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Influence of Sulfur-Curing Conditions on the Dynamics and Crosslinking of Rubber Networks: A Time-Domain NMR Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040767. [PMID: 35215681 PMCID: PMC8880187 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the structural and dynamic properties of rubber networks is of fundamental importance in rubber science and technology to design materials with optimized mechanical properties. In this work, natural and isoprene rubber networks obtained by curing at three different temperatures (140, 150, and 170 °C) and three different sulfur contents (1, 2, and 3 phr) in the presence of a 3 phr accelerator were studied using a combination of low-field time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) techniques, including 1H multiple-quantum experiments for the measurement of residual dipolar couplings (Dres), the application of the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill pulse sequence for the measurement of the transverse magnetization decay and the extraction of 1H T2 relaxation times, and the use of field cycling NMR relaxometry for the determination of T1 relaxation times. The microscopic properties determined by TD-NMR experiments were discussed in comparison with the macroscopic properties obtained using equilibrium swelling, moving die rheometer, and calorimetric techniques. The obtained correlations between NMR observables, crosslink density values, maximum torque values, and glass transition temperatures provided insights into the effects of the vulcanization temperature and accelerator/sulfur ratio on the structure of the polymer networks, as well as on the effects of crosslinking on the segmental dynamics of elastomers. Dres and T2 were found to show linear correlations with the crosslink density determined by equilibrium swelling, while T1 depends on the local dynamics of polymer segments related to the glass transition, which is also affected by chemical modifications of the polymer chains occurring during vulcanization.
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2
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Nie S, Ratzsch KF, Grage SL, Keller J, Ulrich AS, Lacayo-Pineda J, Wilhelm M. Correlation between Macroscopic Elasticity and Chain Dynamics of Natural Rubber during Vulcanization as Determined by a Unique Rheo-NMR Combination. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Nie
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Stephan L. Grage
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Keller
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jorge Lacayo-Pineda
- Research and Development, Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Caputo S, Hristov V, Nicola AD, Herbst H, Pizzirusso A, Donati G, Munaò G, Albunia AR, Milano G. Efficient Hybrid Particle-Field Coarse-Grained Model of Polymer Filler Interactions: Multiscale Hierarchical Structure of Carbon Black Particles in Contact with Polyethylene. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1755-1770. [PMID: 33577311 PMCID: PMC8023654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we propose, validate, and give first applications for large-scale systems of coarse-grained models suitable for filler/polymer interfaces based on carbon black (CB) and polyethylene (PE). The computational efficiency of the proposed approach, based on hybrid particle-field models (hPF), allows large-scale simulations of CB primary particles of realistic size (∼20 nm) embedded in PE melts. The molecular detailed models, here introduced, allow a microscopic description of the bound layer, through the analysis of the conformational behavior of PE chains adsorbed on different surface sites of CB primary particles, where the conformational behavior of adsorbed chains is different from models based on flat infinite surfaces. On the basis of the features of the systems, an optimized version of OCCAM code for large-scale (up to more than 8 million of beads) parallel runs is proposed and benchmarked. The computational efficiency of the proposed approach opens the possibility of a computational screening of the bound layer, involving the optimal combination of surface chemistry, size, and shape of CB aggregates and the molecular weight distribution of the polymers achieving an important tool to address the polymer/fillers interface and interphase engineering in the polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caputo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Velichko Hristov
- Innovation
& Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Department
of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata-ken 992-8510, Japan
| | - Harald Herbst
- Innovation
& Technology, Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4021, Linz, Austria
| | - Antonio Pizzirusso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Greta Donati
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Munaò
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della
Terra, Università degli Studi di
Messina, Viale F. Stagno
d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Milano
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università
di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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4
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Pestryaev EM. Chain Heterogeneity in Simulated Polymer Melts: NMR Free Induction Decay and Absorption Line. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20060097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Pestryaev EM. Chain Heterogeneity in Simulated Polymer Melts: Segment Orientational Autocorrelation Function. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Pestryaev EM. Signature of Reptation in the Long-Time Behavior of the Simulated Free Induction Decay in High Molecular Mass Polymer Melt. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Gu Z, Wan X, Lou Z, Zhang F, Shi L, Li S, Dai B, Shen G, Wang S. Skin Adhesives with Controlled Adhesion by Polymer Chain Mobility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1496-1502. [PMID: 30561188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices have attracted a lot of attention because of their importance in the biomedical and electronic fields. However, as one of the important fixing materials, skin adhesives with controlled adhesion are often ignored. Although remarkable progress has been achieved in revealing the natural adhesion mechanism and biomimetic materials to complex solid surfaces, it remains a great challenge to explore nonirritant, controlled skin adhesives without surface structure. Herein, we present skin-adhesive patches of polydimethylsiloxanes (SAPs) with controlled adhesion by simply modulating polymer chain mobility at the molecular level. The controlled adhesion of SAPs strongly depends on the proportion of polymer chains with different mobility exposed to the solid surface, including free chains, dangling chains, and cross-linking chains. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that the SAP can act as a skin-friendly fix to monitor the human pulse by integrating with the poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluorethylene)/reduced graphene oxide (P(VDF-TrFE)@rGO) nanofiber sensor. This study provides a clue to design durable and skin-friendly adhesives with controlled adhesion for wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Xizi Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Feilong Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Lianxin Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Siheng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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8
