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Malik MI. Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions in Polymer Analysis: A Perspective. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Chen W, Ross A, Steinhuber B, Hoffmann G, Oltra NS, Ravuri SKK, Bond S, Bell C, Kopf R. The development and qualification of liquid adsorption chromatography for poloxamer 188 characterization. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462353. [PMID: 34237484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poloxamer 188 (P188) is formulated in proteinaceous therapeutics as an alternative surfactant to polysorbate because of its good chemical stability and surfactant properties, which enable interfacial protection, preventing visible and sub-visible particle formation. However, due to the nature of polymer heterogeneity and limited analytical approaches to resolve the superimposed components of P188, the impact of its quality variance on protein stability is still not well understood. In this study, we developed an analytical method to evaluate the components of P188 as a function of the length of polypropylene oxide (PPO), by maintaining polyethylene oxide (PEO) at the critical point of adsorption (CPA) to eliminate its chromatographic interference. The effectiveness of the separation was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy (MS) of the individual fractions corresponding to each peak. Additionally, a design of experiments (DoE) and method qualification were carried out to identify and optimize the key operation parameters, including column temperature and evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) settings that need to be strictly controlled for reliable analytical results. In conclusion, this method is sensitive and reliable to compare the quality variance of commercial P188 and is suitable for routine quality control purposes. The application of this method could help in further understanding the Critical Material Attributes (CMA) that may affect the quality attributes of proteins in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Ross
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Steinhuber
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Hoffmann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Steven Bond
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bell
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Kopf
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland..
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Wang X, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Partitioning of polymers between bulk and porous media: Monte Carlo study of the effect of pore size distribution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 567:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Khatoon R, Rahim S, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Poly(2-vinyl pyridine) Copolymers and Blends of Their Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Khatoon
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Malik MI. Critical parameters of liquid chromatography at critical conditions in context of poloxamers: Pore diameter, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460440. [PMID: 31416625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At the borderline between size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) there is a special mobile phase composition and temperature at which polymer chains become "chromatographically invisible". This point is termed as "chromatographic critical point" and chromatographic separations performed using these conditions are called "liquid chromatography at critical conditions" (LCCC). LCCC is a powerful technique in the analysis of functional polymers and block copolymers. At these so-called critical conditions molar mass discrimination of any specific homopolymer is suppressed rendering elution of whole range of molar mass at same elution volume. These conditions allow enhanced separation with regard to non-critical segment either in exclusion or interaction regime of the polymer chromatography. This article is intended to critically discuss different parameters that can be maneuvered to improve separation and in turn characterization of non-critical segment of block copolymers at LCCC. Different experimental parameters evaluated in this study include pore size of the column, mobile phase composition, temperature and gradients. These parameters can be adeptly adjusted to improve separation of non-critical segment while keeping the other segment close to critical conditions. Current study demonstrates that pore diameter and mobile phase are the only practical variable that can be used for improvement of characterization of non-critical block in the block copolymer while non-critical block is in exclusion regime. On the other hand, pore diameter of the column, temperature, solvent composition and gradients are important parameters that can be skillfully tuned for improvement of separation of non-critical block while non-critical block elutes in interaction regime. The above-mentioned variations are evaluated for di-block as well as tri-block copolymers of A-B-A and B-A-B type. Moreover, LCCC-IC is especially important for analysis of poloxamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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6
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Wang X, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Pore size effect on the separation of polymers by interaction chromatography. A Monte Carlo study. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:126-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Separation of polymers differing in their chain architecture by interaction chromatography: Phase equilibria and conformational behavior of polymers in strongly adsorbing porous media. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Poly(propylene ether carbonate)-Based Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers: Synthesis and Chromatographic Characterization. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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10
