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Yang X, Wang F, Gao Y, Zhang H, Liu Z, Feng J. Compatibilization of Immiscible Polypropylene/Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blends by Silica Particles with Janus and Random Component-Selective Grafts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19615-19624. [PMID: 38587106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Introducing component-selective polymer chains onto the surface of a particle is an effective approach to improve the compatibilization efficiency of a particle-based compatibilizer. In this study, two particles with different kinds of component-selective polymer chains that have the same length and similar density but different graft locations were synthesized and their compatibilization effects were comparatively investigated. It was found that compared with the particle with homogeneous PMMA and PP grafts (R-P), the particle with a hemisphere of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) grafts and other hemisphere of polypropylene (PP) chains (J-P) showed a better compatibilization effect under equal loadings, although both particles exhibited high efficiency. The better compatibilization effect of particles with Janus grafts may be attributed to the stronger entanglements between grafted polymer chains and selective individual components. This work suggests that optimizing the graft location of a particle is an effective strategy for improving its compatibilization efficiency and helpful for the design of advanced particle compatibilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fushan Wang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Corporation of PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Corporation of PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Corporation of PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Corporation of PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, P. R. China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Will T, Lu Y, Wakabayashi K. Effects of Polymer Properties on Solid-State Shear Pulverization: Thermoplastic Processability and Nanofiller Dispersibility. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1848-1858. [PMID: 36968143 PMCID: PMC10034747 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) is an alternative polymer processing technique based on twin-screw extrusion with a continuous cooling system. In SSSP, low-temperature mechanochemistry modifies the macromolecular architecture and morphology, which in turn leads to physical property changes in the material. While a wide range of homopolymers, polymer blends, and polymer (nano)composites have been previously developed with SSSP, a fundamental understanding of how mechanochemistry affects polymer chain architecture and structure, and in turn, material properties, has not been elucidated. This paper conducts a systematic processing-structure-property relationship investigation of 10 thermoplastic polymers with varying properties, as they are subjected to consistent SSSP mechanochemical pulverization and nanocomposite compounding. Structural, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the neat polymers are correlated to their response to SSSP by way of process covariants. Further, we investigate how SSSP processing parameters cause structural changes such as molecular weight reduction and filler dispersion level, which in turn dictate system properties like melt viscosity and thermal stability. Mechanochemical engagement with a high degree of physical contact during pulverization and compounding, characterized by the SSSP covariants exhibiting specific mechanical energy values above 4 kJ/g and an average screw temperature above 20 °C, is ensured when polymers have a glass transition temperature below the processing temperature (<50 °C) and high toughness (>40 MPa). Crystallinity and low thermal diffusivity (<0.2 mm2/s) are additional factors for engaged SSSP processing. Chain scission is an unavoidable outcome of SSSP, though the associated molecular weight reduction was <10% for 7 out of 10 polymers. The elucidated processing-structure-property relationships would allow the SSSP process for a given polymer system to be tailored to the specific needs for molecular structure alterations and performance improvements.
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Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic Milling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214480. [PMID: 36365474 PMCID: PMC9657916 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical foaming process of polylactic acid (PLA) was developed via the solid-state processing methods of solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) and cryogenic milling. Based on the ability of solid-state processing to enhance the crystallization kinetics of PLA, chemical foaming agents (CFA) are first compounded before foaming via compression molding. Specifically, the effects of the pre-foaming solid-state processing method and CFA concentration were investigated. Density reduction, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and cell density of PLA foams are characterized. Solid-state processing of PLA before foaming greatly increases the extent of PLA foaming by achieving void fractions approximately twice that of the control foams. PLA's improved ability to crystallize is displayed through both dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The solid-state-processed foams display superior mechanical robustness and undergo low stress relaxation. The cell density of the PLA foams also increases with solid-state processing, especially through SSSP. Additionally, crosslinking of PLA during the pre-foaming processing step is found to result in the greatest enhancement of crystallization but decreased void fraction and foam effectiveness. Overall, SSSP and cryogenic milling show significant promise in improving chemical foaming in alternative biopolymers.
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Lopes H, Oliveira G, Talabi S, Lucas A. Production of thermoplastic starch and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) films assisted by solid-state shear pulverization. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang X, Song J, Wang H, Lin Q, Jin X, Yang X, Li Y. Reactive Comb Polymer Compatibilized Immiscible PVDF/PLLA Blends: Effects of the Main Chain Structure of Compatibilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E526. [PMID: 32121651 PMCID: PMC7182944 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibilizer with double comb structure has a superior compatibilizing effect for immiscible polymer blends due to the symmetrical structure on both sides of main chains. Extensive study related to the architectural effects of compatibilizer on the compatibilization has mainly focused on the side chains. We investigated the influence of the compatibilizer-main-chain structure on the compatibilizing effect for immiscible poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(L-lactic acid) (PVDF/PLLA) blends. Two reactive-comb compatibilizers with polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as main chains and PMMA as the side chains have been synthesized. PS is immiscible with both PLLA and PVDF, while PMMA is miscible with PVDF. It was found that both compatibilizers can improve the compatibility between the PLLA and PVDF, with different compatibilization effects. In the PVDF/PLLA (50/50) blends, 1 wt.% poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) (RC-SG) tuned the morphology from the droplet-in-matrix structure to the co-continuous structure, while the blends with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) (RC-MMG) kept the sea-island structure with even 3 wt.% loading. Moreover, RC-SG induces a wider co-continuous interval range than RC-MMG. The co-continuous structure obtained by RC-SG was also more stable than that by RC-MMG. It was further found that RC-SG-compatibilized PVDF/PLLA blends exhibit higher mechanical properties than the RC-MMG-compatibilized blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jinxing Song
- Transfar Zhilian Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311215, China; (J.S.); (X.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Hengti Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qingqing Lin
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Xianhua Jin
- Transfar Zhilian Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311215, China; (J.S.); (X.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Transfar Zhilian Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311215, China; (J.S.); (X.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 311121, China; (X.Y.); (H.W.); (Q.L.)