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Pestryaev EM. Oscillating Free Induction Decay in Polymer Systems: Theoretical Analysis. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Li SD, Chen J, Li LF, Wang ZF, Zhong JP, Yang L. VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL RUBBER COAGULATED BY MICROORGANISMS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.82.83736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The network variations of natural rubber (NR) during the vulcanization process were investigated by 1H chemical shift by liquid-state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. NR latex coagulated by microorganisms (NR-m) was contrasted with NR latex coagulated by acid (NR-a). The influences of the coagulation process on the structures, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical properties of NR were analyzed. The results show that the cross-link density (XLD) and mass percentage of cross-link network (A(Mc)) can be increased with the increment of the vulcanization time; while the mass percentage of dangling free ends of the hydrocarbon and small molecules (A(T2)), the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), and molecular mass of inter–cross-link chains (Mc) decreased with the prolonging of vulcanization time both NR-m and NR-a. NR-m exhibits shorter scorch times (ts1, ts2) and optimum cure time (t90) and shows higher maximum torque (MH) and minimum torque (ML) than that of NR-a. It is obvious that the higher XLD and A(Mc) and lower A(T2), T1, T2, and Mc values of NR-m result in higher stress, tensile strength, and tear strength of NR compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Dong Li
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School, Development Center for New Materials Engineering & Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, P.R. China
| | - Le-Fan Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fen Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Zhong
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, P.R. China
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10
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Li SD, Chen J, Li LF, Wang ZF, Zhong JP, Yang L. INVESTIGATION OF THE VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL RUBBER COAGULATED BY MICROORGANISMS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.16.83736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The network variations of NR during the vulcanization process were investigated by 1H chemical shift by liquid-state 1H-NMR spectroscopy. NR latexes coagulated by microorganisms (NR-m) or acid (NR-a) were contrasted. The influences of coagulation on the structures, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical properties of NR were analyzed. The results show that the cross-link density (XLD) and mass percentage of cross-link network [A(Mc)] increased with the increment of the vulcanization time, whereas the mass percentage of bangling free ends of the hydrocarbon and small molecules [A(T2)], the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), the transverse relaxation time (T2), and the molecular mass of inter–cross-link chains (Mc) decreased with the prolonging of vulcanization time for both NR-m and NR-a. Although NR-m exhibits shorter scorch times and optimum cure time, it shows higher maximum torque and minimum torque than that of NR-a. It is obvious that the higher XLD and A(Mc), the lower the A(T2), T1, T2, and Mc values of NR-m, resulting in higher stress, tensile strength, and tear strength of NR compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Dong Li
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School, Development Center for New Materials Engineering & Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Fan Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fen Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Ping Zhong
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People's Republic of China
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11
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Microstructural studies of the interactions in SB rubber and mesoporous silica mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10019-002-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Gabrielle B, Gomez E, Korb JP. Probing Rubber Cross-Linking Generation of Industrial Polymer Networks at Nanometer Scale. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5581-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Korb
- Physique
de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique-CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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13
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Zhou H, Song L, Lu A, Jiang T, Yu F, Wang X. Influence of immobilized rubber on the non-linear viscoelasticity of filled silicone rubber with different interfacial interaction of silica. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of temperature on Payne effect for spherical silica filled rubber combines characteristics of normally filled and pure rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmei Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Lixian Song
- Material Science and Engineering College
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
| | - Ai Lu
- Material Science and Engineering College
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
| | - Tao Jiang
- Material Science and Engineering College
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Fengmei Yu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Material Science and Engineering College
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
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14
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Campise F, Roth LE, Acosta RH, Villar MA, Vallés EM, Monti GA, Vega DA. Contribution of Linear Guest and Structural Pendant Chains to Relaxational Dynamics in Model Polymer Networks Probed by Time-Domain 1H NMR. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Campise
- FAMAF, Universidad Nacional
de Córdoba, IFEG-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - R. H. Acosta
- FAMAF, Universidad Nacional
de Córdoba, IFEG-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - G. A. Monti
- FAMAF, Universidad Nacional
de Córdoba, IFEG-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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15
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Yu P, He H, Jiang C, Jia Y, Wang D, Yao X, Jia D, Luo Y. Enhanced oil resistance and mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber/lignin composites modified by epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchao Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Demin Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510641 People's Republic of China
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16
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Messinger RJ, Marks TG, Gleiman SS, Milstein F, Chmelka BF. Molecular Origins of Macroscopic Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Organosiloxane Foams. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. S. Gleiman
- Institute
of Multiscale Materials Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
