1
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Zhang W, Uei Y, Matsuura T, Maruyama A. Characterization and regulation of 2D-3D convertible lipid membrane transformation. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3423-3430. [PMID: 38809312 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Micro-nanomaterials that can adopt different structures are powerful tools in the fields of biological and medical sciences. We previously developed a lipid membrane that can convert between 2D nanosheet and 3D vesicle forms using cationic copolymer polyallylamine-graft-polyethylene glycol and the anionic peptide E5. The properties of the membrane during conversion have been characterized only by confocal laser scan microscopy. Furthermore, due to the 2D symmetry of the lipid nanosheet, the random folding of the lipid bilayer into either the original or the reverse orientation occurs during sheet-to-vesicle conversion, compromising the structural consistency of the membrane. In this study, flow cytometry was applied to track the conversion of more than 5000 lipid membranes from 3D vesicles to 2D nanosheets and back to 3D vesicles, difficult with microscopies. The lipid nanosheets exhibited more side scattering intensity than 3D vesicles, presumably due to free fluctuation and spin of the sheets in the suspension. Furthermore, by immobilizing bovine serum albumin as one of the representative proteins on the outer leaflet of giant unilamellar vesicles at a relatively low coverage, complete restoration of lipid membranes to the original 3D orientation was obtained after sheet-to-vesicle conversion. This convertible membrane system should be applicable in a wide range of fields. Our findings also provide experimental evidence for future theoretical studies on membrane behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Zhang
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-57 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuta Uei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-57 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Maruyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-57 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
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2
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Takahashi K, Nishiyama T, Umezawa N, Inoue Y, Akiba I, Dewa T, Ikeda A, Mizuno T. Delivery of external proteins into the cytoplasm using protein capsules modified with IgG on the surface, created from the amphiphilic two helix-bundle protein OLE-ZIP. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:968-971. [PMID: 38165681 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explores a new method for delivering therapeutic proteins into specific cells using OLE-ZIP capsules that present IgG. OLE-ZIP capsules is a spherical caspules prepared from amphihilic dimetic coiled-coil peptide, OLE-ZIP. Upon presenting cetuximab, these capsules showed preferential uptake in A431 cells and increased cytotoxicity when loaded with RNase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Takahashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Taiki Nishiyama
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Isamu Akiba
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, the University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Takehisa Dewa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan.
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Mizuno
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan.
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
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3
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Tror S, Jeon S, Nguyen HT, Huh E, Shin K. A Self-Regenerating Artificial Cell, that is One Step Closer to Living Cells: Challenges and Perspectives. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300182. [PMID: 37246263 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controllable, self-regenerating artificial cells (SRACs) can be a vital advancement in the field of synthetic biology, which seeks to create living cells by recombining various biological molecules in the lab. This represents, more importantly, the first step on a long journey toward creating reproductive cells from rather fragmentary biochemical mimics. However, it is still a difficult task to replicate the complex processes involved in cell regeneration, such as genetic material replication and cell membrane division, in artificially created spaces. This review highlights recent advances in the field of controllable, SRACs and the strategies to achieve the goal of creating such cells. Self-regenerating cells start by replicating DNA and transferring it to a location where proteins can be synthesized. Functional but essential proteins must be synthesized for sustained energy generation and survival needs and function in the same liposomal space. Finally, self-division and repeated cycling lead to autonomous, self-regenerating cells. The pursuit of controllable, SRACs will enable authors to make bold advances in understanding life at the cellular level, ultimately providing an opportunity to use this knowledge to understand the nature of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seangly Tror
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonMin Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Huong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Huh
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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4
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Godino E, Restrepo Sierra AM, Danelon C. Imaging Flow Cytometry for High-Throughput Phenotyping of Synthetic Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2023. [PMID: 37155828 PMCID: PMC10367129 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The reconstitution of basic cellular functions in micrometer-sized liposomes has led to a surge of interest in the construction of synthetic cells. Microscopy and flow cytometry are powerful tools for characterizing biological processes in liposomes with fluorescence readouts. However, applying each method separately leads to a compromise between information-rich imaging by microscopy and statistical population analysis by flow cytometry. To address this shortcoming, we here introduce imaging flow cytometry (IFC) for high-throughput, microscopy-based screening of gene-expressing liposomes in laminar flow. We developed a comprehensive pipeline and analysis toolset based on a commercial IFC instrument and software. About 60 thousands of liposome events were collected per run starting from one microliter of the stock liposome solution. Robust population statistics from individual liposome images was performed based on fluorescence and morphological parameters. This allowed us to quantify complex phenotypes covering a wide range of liposomal states that are relevant for building a synthetic cell. The general applicability, current workflow limitations, and future prospects of IFC in synthetic cell research are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Godino
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria Restrepo Sierra
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Danelon
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
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5
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Supramaniam P, Wang Z, Chatzimichail S, Parperis C, Kumar A, Ho V, Ces O, Salehi-Reyhani A. Measuring Encapsulation Efficiency in Cell-Mimicking Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1227-1238. [PMID: 36977193 PMCID: PMC10127275 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the main drivers within the field of bottom-up synthetic biology is to develop artificial chemical machines, perhaps even living systems, that have programmable functionality. Numerous toolkits exist to generate giant unilamellar vesicle-based artificial cells. However, methods able to quantitatively measure their molecular constituents upon formation is an underdeveloped area. We report an artificial cell quality control (AC/QC) protocol using a microfluidic-based single-molecule approach, enabling the absolute quantification of encapsulated biomolecules. While the measured average encapsulation efficiency was 11.4 ± 6.8%, the AC/QC method allowed us to determine encapsulation efficiencies per vesicle, which varied significantly from 2.4 to 41%. We show that it is possible to achieve a desired concentration of biomolecule within each vesicle by commensurate compensation of its concentration in the seed emulsion. However, the variability in encapsulation efficiency suggests caution is necessary when using such vesicles as simplified biological models or standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zibo Wang
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | | | - Christopher Parperis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, U.K
| | - Aditi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Vanessa Ho
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- fabriCELL, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ali Salehi-Reyhani
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, U.K
- fabriCELL, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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6
