self-assembled monolayer devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4403-4407. [PMID: 22807087 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer devices can exhibit drastically different charge-transport characteristics and thermoelectric properties despite being composed of isomeric molecules with essentially identical frontier-orbital energies. This is rationalized by the cooperative electrostatic action of local intramolecular dipoles in otherwise nonpolar species, thus revealing new challenges but also new opportunities for the targeted design of functional building blocks in future nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Egger
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Bolduc OR, Correia-Ledo D, Masson JF. Electroformation of peptide self-assembled monolayers on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:22-26. [PMID: 22149095 DOI: 10.1021/la203493v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of a potential to deposit a monolayer of 3-mercaptopropionic acid-histidinyl-histidinyl-histidinyl-aspartyl-aspartyl (3-MPA-HHHDD-OH) controls the density and molecular structure of the peptide monolayer, which results in different wettabilities of the surface, surface density, orientation of the molecule (extended or bent), and nonspecific adsorption of serum proteins. 3-MPA-HHHDD-OH must be deposited at 200 mV to maintain an extended configuration, which promoted low biofouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier R Bolduc
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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Rissner F, Egger DA, Natan A, Körzdörfer T, Kümmel S, Kronik L, Zojer E. Collectively induced quantum-confined Stark effect in monolayers of molecules consisting of polar repeating units. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18634-45. [PMID: 21955058 PMCID: PMC3217729 DOI: 10.1021/ja203579c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of terpyrimidinethiols is investigated by means of density-functional theory calculations for isolated molecules and monolayers. In the transition from molecule to self-assembled monolayer (SAM), we observe that the band gap is substantially reduced, frontier states increasingly localize on opposite sides of the SAM, and this polarization in several instances is in the direction opposite to the polarization of the overall charge density. This behavior can be analyzed by analogy to inorganic semiconductor quantum-wells, which, as the SAMs studied here, can be regarded as semiperiodic systems. There, similar observations are made under the influence of a, typically external, electric field and are known as the quantum-confined Stark effect. Without any external perturbation, in oligopyrimidine SAMs one encounters an energy gradient that is generated by the dipole moments of the pyrimidine repeat units. It is particularly strong, reaching values of about 1.6 eV/nm, which corresponds to a substantial electric field of 1.6 × 10(7) V/cm. Close-lying σ- and π-states turn out to be a particular complication for a reliable description of the present systems, as their order is influenced not only by the docking groups and bonding to the metal, but also by the chosen computational approach. In the latter context we demonstrate that deliberately picking a hybrid functional allows avoiding pitfalls due to the infamous self-interaction error. Our results show that when aiming to build a monolayer with a specific electronic structure one can not only resort to the traditional technique of modifying the molecular structure of the constituents, but also try to exploit collective electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Rissner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David A. Egger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amir Natan
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Thomas Körzdörfer
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Cui B, Chen T, Wang D, Wan LJ. In situ STM evidence for the adsorption geometry of three N-heteroaromatic thiols on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7614-7619. [PMID: 21595454 DOI: 10.1021/la201155y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of three heteroaromatic thiols (MBs) (2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (MBO)) on a Au(111) surface has been investigated by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M HClO(4) solution. All three thiols form oriented molecular cluster lines along the reconstruction line direction at 0.55 V. With the electrode potential shifting negatively, the molecules undergo a disordered-ordered structural transition. Molecularly resolved STM images show that all three molecules form striped adlayers in the desorption region on the Au(111) surface. The different heteroatoms in the heteroaromatic rings result in different electrochemical behavior of the MB self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). MBI, MBT, and MBO are proposed to interact with the substrate via the S-Au bonds from thiol group and the coordination interaction of N, S, and O with the substrate from the heteroaromatic ring, respectively. These results provide direct evidence of the electrochemical behavior and the adlayer structures of MB SAMs on the Au electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cui
- Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Supramolecular assembly/reassembly processes: molecular motors and dynamers operating at surfaces. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:1397-1410. [PMID: 21350766 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Among the many significant advances within the field of supramolecular chemistry over the past decades, the development of the so-called "dynamers" features a direct relevance to materials science. Defined as "combinatorial dynamic polymers", dynamers are constitutional dynamic systems and materials resulting from the application of the principles of supramolecular chemistry to polymer science. Like supramolecular materials in general, dynamers are reversible dynamic multifunctional architectures, capable of modifying their constitution by exchanging, recombining, incorporating components. They may exhibit a variety of novel properties and behave as adaptive materials. In this review we focus on the design of responsive switchable monolayers, i.e. monolayers capable to undergo significant changes in their physical or chemical properties as a result of external stimuli. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies provide direct evidence with a sub-nanometre resolution, on the formation and dynamic response of these self-assembled systems featuring controlled geometries and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS-CNRS 7006, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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