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17
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Zhang F, Chen Y, Sun C, Wen S, Liu L. Network evolutions in both pure and silica-filled natural rubbers during cyclic shear loading. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the fatigue process, the loose silica agglomerates are disrupted and then the closed ones can also be gradually broken down, and the filler particles become more and more homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Yulong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - ChongZhi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Shipeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers
- Ministry of Education
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18
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Hansen EW, Gong X, Chen Q. Compressed Exponential Response Function Arising From a Continuous Distribution of Gaussian Decays - Distribution Characteristics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Saalwächter K. MICROSTRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS OF ELASTOMERS AS STUDIED BY ADVANCED LOW-RESOLUTION NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHODS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.12.87991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) certainly belongs to the most powerful spectroscopic tools in rubber science. Yet the often high level of experimental and in particular instrumental sophistication represents a barrier to its widespread use. Recent advances in low-resolution, often low-field, proton NMR characterization methods of elastomeric materials are reviewed. Chemical detail, as normally provided by chemical shifts in high-resolution NMR spectra, is often not needed when just the (average) molecular motions of the rubber components are of interest. Knowledge of the molecular-level dynamics enables the quantification and investigation of coexisting rigid and soft regions, as often found in filled elastomers, and is further the basis of a detailed analysis of the local density of cross-links and the content of nonelastic material, all of which sensitively affect the rheological behavior. In fact, specific static proton NMR spectroscopy techniques can be thought of as molecular rheology, and they open new avenues toward the investigation of inhomogeneities in elastomers, the knowledge of which is key to improving our theoretical understanding and creating new rational-design principles of novel elastomeric materials. The methodological advances related to the possibility of studying not only the cross-link density on a molecular scale but also its distribution and the option to quantitatively detect the fractions of polymer in different states of molecular mobility and estimate the size and arrangement of such regions are illustrated with different examples from the rubber field. This concerns, among others, the influence of the vulcanization system and the amount and type of filler particles on the spatial (in)homogeneity of the cross-link density, the amount of nonelastic network defects, and the relevance of glassy regions in filled elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik–NMR, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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20
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Ducruet N, Delmotte L, Schrodj G, Stankiewicz F, Desgardin N, Vallat MF, Haidar B. Evaluation of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene-isophorone diisocyanate gel formation during crosslinking process. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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22
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Fu W, Sun P. Solid state NMR study of hydrogen bonding, miscibility, and dynamics in multiphase polymer systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-011-0254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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23
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24
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Zhao F, Bi W, Zhao S. Influence of Crosslink Density on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2010.507453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
| | - Weina Bi
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
| | - Shugao Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
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25
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Du H, Yu Y, Jiang G, Zhang J, Bao J. Microwave-Induced Shape-Memory Effect of Chemically Crosslinked Moist Poly(vinyl alcohol) Networks. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Xinyan S, Weina B. Damping Properties of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Rubber/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222341003772266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xinyan
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber and Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao, 266042, Republic of China
| | - Bi Weina
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber and Plastics, Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao, 266042, Republic of China
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27
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Xinyan S, Jiwen L, Shugao Z. Properties and Structure of Dynamically Vulcanized TPU/EVM Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340903275362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xinyan
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber and Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Ministry of Education , Qingdao, China
| | - Liu Jiwen
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber and Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Ministry of Education , Qingdao, China
| | - Zhao Shugao
- a Key Laboratory of Rubber and Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Ministry of Education , Qingdao, China
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FRITZHANNS TILO, DEMCO DE, HAFNER SIEGFRIED, SPIESS HANSW. Multi-dimensional1H NMR nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy under magic angle spinning: theory and application to elastomers. Mol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00268979909482895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Vivó-Truyols G, Ziari M, Magusin PC, Schoenmakers PJ. Effect of initial estimates and constraints selection in multivariate curve resolution—Alternating least squares. Application to low-resolution NMR data. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 641:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Kawahara S, Chaikumpollert O, Sakurai S, Yamamoto Y, Akabori K. Crosslinking junctions of vulcanized natural rubber analyzed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy equipped with field-gradient-magic angle spinning probe. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Saalwächter K, Sommer JU. NMR Reveals Non-Distributed and Uniform Character of Network Chain Dynamics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Saalwächter K, Gottlieb M, Liu, Oppermann W. Gelation as Studied by Proton Multiple-Quantum NMR. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062776b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D-06018 Halle, Germany
| | - Moshe Gottlieb
- The Raimund Stadler Minerva Center for Mesoscale Macromolecular Engineering, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheeva 84105, Israel