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Shimomura A, Ina S, Oki M, Tsuji G. Effects of Charged Lipids on Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Fusion and Inner Content Mixing via Freeze-Thawing. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200550. [PMID: 36321751 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusion between giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) can incorporate and mix components of biochemical reactions. Recently, GUV fusion induced by freeze-thawing (F/T) was employed to construct artificial cells that can easily and repeatedly fuse GUVs with efficient content mixing. However, GUVs were ruptured during F/T, and the inner contents leaked. Herein, we investigated the effects of charged lipids on GUV fusion via F/T. The presence of 10 %-50 % (w/w%) negatively charged lipids in GUV membranes, mainly composed of the neutral charged lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), improved resistance to GUV rupture and decreased inner content leakage. Furthermore, we found that the presence of positively charged lipids in GUV membranes elevated GUV rupture compared with F/T between GUVs containing POPC alone. Modified GUVs may better incorporate nutrients and lipid membranes with less damage following GUV fusion via F/T, providing an improved artificial model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayu Shimomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shiori Ina
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Masaya Oki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Gakushi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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7
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Stano P. Commentary: Rapid and facile preparation of giant vesicles by the droplet transfer method for artificial cell construction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1037809. [PMID: 36312559 PMCID: PMC9614326 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1037809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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8
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Kajii K, Shimomura A, T Higashide M, Oki M, Tsuji G. Effects of Sugars on Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Preparation, Fusion, PCR in Liposomes, and Pore Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8871-8880. [PMID: 35836326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The water-in-oil emulsion transfer method was developed for preparing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and is useful for studying cellular functions under conditions that mimic cellular environments. A shortcoming of this method for encapsulating biochemical reactions is that it requires high sugar concentrations to enable the density effect to transverse the oil-water interface. In this study, we investigated the effects of sugars on GUV preparation and several biochemical reactions. We found that changing the sugar in the inner solution from sucrose to maltose or trehalose improved GUV formation. The fusion ratio of the freeze-thaw method was better in the traditional glucose-sucrose condition compared with the other examined conditions. For the inner biochemical reaction, we performed PCR in liposomes. The presence of maltose in the inner solution improved the stability of GUVs against damage caused by thermal cycles. Finally, fructose in the outer solution reduced leakage of the inner solution via pores on the membranes of GUVs. Our findings provide new insight for optimizing sugar conditions for preparing GUVs and inner GUV reactions. This could increase the utilization of GUVs as artificial cell compartment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Kajii
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ayu Shimomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mika T Higashide
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaya Oki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
| | - Gakushi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui City 910-8507, Fukui, Japan
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9
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Identifying and Manipulating Giant Vesicles: Review of Recent Approaches. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050644. [PMID: 35630111 PMCID: PMC9144095 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Giant vesicles (GVs) are closed bilayer membranes that primarily comprise amphiphiles with diameters of more than 1 μm. Compared with regular vesicles (several tens of nanometers in size), GVs are of greater scientific interest as model cell membranes and protocells because of their structure and size, which are similar to those of biological systems. Biopolymers and nano-/microparticles can be encapsulated in GVs at high concentrations, and their application as artificial cell bodies has piqued interest. It is essential to develop methods for investigating and manipulating the properties of GVs toward engineering applications. In this review, we discuss current improvements in microscopy, micromanipulation, and microfabrication technologies for progress in GV identification and engineering tools. Combined with the advancement of GV preparation technologies, these technological advancements can aid the development of artificial cell systems such as alternative tissues and GV-based chemical signal processing systems.
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10
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TOYOTA T, ZHANG Y. Effect of an Oil Medium on Giant Vesicles Prepared with Water-in-Oil Emulsion. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2022. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.71.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro TOYOTA
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yiting ZHANG
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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11
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Uyeda A, Reyes SG, Kanamori T, Matsuura T. Identification of conditions for efficient cell-sized liposome preparation using commercially available reconstituted in vitro transcription-translation system. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:181-186. [PMID: 34789414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to create complex molecular systems that mimic parts of cellular systems using a bottom-up approach have become important in the field of biology. Among various molecular systems, in vitro protein synthesis inside lipid vesicles (liposomes), which we refer to as the artificial cell, has become an attractive system because it possesses two fundamental features of living cells: central dogma, and compartmentalization. Here, we investigated the effect of altering the amount or concentration of four constituents of the artificial cell consisting of a commercially available reconstituted in vitro transcription-translation (IVTT) system. As this IVTT system is available worldwide, the results will be useful to the scientific community when shared, unlike those from a lab-made IVTT system. We succeeded in revealing the effect and trend of altering each parameter and identified a suitable condition for preparing liposomes that are unilamellar and can synthesize proteins equally as well as the original IVTT system. Because the commercially available reconstituted IVTT system is an important standardization tool and the constituents can be adjusted as desired, our results will be useful for the bottom-up creation of more complex molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Uyeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Sabrina Galiñanes Reyes
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-i7E Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kanamori
- GeneFrontier Corporation, SHARP Kashiwa Building, 4F, 273-1 Kashiwa, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-0005, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-i7E Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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12
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Boban Z, Mardešić I, Subczynski WK, Raguz M. Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Electroformation: What to Use, What to Avoid, and How to Quantify the Results. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110860. [PMID: 34832088 PMCID: PMC8622294 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception more than thirty years ago, electroformation has become the most commonly used method for growing giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Although the method seems quite straightforward at first, researchers must consider the interplay of a large number of parameters, different lipid compositions, and internal solutions in order to avoid artifactual results or reproducibility problems. These issues motivated us to write a short review of the most recent methodological developments and possible pitfalls. Additionally, since traditional manual analysis can lead to biased results, we have included a discussion on methods for automatic analysis of GUVs. Finally, we discuss possible improvements in the preparation of GUVs containing high cholesterol contents in order to avoid the formation of artifactual cholesterol crystals. We intend this review to be a reference for those trying to decide what parameters to use as well as an overview providing insight into problems not yet addressed or solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Boban
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mardešić
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Raguz
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (Z.B.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-98-768-819
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13
