Mechanism of Thermally Induced Morphological Reorganization and Lamellar Orientation from the Herringbone Structure in Cross-Linked Polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene Triblock Copolymers

Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks

Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.

Scattering patterns and stress-strain relations on phase-separated ABA block copolymers under uniaxial elongating simulations

To develop molecularly based interpretations of the two-dimensional scattering patterns (2DSPs) of phase-separated block copolymers (BCPs), we performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of ABA tri-BCPs under uniaxial stretching for block-fractions where the A-segment (glassy domain) is smaller than the B-segment (rubbery domain), and estimated the behaviour of their 2DSPs. In BCP stretching experiments, mechanical properties are generally evaluated using a stress-strain curve. We obtained 2DSPs with different contrasts for the A- and B-segments, which are indicative of the differences between X-ray and neutron scattering experiments. The small- and wide-angle behaviours of the 2DSPs originate from the morphologies of the phase-separated domains and local bond orientations, respectively. When the block-fractions are changed for a constant stress value on the stress-strain (SS) curve, the brightness of the spots in the wide-angle region of the A- and B-segment-dominant 2DSPs decreases and increases with increasing strain, respectively. We can regard the systematic changes in the small-angle 2DSPs of the glassy domain and the wide-angle 2DSPs of the rubbery domain with changes in the SS-curve as a structure-property relationship.

Thinning Approximation for Calculating Two-Dimensional Scattering Patterns in Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations under Shear Flow

Modifications to improve thinning approximation (TA) were considered in order to calculate two-dimensional scattering patterns (2DSPs) for dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations of polymer melts under a shear flow. We proposed multipoint TA and adaptive TA because the bond lengths in DPD chains vary widely when compared to those in Kremer⁻Grest (KG) chains, and the effectiveness of these two types of TA for the two major DPD parameter sets were investigated. In this paper, we report our findings on the original DPD model with soft bonds and that with rigid bonds. Based on the behavior of the 2DSPs and the distribution of orientations of the bond vectors, two spot patterns originating from the oriented chain correlations were observed when distinct distributions of the highly oriented bond vectors in the shear direction were obtained. For multipoint TA, we concluded that at least two additional midpoints ( n mid ≥ 2 ) are required to clearly observe the two spot patterns. For adaptive TA, a dividing distance of l ATA ≤ 0.4 is sufficient for clear observation, which is consistent with the requirement of n mid ≥ 2 for multipoint TA.

Stress-Induced Orientation of Cocontinuous Nanostructures within Randomly End-Linked Copolymer Networks

Randomly end-linked copolymer networks (RECNs) provide a robust route to self-assembled cocontinuous nanostructures. Here, we study the orientation of cocontinuous polystyrene/poly(d,l-lactide) (PS/PLA) RECNs induced by uniaxial stretching above the glass transition temperatures of the components. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals that the domains initially undergo nonaffine stretching at low strain (ε < 0.4), followed by domain rotation at larger strains, yielding a "soft elastic" response and providing a high degree of orientation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography confirms that stretching leads to topological changes in the nanostructure, corresponding to reorganization of domain interfaces. The combination of orientation at the molecular and nanostructural levels provides substantial improvements in yield strength, toughness, and stiffness. In addition to possibilities for improving mechanical properties, cocontinuous nanostructures with controlled levels of orientation have potential in a variety of contexts including directional ion transport and energy absorption.

Property development for biaxial drawing of ethylene-tetrafluoroehtylene copolymer films and resultant fractural behavior analyzed by in situ X-ray measurements

The property development of the ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) membrane induced by simultaneous biaxial drawing was investigated. Commonly, tensile strength can be increased by drawing; conversely, tear resistance decreases. In this study, the balance between tensile strength and tear resistance for the resultant ETFE membrane was optimized achieved by a combination of lamination of low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) layers and subsequent biaxial drawing. The structural factor determining tear resistance of these biaxially drawn membranes was determined based on in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurement during tensile deformation simulating tearing tests. Lozenge shaped scattering, which indicated inclined lamellae, was observed during such tensile deformation of the resultant membranes. Remarkably, this inclined lamellar structure was observed for the pure LMW membrane; however, it also appeared at the interface between LMW and HMW layers within biaxially drawn membranes. For the membrane exhibiting the highest tearing strength, the fraction of such inclined lamella increased up to the critical strain corresponding to the actual sample breaking. These results confirm that the inclined lamellar structure absorbed strain during membrane tearing.