| | - Liu
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Clausthal, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
| | - Wilhelm Oppermann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Clausthal, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
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33
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Pietrasik J, Sumerlin BS, Lee HI, Gil RR, Matyjaszewski K. Structural mobility of molecular bottle-brushes investigated by NMR relaxation dynamics. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Denner P, Deutschbein L, Walter B. NMR and DSC investigations of dynamic aspects of aging in polymers. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222349908248156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denner
- a Institut für Physik Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98694, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Lutz Deutschbein
- a Institut für Physik Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98694, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Bernd Walter
- a Institut für Physik Technische Universität Ilmenau , 98694, Ilmenau, Germany
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35
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Rault J, Marchal J, Judeinstein P, Albouy PA. Stress-Induced Crystallization and Reinforcement in Filled Natural Rubbers: 2H NMR Study. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0608424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rault
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - J. Marchal
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - P. Judeinstein
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - P. A. Albouy
- Physique des solides, Bat 510, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France, and ICMMO, Bat 410, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, 91405, France
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36
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Gasper SM, Schissel DN, Baker LS, Smith DL, Youngman RE, Wu LM, Sonner SM, Hancock RR, Hogue CL, Givens SR. Integrated Approach to Studying the Development and Final Network Properties of Urethane Acrylate Coatings. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051918j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Maddinelli G, Montanari L, Ferrando A, Maestrini C. Application of magnetic resonance techniques in investigation of hydrocarbons interaction with composite polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Magusin PCMM, Zorin VE, Aerts A, Houssin CJY, Yakovlev AL, Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA, van Santen RA. Template-Aluminosilicate Structures at the Early Stages of Zeolite ZSM-5 Formation. A Combined Preparative, Solid-state NMR, and Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22767-74. [PMID: 16853966 DOI: 10.1021/jp053217u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species at three stages in the self-assembly of zeolite ZSM-5 have been studied with one- and two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning 13C, 27Al, 29Si, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and compared with the earlier proposed structures: (1) precursor species containing 33-36 T sites around a tetrapropylammonium (TPA) cation, (2) nanoslabs consisting of a flat 4 x 3 array of such precursors, and (3) the final TPA-ZSM-5 zeolite. Synthesis was carried out in D2O to suppress the water and silanol protons. Under such conditions, the effective Si-H and Al-H distances measured with 29Si-{1H} and 27Al-{1H} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) reflect the interactions between TPA cations and the surrounding aluminosilica. The 29Si-{1H} REDOR curves for Q4-type silicon atoms at the three mentioned stages are closely similar, as well as the observed 27Al-1H REDOR curve for the precursor species compared to that for the TPA-ZSM-5. This indicates that in addition to externally attached TPA, there is also internal TPA already incorporated at an early stage into the aluminosilicate in a similar way as in the final zeolite, in accordance with the earlier proposed MFI self-assembly pathway (Kirschhock et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2637). However, the effective distances extracted from the initial REDOR curvatures are significantly (10-15%) larger than those computed for the model. Since there is no temperature effect, we tentatively assign this difference to a reduction of the 29Si-1H and 27Al-1H interactions by multispin decoherence effects or self-decoupling caused by proton spin diffusion. By assuming the computed model distances and fitting Anderson-Weiss curves to the observed REDOR data, we obtain similar "decoherence times" in the order of 0.1 ms. The observed 29Si-{1H} REDOR dephasing for the Q3 sites in the precursors is significantly faster than that for the Q4 sites. This is tentatively ascribed to a partial deuteron-proton back exchange at the silanol positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C M M Magusin
- Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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39
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Naraghi K, Meurer B, Lutz PJ. Solid-State1H NMR Studies of Degradable Poly(ethylene oxide) Based Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Saalwächter K. Artifacts in Transverse Proton NMR Relaxation Studies of Elastomers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0478005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Gussoni M, Greco F, Bonazzi F, Vezzoli A, Botta D, Dotelli G, Natali Sora I, Pelosato R, Zetta L. 1H NMR spin-spin relaxation and imaging in porous systems: an application to the morphological study of white portland cement during hydration in the presence of organics. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:877-89. [PMID: 15234458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation and imaging have been applied to investigate white Portland cement pastes during hydration in the absence and in the presence of organic solvents. The main organic solvent investigated was methanol, alone or together with the organic waste 2-chloroaniline (2-CA), an aromatic amine representative of an important class of highly toxic compounds. For all the analysed samples, prepared with a solvent-to-cement ratio of 0.4, the decay of the echo magnetization has been fitted by adopting a model that combines an exponential component with a gaussian one. The calculated independent relaxation parameters have been discussed in terms of morphological and dynamical changes that occur during the cement hardening process and pore formation. Three kinds of water molecules: "solid-like" (chemically and physically bound), "liquid-like" (porous trapped) and "free" water, endowed with anisotropic, near isotropic and isotropic motion, respectively, were identified. Spin-echo images collected on the same samples during the hydration kinetics, allowed the changes of water and solvents spatial distribution in the porous network to be monitored, showing percolation phenomena and confirming the multimodal open channels structure of the hardened cement system. Both T(2) relaxation and imaging data indicated that a pronounced delay occurs in the cement hardening when organics are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gussoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, 20090 Segrate (Mi), Italy.