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Sharifian Gh M. Recent Experimental Developments in Studying Passive Membrane Transport of Drug Molecules. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2122-2141. [PMID: 33914545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure the passive membrane permeation of drug-like molecules is of fundamental biological and pharmaceutical importance. Of significance, passive diffusion across the cellular membranes plays an effective role in the delivery of many pharmaceutical agents to intracellular targets. Hence, approaches for quantitative measurement of membrane permeability have been the topics of research for decades, resulting in sophisticated biomimetic systems coupled with advanced techniques. In this review, recent developments in experimental approaches along with theoretical models for quantitative and real-time analysis of membrane transport of drug-like molecules through mimetic and living cell membranes are discussed. The focus is on time-resolved fluorescence-based, surface plasmon resonance, and second-harmonic light scattering approaches. The current understanding of how properties of the membrane and permeant affect the permeation process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sharifian Gh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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14
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Tsuji G, Sunami T, Oki M, Ichihashi N. Exchange of Proteins in Liposomes through Streptolysin O Pores. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1966-1973. [PMID: 33586304 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes, which are vesicles surrounded by lipid membranes, can be used as biochemical reactors by encapsulating various reactions. Accordingly, they are useful for studying cellular functions under controlled conditions that mimic the environment within a cell. However, one of the shortcomings of liposomes as biochemical reactors is the difficulty of introducing or removing proteins due to the impermeability of the membrane. In this study, we established a method for exchanging proteins in liposomes by forming reversible pores in the membrane. We used the toxic protein streptolysin O (SLO); this forms pores in membranes made of phospholipids containing cholesterol that can be closed by the addition of calcium ions. After optimizing the experimental procedure and lipid composition, we observed the exchange of fluorescent proteins (transferrin Alexa Fluor 488 and 647) in 9.9 % of liposomes. We also introduced T7 RNA polymerase, a 98-kDa enzyme, and observed RNA synthesis in ∼8 % of liposomes. Our findings establish a new method for controlling the internal protein composition of liposomes, thereby increasing their utility as bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakushi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sunami
- Institute for Academic InitiativesOsaka University, Osaka University (Japan), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Oki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ichihashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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15
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Urabe G, Shimada M, Ogata T, Katsuki S. Pulsed Electric Fields Promote Liposome Buddings. Bioelectricity 2021; 3:68-76. [PMID: 34476378 PMCID: PMC8390777 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liposomes have been a useful tool to analyze membrane behavior. Various studies have attempted to induce biological activities, for example, buddings, divisions, and endocytosis, on liposomes, focusing on lipid rafts that move along electric fields. Materials and Methods: Liposomes consisting of soybean lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol were prepared, with inner and outer liquid conductivities of 0.595 and 1.564 S/m, respectively. Results: We tried to induce buddings by pulsed electric fields (PEFs) on liposomes. Results demonstrated that 1.248 kV/cm, 400 μs PEF promoted postpulse liposome buddings, which were preceded by a membrane relaxation. Although a transient thick area (a lipid raft-like area) on the membrane just after PEF application preceded buddings, it was not the sufficient factor for buddings. Conclusion: We established a brief model as follows: 1.248 kV/cm, 400 μs PEF induced the lipid membrane relaxation without electroporation to trigger buddings. The current results could be a new frontier in bioelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Urabe
- Faculty of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shimada
- Faculty of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Ogata
- Faculty of Science Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sunao Katsuki
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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16
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Zaretsky DV, Zaretskaia MV. Flow cytometry method to quantify the formation of beta-amyloid membrane ion channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183506. [PMID: 33171157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that the cytotoxicity of beta-amyloid is mediated by its oligomers. Amyloid peptides can form ion channels in cell membranes and allow calcium and other ions to enter cells. In this project, we developed a technique to quantify the appearance of calcium in liposomes and applied this technique to study the effect of amyloid peptides on the permeability of membranes. Calcium influx was monitored in liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS) with an addition of a lipid-soluble dye DiD and containing fluorescent calcium-sensitive probe Fluo-3. The intensity of fluorescence of individual liposomes was measured using a flow cytometer. Calcium ionophore ionomycin served as a positive control. The addition of micromolar concentrations of short fragments of amyloid-beta (Aβ25-35) permeabilized a significant number of PS liposomes. This effect was not observed in PC liposomes. Our data supports the hypothesis that the ion channel formation by amyloid peptide is dependent on electrostatic interactions. High concentrations of Aβ25-35 (above 20 μM) increased signal intensity in a recording channel corresponding to the calcium-sensing probe. However, this phenomenon was also observed in Ca2+-free conditions and even in liposomes without Fluo-3, so we interpreted it as an artifact. Using the described technique, we were not able to detect the formation of calcium channels by several other amyloid peptides. Considering that liposomes appeared resistant to reasonable concentrations of solvents, we expect that described flowmetric technique can be used in high-throughput screening applications.
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17
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Tsugane M, Suzuki H. Elucidating the Membrane Dynamics and Encapsulation Mechanism of Large DNA Molecules Under Molecular Crowding Conditions Using Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2819-2827. [PMID: 32938177 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The conservation throughout evolution of membrane-bound structures that encapsulate genomic material indicates the existence of a simple, physical mechanism that facilitates the enclosing of long-stranded DNA by lipid bilayers. This study aimed to elucidate such a mechanism by investigating how molecular crowding promotes the spontaneous enveloping of model DNA into lipid bilayer membranes. Using fluorescence microscopy and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) we showed that a 166 kb DNA molecule coencapsulated with a model crowder attaches to the inner membrane of the GUVs as they osmotically deflate and after the DNA-membrane complex buds out. The set of results is consistent with the hypothesis that the depletion volume effect is responsible for the spontaneous encapsulation of DNA in the GUVs. This phenomenon may offer novel insights into the basic mechanisms governing membrane encapsulation of long-stranded nucleic acids found in celluar sytems that are independent of genetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Tsugane
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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18
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Kataoka-Hamai C, Kawakami K. Determination of the Coverage of Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers Formed at Silicone Oil–Water Interfaces by Vesicle Fusion. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8719-8727. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kataoka-Hamai
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kohsaku Kawakami
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Cell-free systems, as part of the synthetic biology field, have become a critical platform in biological studies. However, there is a lack of research into developing a switch for a dynamical control of the transcriptional and translational process. The optogenetic tool has been widely proven as an ideal control switch for protein synthesis due to its nontoxicity and excellent time-space conversion. Hence, in this study, a blue light-regulated two-component system named YF1/FixJ was incorporated into an Escherichia coli-based cell-free system to control protein synthesis. The corresponding cell-free system successfully achieved a 5-fold dynamic protein expression by blue light repression and 3-fold dynamic expression by blue light activation. With the aim of expanding the applications of cell-free synthetic biology, the cell-free blue light-sensing system was used to perform imaging, light-controlled antibody synthesis, and light-triggered artificial cell assembly. This study can provide a guide for further research into the field of cell-free optical sensing. Moreover, it will also promote the development of cell-free synthetic biology and optogenetics through applying the cell-free optical sensing system to synthetic biology education, biopharmaceutical research, and artificial cell construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Eunhee Cho
