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Ciccia NR, Shi JX, Pal S, Hua M, Malollari KG, Lizandara-Pueyo C, Risto E, Ernst M, Helms BA, Messersmith PB, Hartwig JF. Diverse functional polyethylenes by catalytic amination. Science 2023; 381:1433-1440. [PMID: 37769088 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Functional polyethylenes possess valuable bulk and surface properties, but the limits of current synthetic methods narrow the range of accessible materials and prevent many envisioned applications. Instead, these materials are often used in composite films that are challenging to recycle. We report a Cu-catalyzed amination of polyethylenes to form mono- and bifunctional materials containing a series of polar groups and substituents. Designed catalysts with hydrophobic moieties enable the amination of linear and branched polyethylenes without chain scission or cross-linking, leading to polyethylenes with otherwise inaccessible combinations of functional groups and architectures. The resulting materials possess tunable bulk and surface properties, including toughness, adhesion to metal, paintability, and water solubility, which could unlock applications for functional polyethylenes and reduce the need for complex composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemo R Ciccia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jake X Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Subhajit Pal
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mutian Hua
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katerina G Malollari
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Eugen Risto
- BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Brett A Helms
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Wang Q, Li S, Cui D. Polar Group-Promoted Copolymerization of Ethylene with Polar Olefins. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Simulation study on the co-polymerization of vinyl acetate between ethylene. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Zhang M, Chi S, Yu Y. DFT Investigation of Polyethylene- co-vinyl Acetate: Kinetics of Initiation and Propagation, Copolymer Composition, and Unit Sequence Distribution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Suocheng Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yingzhe Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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5
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Chi S, Yu Y, Zhang M. An investigation on chain transfer to monomers and initiators, termination of radical chains and primary radicals in EVA copolymerization process based on DFT calculation and microkinetic simulation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PH, Sabbe MK, D’hooge DR. Connecting Gas-Phase Computational Chemistry to Condensed Phase Kinetic Modeling: The State-of-the-Art. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3027. [PMID: 34577928 PMCID: PMC8467432 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, quantum chemical calculations (QCC) have increased in accuracy, not only providing the ranking of chemical reactivities and energy barriers (e.g., for optimal selectivities) but also delivering more reliable equilibrium and (intrinsic/chemical) rate coefficients. This increased reliability of kinetic parameters is relevant to support the predictive character of kinetic modeling studies that are addressing actual concentration changes during chemical processes, taking into account competitive reactions and mixing heterogeneities. In the present contribution, guidelines are formulated on how to bridge the fields of computational chemistry and chemical kinetics. It is explained how condensed phase systems can be described based on conventional gas phase computational chemistry calculations. Case studies are included on polymerization kinetics, considering free and controlled radical polymerization, ionic polymerization, and polymer degradation. It is also illustrated how QCC can be directly linked to material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Paul H.M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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7
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Delorme J, Boyron O, Dugas PY, Dufils PE, Wilson DJ, Monteil V, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M. Poly(vinyl acetate-co-ethylene) particles prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in the presence of a hydrophilic RAFT/MADIX macromolecular chain transfer agent. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01266a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl acetate-co-ethylene) latexes are prepared under a broad range of conditions by emulsion polymerization in the presence of a hydrophilic RAFT/MADIX macromolecular chain transfer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Delorme
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
| | | | | | - D. James Wilson
- Solvay Novecare
- Research and Innovation Centre – Paris
- 93306 Aubervilliers
- France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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9
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Microstructure analysis of copolymers of substituted itaconimide and methyl methacrylate: experimental and computational investigation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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On the Use of Quantum Chemistry for the Determination of Propagation, Copolymerization, and Secondary Reaction Kinetics in Free Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Gao Z, He J. Monte Carlo Modeling of Free Radical Polymerization in Microflow Reactors. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Gao
- Department of Macromolecular Science; The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Junpo He
- Department of Macromolecular Science; The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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12
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Fan X, Wang Z, He C. “Breathing” unimolecular micelles based on a novel star-like amphiphilic hybrid copolymer. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:4715-4722. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel unimolecular micelles that possess a pH-induced “breathing” feature are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Singapore 117602
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13
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Demarteau J, Kermagoret A, Jérôme C, Detrembleur C, Debuigne A. Controlled Synthesis of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Based Copolymers by Organometallic Mediated Radical Polymerization. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1188.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Demarteau
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege (ULg), Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anthony Kermagoret
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege (ULg), Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege (ULg), Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege (ULg), Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), Department of Chemistry, University of Liege (ULg), Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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14
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Starve fed emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and 1-hexene at ambient pressure. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Kermagoret A, Debuigne A, Jérôme C, Detrembleur C. Precision design of ethylene- and polar-monomer-based copolymers by organometallic-mediated radical polymerization. Nat Chem 2014; 6:179-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Pang X, Feng C, Xu H, Han W, Xin X, Xia H, Qiu F, Lin Z. Unimolecular micelles composed of inner coil-like blocks and outer rod-like blocks crafted by combination of living polymerization with click chemistry. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Star-shaped PS-b-P3HT was synthesized via a combination of ATRP, GRIM polymerization, and click reaction. They possessed different properties as compared to their linear analogues
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Chaowei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
| | - Wei Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Xukai Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Key laboratory of computational physical sciences and Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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17
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18
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Dossi M, Moscatelli D. A QM Approach to the Calculation of Reactivity Ratios in Free-Radical Copolymerization. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Pang X, Zhao L, Akinc M, Kim JK, Lin Z. Novel Amphiphilic Multi-Arm, Star-Like Block Copolymers as Unimolecular Micelles. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200594j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchang Pang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mufit Akinc
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyo-ja dong, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Zhiqun Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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20
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21
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22
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Xu WZ, Charpentier PA. FTIR Study Measuring the Monomer Reactivity Ratios for Ethylene−Vinyl Acetate Polymerization in Supercritical CO2. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie801275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Z. Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Paul A. Charpentier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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23
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Bebe S, Yu X, Hutchinson RA, Broadbelt LJ. Estimation of Free Radical Polymerization Rate Coefficients Using Computational Chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200651117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Izgorodina EI, Coote ML. Accurate ab initio prediction of propagation rate coefficients in free-radical polymerization: Acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Coote ML, Krenske EH, Izgorodina EI. Computational Studies of RAFT Polymerization–Mechanistic Insights and Practical Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Kaim A, Megiel E. Transition structures and reaction barriers in the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymerization system according to quantum mechanical calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Kaim A, Megiel E. Transition states for deactivation reactions in the modeled 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-mediated free-radical polymerization of acrylonitrile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Coote ML. A Quantum-Chemical Approach to Understanding Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization. Aust J Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/ch04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights some of the recent contributions that computational quantum chemistry has made to the understanding of the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process. These include recent studies of rate retardation in cumyl dithiobenzoate mediated polymerization of styrene and methyl acrylate and the xanthate mediated polymerization of vinyl acetate, and studies of the effects of substituents on the addition and fragmentation reactions in prototypical systems and polymer-related systems. The accuracy and applicability of theoretical procedures for studying free-radical polymerization are also discussed, and the methodology is evaluated using the homopropagation rate coefficient of methyl acrylate as a test case. The review concludes with a brief discussion of possible future developments in the field.
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29
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Cieplak P, Kaim A. Theoretical study of the free-radical copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate: Comparative study to the styrene-acrylonitrile monomer system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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