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42
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43
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Harris DJ, Assink RA, Gillen KT. 1HT2-NMR monitoring of crosslinked polyolefin aging. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Wouters MEL, Litvinov VM, Binsbergen FL, Goossens JGP, van Duin M, Dikland HG. Morphology of Ethylene−Propylene Copolymer Based Ionomers as Studied by Solid State NMR and Small Angle X-ray Scattering in Relation to Some Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. L. Wouters
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - V. M. Litvinov
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - F. L. Binsbergen
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - J. G. P. Goossens
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - M. van Duin
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - H. G. Dikland
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
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45
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Assink RA, Celina M, Minier LM. Condition monitoring of a thermally aged elastomer by1H-NMR T2 relaxation measurements of solvent-swelled samples. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Monitoring the degradation of a thermally aged EPDM terpolymer by 1 H NMR relaxation measurements of solvent swelled samples. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Gussoni M, Greco F, Mapelli M, Vezzoli A, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Zetta L. Elastomeric Polymers. 2. NMR and NMR Imaging Characterization of Cross-Linked PDMS. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Gussoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fulvia Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ferruti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Zetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Chimica delle Macromolecole, CNR, Milano, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Europeo, Milano, Italy; Ex Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, CNR, Milano, Italy; and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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48
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Klüppel M, Menge H, Schmidt H, Schneider H, Schuster RH. Influence of Preparation Conditions on Network Parameters of Sulfur-Cured Natural Rubber. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010490v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Klüppel
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Strasse 33, D-30519 Hannover, Germany; FG HF-Spektroskopie, Fachbereich Physik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; and Artemis GmbH, Rothwiese 4, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Menge
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Strasse 33, D-30519 Hannover, Germany; FG HF-Spektroskopie, Fachbereich Physik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; and Artemis GmbH, Rothwiese 4, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Schmidt
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Strasse 33, D-30519 Hannover, Germany; FG HF-Spektroskopie, Fachbereich Physik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; and Artemis GmbH, Rothwiese 4, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Schneider
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Strasse 33, D-30519 Hannover, Germany; FG HF-Spektroskopie, Fachbereich Physik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; and Artemis GmbH, Rothwiese 4, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - R. H. Schuster
- Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie e.V., Eupener Strasse 33, D-30519 Hannover, Germany; FG HF-Spektroskopie, Fachbereich Physik, Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany; and Artemis GmbH, Rothwiese 4, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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49
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Chaumette H, Grandclaude D, Tekely P, Canet D, Cardinet C, Verschave A. Characterization of Cross-Linked Rubber Materials via Proton Rotating-Frame Relaxation Measurements. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Borgia GC, Fantazzini P, Ferrando A, Maddinelli G. Characterisation of crosslinked elastomeric materials by 1H NMR relaxation time distributions. Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 19:405-9. [PMID: 11445320 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical structural parameters in elastomeric materials is the density of cross-linking between the polymeric chains. This chemical feature greatly affects chain motions and is determinant in controlling mechanical properties of the final product. NMR techniques are widely and efficiently applied to investigation of such materials. In this study we have measured both transverse and longitudinal 1H relaxation times of a series of polybutadiene rubber samples with increasing crosslink density induced by chemical treatment. This approach allowed the observation of T(1) and T(2) decrease with the increase of crosslink density in the samples examined. The data obtained have been analyzed and compared to theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Borgia
- University of Bologna, Department ICMA, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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