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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Koseki K, Suzuki H. Deformation Dynamics of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles in the Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio Regime: The Emergence of Neuron-like Morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6238-6244. [PMID: 32364747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deformation of liposomes, or lipid vesicles, has been investigated extensively in terms of the thermodynamic equilibrium of the bending energy of the lipid bilayer membrane. However, the range of such deformation in previous literature has been limited within the moderate surface-to-volume ratio of the vesicles, in which axisymmetric shapes are dominant. Here, we show that neuron-like morphology, in which many lipid tubes extend radially from the mother vesicle, becomes dominant upon the slow osmotic shrinkage of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) initially larger than several tens of micrometers. We show that, in the time-lapse confocal imaging, the emergence of lipid tubes is initiated from the instability that appeared along the annular rim of the flat stomatocyte shape. Since these deformation dynamics into the neuron-like morphology resemble that of the milk-crown formation in liquid splashing, we discuss that the Rayleigh-Plateau capillary instability drives this transformation into a nonaxisymmetric shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Koseki
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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21
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Dwidar M, Seike Y, Kobori S, Whitaker C, Matsuura T, Yokobayashi Y. Programmable Artificial Cells Using Histamine-Responsive Synthetic Riboswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11103-11114. [PMID: 31241330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells that encapsulate DNA-programmable protein expression machinery are emerging as an attractive platform for studying fundamental cellular properties and applications in synthetic biology. However, interfacing these artificial cells with the complex and dynamic chemical environment remains a major and urgent challenge. We demonstrate that the repertoire of molecules that artificial cells respond to can be expanded by synthetic RNA-based gene switches, or riboswitches. We isolated an RNA aptamer that binds histamine with high affinity and specificity and used it to design robust riboswitches that activate protein expression in the presence of histamine. Finally, the riboswitches were incorporated in artificial cells to achieve controlled release of an encapsulated small molecule and to implement a self-destructive kill-switch. Synthetic riboswitches should serve as modular and versatile interfaces to link artificial cell phenotypes with the complex chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dwidar
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , Onna , Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Seike
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Shungo Kobori
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , Onna , Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Charles Whitaker
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , Onna , Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yohei Yokobayashi
- Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Engineering Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , Onna , Okinawa 904-0495 , Japan
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22
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Stano P. Gene Expression Inside Liposomes: From Early Studies to Current Protocols. Chemistry 2019; 25:7798-7814. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA)University of Salento, Ecotekne 73100 Lecce Italy
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23
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Matsushita-Ishiodori Y, Hanczyc MM, Wang A, Szostak JW, Yomo T. Using Imaging Flow Cytometry to Quantify and Optimize Giant Vesicle Production by Water-in-oil Emulsion Transfer Methods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2375-2382. [PMID: 30645943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many biologists, biochemists, and biophysicists study giant vesicles, which have a diameter of >1 μm, owing to their ease of characterization using standard optical methods. More recently, there has been interest in using giant vesicles as model systems for living cells and for the construction of artificial cells. In fact, there have been a number of reports about functionalizing giant vesicles using membrane-bound pore proteins and encapsulating biochemical reactions. Among the various methods for preparing giant vesicles, the water-in-oil emulsion transfer method is particularly well established. However, the giant vesicles prepared by this method have complex and heterogeneous properties, such as particle size and membrane structure. Here, we demonstrate the characterization of giant vesicles by imaging flow cytometry to provide quantitative and qualitative information about the vesicle products prepared by the water-in-oil emulsion transfer method. Through image-based analyses, several kinds of protocol byproducts, such as oil droplets and vesicles encapsulating no target molecules, were identified and successfully quantified. Further, the optimal agitation conditions for the water-in-oil emulsion transfer method were found from detailed analysis of imaging flow cytometry data. Our results indicate that a sonication-based water-in-oil emulsion transfer method exhibited a higher efficiency in producing giant vesicles, about 10 times or higher than that of vortex and rumble strip-based methods. It is anticipated that these approaches will be useful for fine-tuning giant vesicle production and subsequent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsushita-Ishiodori
- Institute of Biology and Information Science, School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , PR China
| | - Martin M Hanczyc
- Laboratory for Artificial Biology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO) , University of Trento , 38122 , Trento , Italy
- Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Anna Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Jack W Szostak
- Department of Molecular Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
- Department of Genetics , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Institute of Biology and Information Science, School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, School of Life Sciences , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , PR China
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24
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Fanti A, Gammuto L, Mavelli F, Stano P, Marangoni R. Do protocells preferentially retain macromolecular solutes upon division/fragmentation? A study based on the extrusion of POPC giant vesicles. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:6-17. [PMID: 29230464 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A key process of protocell behaviour is their recursive growth and division. In order to be sustainable, the latter must be characterized by an even and homogeneous partition of the solute molecules initially present in the parent protocell among the daughter ones. Here we have investigated, by means of an artificial division model (extrusion of giant lipid vesicles) and confocal microscopy, the fate of solutes when a large vesicle fragments into many smaller vesicles. Solutes of low- and high-molecular weight such as pyranine, calcein, albumin-FITC, dextran-FITC and carbonic anhydrase have been employed. Although the vesicle extrusion brings about a release of their inner content in the environment, the results shown in this initial report indicate that macromolecules can be partially retained when compared with low-molecular weight ones. Results are discussed from the viewpoint of the life cycle of primitive cells. In particular, the findings suggest that a similar mechanism operating during the critical step of vesicle growth-division could have contributed to primitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fanti
- Biology Department, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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25
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Stano P. Is Research on "Synthetic Cells" Moving to the Next Level? Life (Basel) 2018; 9:E3. [PMID: 30587790 PMCID: PMC6463193 DOI: 10.3390/life9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
"Synthetic cells" research focuses on the construction of cell-like models by using solute-filled artificial microcompartments with a biomimetic structure. In recent years this bottom-up synthetic biology area has considerably progressed, and the field is currently experiencing a rapid expansion. Here we summarize some technical and theoretical aspects of synthetic cells based on gene expression and other enzymatic reactions inside liposomes, and comment on the most recent trends. Such a tour will be an occasion for asking whether times are ripe for a sort of qualitative jump toward novel SC prototypes: is research on "synthetic cells" moving to a next level?