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Blumer EM, Lynch BB, Fielding AS, Wakabayashi K. Crystallinity and Property Enhancements in Neat Polylactic Acid by Chilled Extrusion: Solid‐State Shear Pulverization and Solid‐State/Melt Extrusion. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M. Blumer
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania 17837
| | - Brian B. Lynch
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania 17837
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Yang S, Bai S, Duan W, Wang Q. Preparation of composites based on recycled polypropylene and automotive shredder residue. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenfeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials; Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd; Beijing China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Xu N, Mo J, Xiao C, Han X. Structure and Properties of In-Situ Reactive Compatibilized Polypropylene/Poly (Butyl Methacrylate-Co-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Blend Fibers. J MACROMOL SCI B 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1084576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Importance of superior dispersion versus filler surface modification in producing robust polymer nanocomposites: The example of polypropylene/nanosilica hybrids. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Diop MF, Torkelson JM. Novel synthesis of branched polypropylene via solid-state shear pulverization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Diop MF, Torkelson JM. Effects of process method and quiescent coarsening on dispersed-phase size distribution in polymer blends: comparison of solid-state shear pulverization with intensive batch melt mixing. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang K, Chen F, Li Z, Fu Q. Control of the hierarchical structure of polymer articles via “structuring” processing. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Diop MF, Torkelson JM. Ester Functionalization of Polypropylene via Controlled Decomposition of Benzoyl Peroxide during Solid-State Shear Pulverization. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401628u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirian F. Diop
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Diop MF, Torkelson JM. Maleic anhydride functionalization of polypropylene with suppressed molecular weight reduction via solid-state shear pulverization. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Ke W, Qin Z, Qiang F. CONTROL OF HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE IN POLYMER ARTICLES <I>VIA</I> NOVEL PROCESSING METHODULOGY——FROM TRADITIONAL TOWARD STRUCTURING PROCESSING. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Wang D, Li Y, Xie XM, Guo BH. Compatibilization and morphology development of immiscible ternary polymer blends. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Polypropylene-graphite nanocomposites made by solid-state shear pulverization: Effects of significantly exfoliated, unmodified graphite content on physical, mechanical and electrical properties. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Polizzi MA, Singhal D, Colvin J. Mechanoradical-induced degradation in a pharmaceutical blend during high-shear processing. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 13:457-62. [PMID: 18720240 DOI: 10.1080/10837450802328869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically generated radicals were shown to affect short-term stability of a model pharmaceutical formulation during high-shear processing. A formulation containing an oxidatively sensitive drug, either amorphous or crystalline, and a polymeric excipient was high-shear mixed and the resulting short-term degradation was determined with HPLC. High-shear mixing of the excipients was also carried out before drug addition to isolate effects on excipients versus those directly on the drug. Short-term drug stability was found to be strongly dependent on the amount of shear added to excipients prior to drug addition, regardless of morphology. A mechanism for the observed degradation based on mechanically generated radicals from microcrystalline cellulose is proposed. These results indicate that excipient high-shear exposure needs to be considered in regards to drug stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Polizzi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Masuda J, Torkelson JM. Dispersion and Major Property Enhancements in Polymer/Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites via Solid-State Shear Pulverization Followed by Melt Mixing. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun’ichi Masuda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Kim J, Sandoval RW, Dettmer CM, Nguyen ST, Torkelson JM. Compatibilized polymer blends with nanoscale or sub-micron dispersed phases achieved by hydrogen-bonding effects: Block copolymer vs blocky gradient copolymer addition. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Mu M, Walker AM, Torkelson JM, Winey KI. Cellular structures of carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix improve properties relative to composites with dispersed nanotubes. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim HY, Joo W, Kim JK. Effect of Perpendicular Shear Force on the Interfacial Morphology of Reactive Polymer Bilayer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Walker AM, Tao Y, Torkelson JM. Polyethylene/starch blends with enhanced oxygen barrier and mechanical properties: Effect of granule morphology damage by solid-state shear pulverization. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Achievement of quasi-nanostructured polymer blends by solid-state shear pulverization and compatibilization by gradient copolymer addition. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Synthesis and application of styrene/4-hydroxystyrene gradient copolymers made by controlled radical polymerization: Compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends via hydrogen-bonding effects. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Lin H, Isayev AI. Ultrasonic treatment of polypropylene, polyamide 6, and their blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Tao Y, Lebovitz AH, Torkelson JM. Compatibilizing effects of block copolymer mixed with immiscible polymer blends by solid-state shear pulverization: stabilizing the dispersed phase to static coarsening. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Brinker KL, Lebovitz AH, Torkelson JM, Burghardt WR. Porod scattering study of coarsening in immiscible polymer blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Ellison CJ, Miller KE, Torkelson JM. In situ monitoring of sorption and drying of polymer films and coatings: self-referencing, nearly temperature-independent fluorescence sensors. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Lebovitz AH, Gray MK, Chen AC, Torkelson JM. Interpolymer radical coupling reactions during sonication of polymer solutions. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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