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Radke W. Which average of copolymer composition does NMR provide? E-POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile in molar mass determinations different averages are clearly distinguished, such differentiation is usually not performed when dealing with the composition of copolymers or polymer blends. The present article shows that the mol ratio calculated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) usually provides neither a weight nor a number average. Only if the composition does not vary with molar mass, or if both copolymer units are of equal molar mass, a weight average mol ratio is obtained from NMR measurements. The frequent assumption that NMR yields a number average composition is incorrect, therefore. However, the mass fraction calculated from NMR corresponds to the weight average mass fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Lee S, Choi H, Chang T, Staal B. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6259-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Bastiaan Staal
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
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12
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Bhayo AM, Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and characterization of 4-arm star-shaped amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ε-caprolactone). RSC Adv 2018; 8:28569-28580. [PMID: 35542455 PMCID: PMC9084348 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Star-shaped polymers exhibit lower hydrodynamic volume, glass transition temperature, critical micelles concentration (CMC), and higher viscosity and drug-loading capacity compared to their linear counterparts. In the present study, amphiphilic biodegradable 4-arm star-shaped block copolymers, based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a hydrophilic part and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a hydrophobic segment, are synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone employing pentaerythritol as an initiator and stannous octoate as a catalyst, followed by the coupling reaction with carboxyl-functionalized monomethoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (MeO-PEO-COOH). The structures of intermediates were deduced through 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Average chemical composition of the star block copolymer is determined by proton NMR. Information related to molar mass distribution of targeted products and their precursors is obtained by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). However, due to its inherent poor resolution SEC could not reveal whether all the parent homopolymers are coupled to each other or remained unattached to the other segment. In order to comprehensively characterize the synthesized star-block copolymers, liquid chromatography at critical conditions of both blocks is employed. The study allowed for separation of homopolymer precursors from targeted star-block copolymers. The study exposed heterogeneity of star block copolymers that was not possible by conventional techniques. LCCC on RP columns proves to be efficient for separation of precursors from targeted star block copolymers in a single run.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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13
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Zhao Z, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Lu J, Jin Z, Liu H. A Dicyclic Scaffold for Programmed Monocyclic and Polycyclic Polymer Architectures. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qinyi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenkang Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hewen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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14
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Abdul-Karim R, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Di- and Tri-Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene Carbonate Polymer as Hydrophobic Segment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi; Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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15
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Lee S, Lee H, Chang T, Hirao A. Synthesis and Characterization of an Exact Polystyrene-graft-polyisoprene: A Failure of Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Akira Hirao
- Polymeric
and Organic Materials Department, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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16
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Lee H, Yang J, Chang T. Branching analysis of star-shaped polybutadienes by temperature gradient interaction chromatography-triple detection. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Tufail MK, Abdul-Karim R, Rahim S, Musharraf SG, Malik MI. Analysis of individual block length of amphiphilic di- & tri-block copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of individual block lengths and extent of homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abdul-Karim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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18
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Separating effective high density polyethylene segments from olefin block copolymers using high temperature liquid chromatography with a preloaded discrete adsorption promoting solvent barrier. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Ziebarth JD, Wang Y. Interactions of complex polymers with nanoporous substrate. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5245-5256. [PMID: 27263839 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advance of polymer synthesis, polymers that possess unique architectures such as stars or cyclic chains, and unique chemical composition distributions such as block copolymers or statistical copolymers have become frequently encountered. Characterization of these complex polymer systems drives the development of interactive chromatography where the adsorption of polymers on the porous substrate in chromatography columns is finely tuned. Liquid Chromatography at the Critical Condition (LCCC) in particular makes use of the existence of the Critical Adsorption Point (CAP) of polymers on solid surfaces and has been successfully applied to characterization of complex polymer systems. Interpretation and understanding of chromatography behaviour of complex polymers in interactive chromatography motivates theoretical/computational studies on the CAP of polymers and partitioning of these complex polymers near the CAP. This review article covers the theoretical questions encountered in chromatographic studies of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Ziebarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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20