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento; Ecotekne-S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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26
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Tsugane M, Suzuki H. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9214. [PMID: 29907779 PMCID: PMC6003926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the applicability of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) for RNA detection using in vesicle reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We prepared GUVs that encapsulated one-pot RT-PCR reaction mixture including template RNA, primers, and Taqman probe, using water-in-oil emulsion transfer method. After thermal cycling, we analysed the GUVs that exhibited intense fluorescence signals, which represented the cDNA amplification. The detailed analysis of flow cytometry data demonstrated that rRNA and mRNA in the total RNA can be amplified from 10–100 copies in the GUVs with 5–10 μm diameter, although the fraction of reactable GUV was approximately 60% at most. Moreover, we report that the target RNA, which was directly transferred into the GUV reactors via membrane fusion, can be amplified and detected using in vesicle RT-PCR. These results suggest that the GUVs can be used as biomimetic reactors capable of performing PCR and RT-PCR, which are important in analytical and diagnostic applications with additional functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Tsugane
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Precision Mechanics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Uyeda A, Watanabe T, Hohsaka T, Matsuura T. Different protein localizations on the inner and outer leaflet of cell-sized liposomes using cell-free protein synthesis. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2018; 3:ysy007. [PMID: 32995515 PMCID: PMC7445883 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranes of living cells possess asymmetry. The inner and outer leaflets of the membrane consist of different phospholipid compositions, which are known to affect the function of membrane proteins, and the loss of the asymmetry has been reported to lead to cell apoptosis. In addition, different proteins are found on the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane, and they are essential for various biochemical reactions, including those related to signal transduction and cell morphology. While in vitro lipid bilayer reconstitution with asymmetric phospholipid compositions has been reported, the reconstitution of lipid bilayer where different proteins are localized in the inner and outer leaflet, thereby enables asymmetric protein localizations, has remained difficult. Herein, we developed a simple method to achieve this asymmetry using an in vitro transcription–translation system (IVTT). The method used a benzylguanine (BG) derivative-modified phospholipid, which forms a covalent bond with a snap-tag sequence. We show that purified snap-tagged protein can be localized to the cell-sized liposome surface via an interaction between BG and the snap-tag. We then show that IVTT-synthesized proteins can be located at the lipid membrane and that different proteins can be asymmetrically localized on the outer and inner leaflets of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Uyeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Watanabe
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hohsaka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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28
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A reverse-phase method revisited: Rapid high-yield preparation of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using emulsification followed by centrifugation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Easy and Fast Preparation of Large and Giant Vesicles from Highly Confined Thin Lipid Films Deposited at the Air–Water Interface. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Okano T, Inoue K, Koseki K, Suzuki H. Deformation Modes of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Encapsulating Biopolymers. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:739-747. [PMID: 29382193 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The shapes of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) enclosing polymer molecules at relatively high concentration, used as a model cytoplasm, significantly differ from those containing only small molecules. Here, we investigated the effects of the molecular weights and concentrations of polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and DNA on the morphology of GUVs deflated by osmotic pressure. Although small PEG (MW < 1000) does not alter the mode of shape transformation even at >10% (w/w), PEG with MW > 6000 induces budding and pearling transformation at above 1% (w/w). Larger PEG frequently induced small buddings and tubulation from the membrane of mother GUVs. A similar trend was observed with BSA, indicating that the effect is irrelevant to the chemical nature of polymers. More surprisingly, long strands of DNA (>105 bp) enclosed in GUVs induced budding transformation at concentrations as low as 0.01-0.1% (w/w). We expect that this molecular size dependency arises mainly from the depletion volume effect. Our results showed that curving, budding, and tubulation of lipid membranes, which are ubiquitous in living cells, can result from simple cell-mimics consisting of the membrane and cytosolic macromolecules, but without specific shape-determining proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Okano
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Koya Inoue
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kaoru Koseki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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31
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Fujiwara K, Adachi T, Doi N. Artificial Cell Fermentation as a Platform for Highly Efficient Cascade Conversion. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:363-370. [PMID: 29258304 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of its high specificity and stereoselectivity, cascade reactions using enzymes have been attracting attention as a platform for chemical synthesis. However, the sensitivity of enzymes outside their optimum conditions and their rapid decrease of activity upon dilution are drawbacks of the system. In this study, we developed a system for cascade enzymatic conversion in bacteria-shaped liposomes formed by hypertonic treatment, and demonstrated that the system can overcome the drawbacks of the enzymatic cascade reactions in bulk. This system produced final products at a level equivalent to the maximum concentration of the bulk system (0.10 M, e.g., 4.6 g/L), and worked even under conditions where enzymes normally lose their function. Under diluted conditions, the conversion rate of the artificial cell system was remarkably higher than that in the bulk system. Our results indicate that artificial cells can behave as a platform to perform fermentative production like microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fujiwara
- Department of Biosciences
and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Takuma Adachi
- Department of Biosciences
and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Doi
- Department of Biosciences
and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
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32
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Murase Y, Nakanishi H, Tsuji G, Sunami T, Ichihashi N. In Vitro Evolution of Unmodified 16S rRNA for Simple Ribosome Reconstitution. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:576-583. [PMID: 29053248 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the largest challenges in the synthesis of artificial cells that can reproduce is in vitro assembly of ribosomes from in vitro synthesized rRNAs and proteins. In this study, to circumvent the post-transcriptional modification of 16S rRNA for reconstitution of the fully active 30S subunit, we performed artificial evolution of 16S rRNA, which forms the functional 30S subunit without post-transcriptional modifications. We first established an in vitro selection scheme by combining the integrated synthesis, assembly, and translation (iSAT) system with the liposome sorting technique. After 15 rounds of selection cycles, we found one point mutation (U1495C) near the 3' terminus that significantly enhanced the reconstitution activity of the functional 30S subunit from unmodified 16S rRNA to approximately 57% of that from native-modified 16S rRNA. The effect of the mutation did not depend on the reconstitution scheme, anti-SD sequences, or the target genes to be translated. The mutation we found in this study enabled reconstitution of the active 30S subunit without rRNA modification, and thus would be a useful tool for simple construction of self-reproducing ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Murase
- Department
of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information
Science and Technology, ‡Institute for Academic Initiatives,
and §Graduate School of
Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- Department
of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information
Science and Technology, ‡Institute for Academic Initiatives,
and §Graduate School of
Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gakushi Tsuji
- Department
of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information
Science and Technology, ‡Institute for Academic Initiatives,
and §Graduate School of
Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sunami
- Department
of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information
Science and Technology, ‡Institute for Academic Initiatives,
and §Graduate School of
Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ichihashi
- Department
of Bioinformatics Engineering, Graduate School of Information
Science and Technology, ‡Institute for Academic Initiatives,
and §Graduate School of
Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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33
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Sunami T, Shimada K, Tsuji G, Fujii S. Flow Cytometric Analysis To Evaluate Morphological Changes in Giant Liposomes As Observed in Electrofusion Experiments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:88-96. [PMID: 29215888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liposome fusion is a way of supplying additional components for in-liposome biochemical reactions. Electrofusion is a method that does not require the addition of fusogens, which often alter the liposome dispersion, and is therefore useful for repetitive liposome fusion. However, the details of electrofusion have not been elucidated because of the limitations surrounding observing liposomes using a microscope. Therefore, we introduced fluorescent markers and high-throughput flow cytometry to analyze the morphological changes that occur in liposome electrofusion. (i) The content mixing was evaluated by a calcein-Co2+-EDTA system, in which green fluorescence from dequenched free calcein is detected when the quenched calcein-Co2+ complex and EDTA are mixed together. (ii) Liposome destruction was evaluated from the decrease in the total membrane volume of giant liposomes. (iii) Liposome fission was evaluated from the increase in the number of giant liposomes. By applying the flow cytometric analysis, we investigated the effect of three parameters (DC pulse, AC field, and lipid composition) on liposome electrofusion. The larger numbers or higher voltages of DC pulses induced liposome fusion and destruction with higher probability. The longer application time of the AC field induced liposome fusion, fission, and destruction with higher probability. Higher content of negatively charged POPG (≥19%) strongly inhibited liposome electrofusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satoshi Fujii
