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Delcea M, Helm CA. X-ray and Neutron Reflectometry of Thin Films at Liquid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8519-8530. [PMID: 30901219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, Helmuth Möhwald studied lipid monolayers at the air/water interface to understand the thermodynamically characterized phases at the molecular level. In collaboration with Jens Als-Nielsen, X-ray reflectometry was used and further developed to determine the electron density profile perpendicular to the water surface. Using a slab model, parameters such as thickness and density of the individual molecular regions, as well as the roughness of the individual interfaces, were determined. Later, X-ray and neutron reflectometry helped to understand the coverage and conformation of anchored and adsorbed polymers. Nowadays, they resolve molecular properties in emerging topics such as liquid metals and ionic liquids. Much is still to be learned about buried interfaces (e.g., liquid/liquid interfaces). In this Article, a historical and theoretical background of X-ray reflectivity is given, recent developments of X-ray and neutron reflectometry for polymers at interfaces and thin layers are highlighted, and emerging research topics involving these techniques are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of Biochemistry , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
- ZIK HIKE- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz , Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen , Fleischmannstraße 42 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Christiane A Helm
- Institute of Physics , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
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Niga P, Hansson-Mille PM, Swerin A, Claesson PM, Schoelkopf J, Gane PAC, Dai J, Furó I, Campbell RA, Johnson CM. Propofol adsorption at the air/water interface: a combined vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron reflectometry study. SOFT MATTER 2018; 15:38-46. [PMID: 30516226 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is an amphiphilic small molecule that strongly influences the function of cell membranes, yet data regarding interfacial properties of propofol remain scarce. Here we consider propofol adsorption at the air/water interface as elucidated by means of vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS), neutron reflectometry (NR), and surface tensiometry. VSFS data show that propofol adsorbed at the air/water interface interacts with water strongly in terms of hydrogen bonding and weakly in the proximity of the hydrocarbon parts of the molecule. In the concentration range studied there is almost no change in the orientation adopted at the interface. Data from NR show that propofol forms a dense monolayer with a thickness of 8.4 Å and a limiting area per molecule of 40 Å2, close to the value extracted from surface tensiometry. The possibility that islands or multilayers of propofol form at the air/water interface is therefore excluded as long as the solubility limit is not exceeded. Additionally, measurements of the 1H NMR chemical shifts demonstrate that propofol does not form dimers or multimers in bulk water up to the solubility limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru Niga
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden - Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Petra M Hansson-Mille
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden - Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agne Swerin
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden - Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden. and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per M Claesson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden - Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden. and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Patrick A C Gane
- Omya International AG, Baslerstrasse 42, CH-4665 Oftringen, Switzerland and Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, FI-00076 Aalto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jing Dai
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Furó
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard A Campbell
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France and Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - C Magnus Johnson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Naolou T, Busse K, Kressler J. Synthesis of Well-Defined Graft Copolymers by Combination of Enzymatic Polycondensation and “Click” Chemistry. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3660-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1011085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toufik Naolou
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Chemistry, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karsten Busse
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Chemistry, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Chemistry, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Nomura K, Abdellatif MM. Precise synthesis of polymers containing functional end groups by living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP): Efficient tools for synthesis of block/graft copolymers. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Murphy JJ, Furusho H, Paton RM, Nomura K. Precise synthesis of poly(macromonomer)s containing sugars by repetitive ROMP and their attachments to poly(ethylene glycol): synthesis, TEM analysis and their properties as amphiphilic block fragments. Chemistry 2008; 13:8985-97. [PMID: 17668433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Various poly(macromonomer)s (PMMs) have been prepared by a repeating ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) technique using the well-defined molybdenum initiators of the type, [Mo(CHCMe(2)Ph)(NAr)(OR)(2)] with OR=OCMe(3), OCMeC(CF(3))(2); Ar=2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3), 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3). The synthetic strategy is based on the polymerization of norbornene and its derivatives affording di- and triblock side chains bearing sugars (mannose, galactose, glucose etc.), linked via O- (ester), and glycosidase resistant C- (isoxazoline) glycosides. The efficient placement of norbornene units on the side chain termini and their conversion into PMMs, facilitated by the Mo alkylidenes, proceeded in a living manner with the quantitative initiation. The methodology was applied to prepare poly(macromonomer)-graft-PEG [PEG: poly(ethylene glycol)], by the attachment of a pseudo phenol terminus on the PMM main chain to PEG-Ms(2) [MsO(CH(2)CH(2)O)(n)Ms, Ms=MeSO(2)] using a "grafting to" approach. Removal of the acetal protecting groups from the sugar coating of a variety of supramolecular structures including PMMs, linear amphiphilic block copolymers (ABC) and a PMM-graft-PEGby using trifluroacetic acid/water (9:1), and suspension in water, prompted the spontaneous formation of spherical architectures by self-assembly of the amphiphilic PMMs as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ability to uptake the hydrophobic dye (Nile Red) into the micellar cores of a variety of amphiphilic polymeric fragments is a significant step towards the production of sugar-coated nanospheres for cell-targeting biomimetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Murphy
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Anderson PM, Wilson MR. Molecular dynamics simulations of amphiphilic graft copolymer molecules at a water/air interface. J Chem Phys 2006; 121:8503-10. [PMID: 15511174 DOI: 10.1063/1.1796251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of amphiphilic graft copolymer molecules have been performed at a range of surface concentrations at a water/air interface. These simulations are compared to experimental results from a corresponding system over a similar range of surface concentrations. Neutron reflectivity data calculated from the simulation trajectories agrees well with experimentally acquired profiles. In particular, excellent agreement in neutron reflectivity is found for lower surface concentration simulations. A simulation of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain in aqueous solution has also been performed. This simulation allows the conformational behavior of the free PEO chain and those tethered to the interface in the previous simulations to be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Recent applications of neutron reflectometry to the study of wet interfaces are described. An outline is given of the basic principles that allow the techniques to determine composition and structure in a variety of situations. These are the adsorption of surfactant molecules at air/liquid and solid/liquid interfaces, the shape of the segment-density profiles of different types of polymer, including block copolymers and polyelectrolytes, adsorption in mixed surfactant and polymer/surfactant systems, and interfacial systems of biophysical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Thomas
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Castle TC, Hutchings LR, Khosravi E. Synthesis of Block Copolymers by Changing Living Anionic Polymerization into Living Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030418s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Castle
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Lian R. Hutchings
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Ezat Khosravi
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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Miller AF, Richards RW, Webster JPR. Influence of Dissolved Polymer on the Dimensions of a Tethered Polymer Layer for a Graft Copolymer Spread at the Air−Aqueous Solution Interface. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Miller
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE. U.K
| | - Randal W. Richards
- IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE. U.K
| | - John P. R. Webster
- ISIS Science Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QZ, U.K
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MILLER ALINEF, WILSON MARKR, COOK MELANIEJ, RICHARDS RANDALW. Monte Carlo simulations of an amphiphilic polymer at a hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface. Mol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/0026897031000068569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbontransition metal double and triple bond: annual survey covering the year 2000. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(01)00445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Miller AF, Richards RW, Webster JRP. Transition in Tethered Layer Thickness Induced by Concentration Changes in a Spread Film of an Amphiphilic Graft Copolymer. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010873t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Miller
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Randal W. Richards
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - John R. P. Webster
- ISIS Science Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX 11 0QZ, UK
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