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Bhati S, Macko T, Brüll R. Estimation of critical conditions of polymers based on monitoring the polymer recovery. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of poloxamers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Berek D. Critical assessment of “critical” liquid chromatography of block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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23
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Wang X, Lísal M, Procházka K, Limpouchová Z. Computer Study of Chromatographic Separation Process: A Monte Carlo Study of H-Shaped and Linear Homopolymers in Good Solvent. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lísal
- Laboratory
of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 135/1, 165 02 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkinje University, České
Mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí n. Lab., Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department
of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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24
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Bhati SS, Macko T, Brüll R, Mekap D. Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions of Poly(propylene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampat Singh Bhati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics; Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
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25
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Zhu Y, Ziebarth J, Fu C, Wang Y. A Monte Carlo study on LCCC characterization of graft copolymers at the critical condition of side chains. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Jung J, Lee J, Park HW, Chang T, Sugimori H, Jinnai H. Epitaxial Phase Transition between Double Gyroid and Cylinder Phase in Diblock Copolymer Thin Film. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Jung
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Junyoung Lee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hae-Woong Park
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hidekazu Sugimori
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), CE80, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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27
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Separation and Characterization of Synthetic Polyelectrolytes and Polysaccharides with Capillary Electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/798503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of macromolecular engineering and the need for renewable and sustainable polymer sources make polymeric materials progressively more sophisticated but also increasingly complex to characterize. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC or GPC) has a monopoly in the separation and characterization of polymers, but it faces a number of proven, though regularly ignored, limitations for the characterization of a number of complex samples such as polyelectrolytes and polysaccharides. Free solution capillary electrophoresis (CE), or capillary zone electrophoresis, allows usually more robust separations than SEC due to the absence of a stationary phase. It is, for example, not necessary to filter the samples for analysis with CE. CE is mostly limited to polymers that are charged or can be charged, but in the case of polyelectrolytes it has similarities with liquid chromatography in the critical conditions: it does not separate a charged homopolymer by molar mass. It can thus characterize the topology of a branched polymer, such as poly(acrylic acid), or the purity or composition of copolymers, either natural ones such as pectin, chitosan, and gellan gum or synthetic ones.
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Sinha P, Hiller W, Pasch H. HPLC-1
H-NMR Characterization of Polystyrene-block
-Polyisoprene Copolymers: LCCC-1
H-NMR Using a Single Mobile Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201450305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Sinha
- University of Stellenbosch; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry; TU Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straβe 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- University of Stellenbosch; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; Private Bag X1 7602 Matieland South Africa
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29
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Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Hehn M, Wagner T, Hiller W. Direct Quantification of Molar Masses of Copolymers by Online Liquid Chromatography under Critical Conditions–Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Size Exclusion Chromatography–Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Anal Chem 2013; 86:490-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402396r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hehn
- TU
Dortmund, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- TU
Dortmund, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Lee S, Lee H, Thieu L, Jeong Y, Chang T, Fu C, Zhu Y, Wang Y. HPLC Characterization of Hydrogenous Polystyrene-block-deuterated polystyrene Utilizing the Isotope Effect. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Lam Thieu
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Youncheol Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Chao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, Unitied States
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33
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Makan AC, Sinha P, Ngaza N, van Aswegen W, Pasch H. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation as a novel technique for the analysis of PS-b-PI copolymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9041-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Yang X, Zhu Y, Wang Y. Can the individual block in block copolymer be made chromatographically “invisible” at the critical condition of its corresponding homopolymer? POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Šmigovec Ljubič T, Rebolj K, Pahovnik D, Hadjichristidis N, Žigon M, Žagar E. Utility of Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques for a Detailed Characterization of Poly(styrene-b-isoprene) Miktoarm Star Copolymers with Complex Architecture. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3012366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šmigovec Ljubič
- Laboratory for Polymer
Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Rebolj
- Laboratory for Polymer
Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Laboratory for Polymer
Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Chemical and Life Sciences & Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Bldg Ibn Sina (#3) West, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majda Žigon