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, KSP EAST303, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
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34
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Temprana CF, Prieto MJ, Igartúa DE, Femia AL, Amor MS, Alonso SDV. Diacetylenic lipids in the design of stable lipopolymers able to complex and protect plasmid DNA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186194. [PMID: 29020107 PMCID: PMC5636127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Different viral and non-viral vectors have been designed to allow the delivery of nucleic acids in gene therapy. In general, non-viral vectors have been associated with increased safety for in vivo use; however, issues regarding their efficacy, toxicity and stability continue to drive further research. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of the polymerizable diacetylenic lipid 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC) as a strategy to formulate stable cationic lipopolymers in the delivery and protection of plasmid DNA. Cationic lipopolymers were prepared following two different methodologies by using DC8,9PC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and the cationic lipids (CL) 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), stearylamine (SA), and myristoylcholine chloride (MCL), in a molar ratio of 1:1:0.2 (DMPC:DC8,9PC:CL). The copolymerization methodology allowed obtaining cationic lipopolymers which were smaller in size than those obtained by the cationic addition methodology although both techniques presented high size stability over a 166-day incubation period at 4°C. Cationic lipopolymers containing DOTAP or MCL were more efficient in complexing DNA than those containing SA. Moreover, lipopolymers containing DOTAP were found to form highly stable complexes with DNA, able to resist serum DNAses degradation. Furthermore, neither of the cationic lipopolymers (with or without DNA) induced red blood cell hemolysis, although metabolic activity determined on the L-929 and Vero cell lines was found to be dependent on the cell line, the formulation and the presence of DNA. The high stability and DNA protection capacity as well as the reduced toxicity determined for the cationic lipopolymer containing DOTAP highlight the potential advantage of using lipopolymers when designing novel non-viral carrier systems for use in in vivo gene therapy. Thus, this work represents the first steps toward developing a cationic lipopolymer-based gene delivery system using polymerizable and cationic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Facundo Temprana
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - M. Jimena Prieto
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Grupo vinculado GBEyB, IMBICE, CICPBA, CCT, La Plata – CONICET
| | - Daniela E. Igartúa
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Grupo vinculado GBEyB, IMBICE, CICPBA, CCT, La Plata – CONICET
| | - A. Lis Femia
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - M. Silvia Amor
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Silvia del Valle Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas (LBM), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
- Grupo vinculado GBEyB, IMBICE, CICPBA, CCT, La Plata – CONICET
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35
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Fernandez Oropeza N, Zurek NA, Galvan-De La Cruz M, Fabry-Wood A, Fetzer JM, Graves SW, Shreve AP. Multiplexed Lipid Bilayers on Silica Microspheres for Analytical Screening Applications. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6440-6447. [PMID: 28558200 PMCID: PMC6342469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most druggable targets are membrane components, including membrane proteins and soluble proteins that interact with ligands or receptors embedded in membranes. Current target-based screening and intermolecular interaction assays generally do not include the lipid membrane environment in presenting these targets, possibly altering their native structure and leading to misleading or incorrect results. To address this issue, an ideal assay involving membrane components would (1) mimic the natural membrane environment, (2) be amenable to high-throughput implementation, and (3) be easily multiplexed. In a step toward developing such an ideal target-based analytical assay for membrane components, we present fluorescently indexed multiplexed biomimetic membrane assays amenable to high-throughput flow cytometric detection. We build fluorescently multiplexed biomimetic membrane assays by using varying amounts of a fluorescently labeled lipid, NBD-DOPE [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)], incorporated into a phospholipid membrane bilayer supported on 3 μm silica microspheres. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate this multiplexed approach by measuring specific affinity of two well-characterized systems, the fluorescently labeled soluble proteins cholera toxin B subunit-Alexa 647 and streptavidin-PE/Cy5, to membranes containing different amounts of ligand targets of these proteins, GM1 and biotin-DOPE, respectively. This work will enable future efforts in developing highly efficient biomimetic assays for interaction analysis and drug screening involving membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Andrew P. Shreve
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131
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36
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Natsume Y, Wen HI, Zhu T, Itoh K, Sheng L, Kurihara K. Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion. J Vis Exp 2017:55282. [PMID: 28190062 PMCID: PMC5352288 DOI: 10.3791/55282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological materials. Such approaches have received considerable attention in research on the boundary between living and nonliving matter and have been used to construct artificial cells over the past two decades. In particular, Giant Vesicles (GVs) have often been used as artificial cell membranes. In this paper, we describe the preparation of GVs encapsulating highly packed microspheres as a model of cells containing highly condensed biomolecules. The GVs were prepared by means of a simple water-in-oil emulsion centrifugation method. Specifically, a homogenizer was used to emulsify an aqueous solution containing the materials to be encapsulated and an oil containing dissolved phospholipids, and the resulting emulsion was layered carefully on the surface of another aqueous solution. The layered system was then centrifuged to generate the GVs. This powerful method was used to encapsulate materials ranging from small molecules to microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuno Natsume
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University;
| | - Hsin-I Wen
- Department of Bioorganization Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Bioorganization Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Kazumi Itoh
- Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Bioorganization Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| | - Kensuke Kurihara
- Department of Bioorganization Research, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo;
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37
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Uyeda A, Nakayama S, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Matsuura T. Construction of an in Vitro Gene Screening System of the E. coli EmrE Transporter Using Liposome Display. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12028-12035. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Uyeda
- Department of Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakayama
- Department of Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka,
Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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38
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Ohta N, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Mori H, Matsuura T. In vitro membrane protein synthesis inside Sec translocon-reconstituted cell-sized liposomes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36466. [PMID: 27808179 PMCID: PMC5093552 DOI: 10.1038/srep36466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis using an in vitro transcription-translation system (IVTT) inside cell-sized liposomes has become a valuable tool to study the properties of biological systems under cell-mimicking conditions. However, previous liposome systems lacked the machinery for membrane protein translocation. Here, we reconstituted the translocon consisting of SecYEG from Escherichia coli inside cell-sized liposomes. The cell-sized liposomes also carry the reconstituted IVTT, thereby providing a cell-mimicking environment for membrane protein synthesis. By using EmrE, a multidrug transporter from E. coli, as a model membrane protein, we found that both the amount and activity of EmrE synthesized inside the liposome is increased approximately three-fold by incorporating the Sec translocon. The topological change of EmrE induced by the translocon was also identified. The membrane integration of 6 out of 9 E. coli inner membrane proteins that was tested was increased by incorporation of the translocon. By introducing the Sec translocon, the membrane integration efficiency of the membrane protein of interest was increased, and enabled the integration of membrane proteins that otherwise cannot be inserted. In addition, this work represents an essential step toward the construction of an artificial cell through a bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ohta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotada Mori
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-tyou, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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39
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Sunami T, Ichihashi N, Nishikawa T, Kazuta Y, Yomo T. Effect of Liposome Size on Internal RNA Replication Coupled with Replicase Translation. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1282-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sunami
- Institute for Academic Initiatives; Osaka University; 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Norikazu Ichihashi
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics Engineering; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takehiro Nishikawa
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kazuta
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics Engineering; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; 1-5 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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40
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Esposito S, Colicchia S, de la Torre X, Donati F, Mazzarino M, Botrè F. Liposomes as potential masking agents in sport doping. Part 2: Detection of liposome-entrapped haemoglobin by flow cytofluorimetry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:208-215. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Sonia Colicchia
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco; “Sapienza” Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma; Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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41
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Sustainable proliferation of liposomes compatible with inner RNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:590-5. [PMID: 26711996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516893113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although challenging, the construction of a life-like compartment via a bottom-up approach can increase our understanding of life and protocells. The sustainable replication of genome information and the proliferation of phospholipid vesicles are requisites for reconstituting cell growth. However, although the replication of DNA or RNA has been developed in phospholipid vesicles, the sustainable proliferation of phospholipid vesicles has remained difficult to achieve. Here, we demonstrate the sustainable proliferation of liposomes that replicate RNA within them. Nutrients for RNA replication and membranes for liposome proliferation were combined by using a modified freeze-thaw technique. These liposomes showed fusion and fission compatible with RNA replication and distribution to daughter liposomes. The RNAs in daughter liposomes were repeatedly used as templates in the next RNA replication and were distributed to granddaughter liposomes. Liposome proliferation was achieved by 10 cycles of iterative culture operation. Therefore, we propose the use of culturable liposomes as an advanced protocell model with the implication that the concurrent supplement of both the membrane material and the nutrients of inner reactions might have enabled protocells to grow sustainably.
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42
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Fujii S, Matsuura T, Yomo T. Membrane Curvature Affects the Formation of α-Hemolysin Nanopores. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1694-701. [PMID: 25860290 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins perform their functions within or on the lipid membrane, and lipid compositions are known to affect membrane protein integration and activity. Recently, the geometric aspect of membrane curvature was shown to play an important role in membrane protein behavior. Certain membrane proteins are known to sense the curvature of the membrane and to preferentially bind to highly curved membranes. However, although numerous membrane proteins assemble to form homo- or heterocomplexes and perform their biological functions, the dependence of membrane protein assembly on membrane curvature remains elusive. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the membrane curvature on the nanopore formation of α-hemolysin (AH), which is a toxic membrane protein derived from Staphylococcus aureus. The AH protein binds to the membrane as a monomer, assembles to form a heptamer, and forms a nanopore. By simultaneously measuring the molecules bound to the membrane and the activities of the nanopore on the membrane, we determined the nanopore formation ratio of AH. We used various sizes of liposomes and analyzed the dependence on the membrane curvature by using flow cytometry. Combining the results for positive and negative curvature, we found that the nanopore formation ratio of AH was curvature sensitive and was higher in a flat membrane than in a curved membrane. Furthermore, the nanopore formation ratio was almost identical or relatively higher in membranes with negative curvature than those with positive curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujii
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), ERATO, Yomo
Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), ERATO, Yomo
Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), ERATO, Yomo
Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate
School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5
Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate
School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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43
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Tsuda S, Sakakura T, Fujii S, Suzuki H, Yomo T. Shape Transformations of Lipid Vesicles by Insertion of Bulky-Head Lipids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132963. [PMID: 26176953 PMCID: PMC4503622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid vesicles, in particular Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), have been increasingly important as compartments of artificial cells to reconstruct living cell-like systems in a bottom-up fashion. Here, we report shape transformations of lipid vesicles induced by polyethylene glycol-lipid conjugate (PEG lipids). Statistical analysis of deformed vesicle shapes revealed that shapes vesicles tend to deform into depended on the concentration of the PEG lipids. When compared with theoretically simulated vesicle shapes, those shapes were found to be more energetically favorable, with lower membrane bending energies than other shapes. This result suggests that the vesicle shape transformations can be controlled by externally added membrane molecules, which can serve as a potential method to control the replications of artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Tsuda
- Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakakura
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
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44
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Uyeda A, Watanabe T, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Yomo T, Hohsaka T, Matsuura T. Liposome-Based in Vitro Evolution of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase for Enhanced Pyrrolysine Derivative Incorporation. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1797-802. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Nishimura K, Tsuru S, Suzuki H, Yomo T. Stochasticity in gene expression in a cell-sized compartment. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:566-76. [PMID: 25280237 DOI: 10.1021/sb500249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene expression in a clonal cell population fluctuates significantly, and its relevance to various cellular functions is under intensive debate. A fundamental question is whether the fluctuation is a consequence of the complexity and redundancy in living cells or an inevitable attribute of the minute microreactor nature of cells. To answer this question, we constructed an artificial cell, which consists of only necessary components for the gene expression (in vitro transcription and translation system) and its boundary as a microreactor (cell-sized lipid vesicle), and investigated the gene expression noise. The variation in the expression of two fluorescent proteins was decomposed into the components that were correlated and uncorrelated between the two proteins using a method similar to the one used by Elowitz and co-workers to analyze the expression noise in E. coli. The observed fluctuation was compared with a theoretical model that expresses the amplitude of noise as a function of the average number of intermediate molecules and products. With the assumption that the transcripts are partly active, the theoretical model was able to well describe the noise in the artificial system. Furthermore, the same measurement for E. coli cells harboring an identical plasmid revealed that the E. coli exhibited a similar level of expression noise. Our results demonstrated that the level of fluctuation found in bacterial cells is mostly an intrinsic property that arises even in a primitive form of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishimura
- Department
of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science
and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Quantitative Biology
Center (QBiC), Riken, Fuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Saburo Tsuru
- Department
of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science
and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
- Exploratory
Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Department
of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science
and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Exploratory
Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department
of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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46
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D'Aguanno E, Altamura E, Mavelli F, Fahr A, Stano P, Luisi PL. Physical Routes to Primitive Cells: An Experimental Model Based on the Spontaneous Entrapment of Enzymes inside Micrometer-Sized Liposomes. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:969-96. [PMID: 25793278 PMCID: PMC4390888 DOI: 10.3390/life5010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How did primitive living cells originate? The formation of early cells, which were probably solute-filled vesicles capable of performing a rudimentary metabolism (and possibly self-reproduction), is still one of the big unsolved questions in origin of life. We have recently used lipid vesicles (liposomes) as primitive cell models, aiming at the study of the physical mechanisms for macromolecules encapsulation. We have reported that proteins and ribosomes can be encapsulated very efficiently, against statistical expectations, inside a small number of liposomes. Moreover the transcription-translation mixture, which realistically mimics a sort of minimal metabolic network, can be functionally reconstituted in liposomes owing to a self-concentration mechanism. Here we firstly summarize the recent advancements in this research line, highlighting how these results open a new vista on the phenomena that could have been important for the formation of functional primitive cells. Then, we present new evidences on the non-random entrapment of macromolecules (proteins, dextrans) in phospholipid vesicle, and in particular we show how enzymatic reactions can be accelerated because of the enhancement of their concentration inside liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D'Aguanno
- Science Department, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
- Institut für Pharmazie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Emiliano Altamura
- Science Department, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Alfred Fahr
- Institut für Pharmazie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Science Department, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pier Luigi Luisi
- Science Department, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.