- Laboratory for Polymer
Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnološki
Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer
Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnološki
Park 24, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Rollet M, Glé D, Phan TNT, Guillaneuf Y, Bertin D, Gigmes D. Characterization of Functional Poly(ethylene oxide)s and Their Corresponding Polystyrene Block Copolymers by Liquid Chromatography under Critical Conditions in Organic Solvents. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301199m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - David Glé
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Sinha P, Hiller W, Bellas V, Pasch H. Analysis of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene copolymers by coupling of liquid chromatography at critical conditions to NMR at critical conditions of polystyrene and polyisoprene. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1731-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Matieland; South Africa
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry; Technical University of Dortmund; Dortmund; Germany
| | | | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Matieland; South Africa
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38
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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39
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Sinha P, Grabowsky M, Malik MI, Harding GW, Pasch H. Characterization of Polystyrene-block-Polyethylene Oxide Diblock Copolymers and Blends of Homopolymers by Liquid Chromatography at Critical Conditions (LCCC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201250318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Zhu Y, Ziebarth JD, Wang Y. Dependence of critical condition in liquid chromatography on the pore size of column substrates. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene-b-poly(methylmethacrylate) triblock copolymer. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Hiller W, Sinha P, Hehn M, Pasch H, Hofe T. Separation Analysis of Polyisoprenes Regarding Microstructure by Online LCCC-NMR and SEC-NMR. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102750s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pritish Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Mathias Hehn
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Thorsten Hofe
- PSS Polymer Standards Service GmbH, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120 Mainz, Germany
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44
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Inglis AJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Visualizing the efficiency of rapid modular block copolymer construction. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Berek D. Separation of parent homopolymers from diblock copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption 4. Role of eluent and temperature. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3476-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Macko T, Brüll R, Zhu Y, Wang Y. A review on the development of liquid chromatography systems for polyolefins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3446-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Sinha P, Hiller W, Pasch H. Characterisation of blends of polyisoprene and polystyrene by on-line hyphenation of HPLC and 1H-NMR: LC-CC-NMR at critical conditions of both homopolymers. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3494-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jung J, Park HW, Lee S, Lee H, Chang T, Matsunaga K, Jinnai H. Effect of film thickness on the phase behaviors of diblock copolymer thin film. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3109-16. [PMID: 20499924 DOI: 10.1021/nn1003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A phase diagram was constructed for a polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI, M(W) = 32 700, f(PI) = 0.670) in thin films on Si wafer as a function of film thickness over the range of 150-2410 nm (7-107L(0) (L(0): domain spacing)). The PS-b-PI exhibits a variety of ordered phases from hexagonally perforated lamellar (HPL) via double gyroid (DG) to hexagonally packed cylinder (HEX) before going to the disordered (DIS) phase upon heating. The morphology of the PS-b-PI in thin film was investigated by grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and transmission electron microtomography. In thin film, the phase transition temperature is difficult to be determined unequivocally with in situ heating processes since the phase transition is slow and two phases coexist over a wide temperature range. Therefore, in an effort to find an "equilibrium" phase, we determined the long-term stable phase formed after cooling the film from the DIS phase to a target temperature and annealing for 24 h at the temperature. The temperature windows of stable ordered phases are strongly influenced by the film thickness. As the film thickness decreases, the temperature window of layer-like structures such as HPL and HEX becomes wider, whereas that of the DG stable region decreases. For the films thinner than 160 nm (8L(0)), only the HPL phase was found. In the films exhibiting DG phase, a perforated layer structure at the free surface was found, which gradually converts to the internal DG structure. The relief of interfacial tension by preferential wetting appears to play an important role in controlling the morphology in very thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Zhu Y, Ziebarth J, Macko T, Wang Y. How Well Can One Separate Copolymers According to Both Chemical Compositions and Sequence Distributions? Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1007336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| | - Jesse Ziebarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
| | - Tibor Macko
- German Institute for Polymers, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550
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van Hulst M, van der Horst A, Kok WT, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive 2‐D chromatography of random and block methacrylate copolymers. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1414-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique van Hulst
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aschwin van der Horst
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Th. Kok
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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