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Mizuno M, Toyota T, Konishi M, Kageyama Y, Yamada M, Seki M. Formation of monodisperse hierarchical lipid particles utilizing microfluidic droplets in a nonequilibrium state. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2334-2341. [PMID: 25669326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new microfluidic process was used to generate unique micrometer-sized hierarchical lipid particles having spherical lipid-core and multilamellar-shell structures. The process includes three steps: (1) formation of monodisperse droplets in a nonequilibrium state at a microchannel confluence, using a phospholipid-containing water-soluble organic solvent as the dispersed phase and water as the continuous phase; (2) dissolution of the organic solvent of the droplet into the continuous phase and concentration of the lipid molecules; and (3) reconstitution of multilamellar lipid membranes and simultaneous formation of a lipid core. We demonstrated control of the lipid particle size by the process conditions and characterized the obtained particles by transmission electron microscopy and microbeam small-angle X-ray scattering analysis. In addition, we prepared various types of core-shell and core-core-shell particles incorporating hydrophobic/hydrophilic compounds, showing the applicability of the presented process to the production of drug-encapsulating lipid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Kato N, Ishijima A, Inaba T, Nomura F, Takeda S, Takiguchi K. Effects of lipid composition and solution conditions on the mechanical properties of membrane vesicles. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:22-47. [PMID: 25611306 PMCID: PMC4384090 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cell-sized giant unilamellar liposomes were studied by manipulating polystyrene beads encapsulated within the liposomes using double-beam laser tweezers. Mechanical forces were applied to the liposomes from within by moving the beads away from each other, which caused the liposomes to elongate. Subsequently, a tubular membrane projection was generated in the tip at either end of the liposome, or the bead moved out from the laser trap. The force required for liposome transformation reached maximum strength just before formation of the projection or the moving out of the bead. By employing this manipulation system, we investigated the effects of membrane lipid compositions and environment solutions on the mechanical properties. With increasing content of acidic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidic acid, a larger strength of force was required for the liposome transformation. Liposomes prepared with a synthetic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, which has uniform hydrocarbon chains, were transformed easily compared with liposomes prepared using natural phosphatidylcholine. Surprisingly, bovine serum albumin or fetuin (soluble proteins that do not bind to membranes) decreased liposomal membrane rigidity, whereas the same concentration of sucrose showed no particular effect. These results show that the mechanical properties of liposomes depend on their lipid composition and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kato
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Ishijima
- Institute of Multidisciplinary, Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Fumimasa Nomura
- Department of Biomedical Information, Division of Biosystems, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Takeda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Kingo Takiguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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Fujii S, Matsuura T, Yomo T. In vitro directed evolution of alpha-hemolysin by liposome display. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015; 11:67-72. [PMID: 27493517 PMCID: PMC4736788 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.11.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a method to enable in vitro directed evolution that can be applied to membrane proteins. This method, termed liposome display, uses liposomes as compartments in which membrane proteins are synthesized and as scaffolds for membrane protein integration. Thus, the synthesized membrane proteins are displayed on the surface of the liposome and exhibit their functions. A randomly mutated DNA library of the membrane protein was generated, encapsulated in the liposomes at the single-molecule level, and used to generate a liposome library. Liposomes displaying the desired membrane protein function were selected, thus accumulating the DNA molecule encoding the desired membrane protein. We have applied this method to alpha-hemolysin, a membrane protein derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Alpha-hemolysin forms a nanopore in the membrane, which allows the penetration of small molecules. We aimed to improve this nanopore activity by using the liposome display method. Consequently, alpha-hemolysin evolved and attained a higher specific affinity for the liposome membrane. In this review, we describe the essential characteristics of liposome display and the properties of the evolved alpha-hemolysin obtained by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujii
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), ERATO, Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), ERATO, Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yomo
- Japan Science and Technology (JST), ERATO, Yomo Dynamical Micro-scale Reaction Environment Project, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-1 E-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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Dohno C, Matsuzaki K, Yamaguchi H, Shibata T, Nakatani K. A hybridisation-dependent membrane-insertable amphiphilic DNA. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10117-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01761k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a new class of membrane-binding amphiphilic DNA consisting of hydrophilic phosphodiester-linked DNA and hydrophobic octyl phosphotriester-linked DNA. The amphiphilic DNA binds to the lipid membrane by inserting the hydrophobic region, which is facilitated by the presence of the complementary DNA strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dohno
- Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki 567-0047
- Japan
| | - K. Matsuzaki
- Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki 567-0047
- Japan
| | - H. Yamaguchi
- Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki 567-0047
- Japan
| | - T. Shibata
- Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki 567-0047
- Japan
| | - K. Nakatani
- Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki 567-0047
- Japan
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