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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Song G, Heng H, Wang J, Liu R, Huang Y, Lu H, Du K, Feng F, Wang S. Photoactivated In Situ Generation of Near Infrared Cyanines for Spatiotemporally Controlled Fluorescence Imaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Song
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Huan Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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Song G, Heng H, Wang J, Liu R, Huang Y, Lu H, Du K, Feng F, Wang S. Photoactivated In Situ Generation of Near Infrared Cyanines for Spatiotemporally Controlled Fluorescence Imaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16889-16893. [PMID: 34050693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivated trimerization of 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indole derivatives created near infrared fluorophore Cy5. The synthetic method is air-tolerant, photosensitizer free, metal free, and condensation agent free. Living cells make Cy5 on a time scale of minutes under white light irradiation at a low power intensity, with the monomer as the only exogenous agent. The new method is promising to find applications in cell studies for in situ spatiotemporally controlled fluorescence imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Song
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huan Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Fan J, Feng J. Study on β-Nucleated Controlled-Rheological Polypropylene Random Copolymer: Crystallization Behavior and a Possible Degradation Mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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Kruczala K, Schlick S. Measuring Diffusion Coefficients of Nitroxide Radicals in Heterophasic Propylene−Ethylene Copolymers by Electron Spin Resonance Imaging. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101745p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kruczala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, Michigan 48221, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Shulamith Schlick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, Michigan 48221, United States
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Gustafsson H, Kruczala K, Lund E, Schlick S. Visualizing the Dose Distribution and Linear Energy Transfer by 1D and 2D ESR Imaging: A Potassium Dithionate Dosimeter Irradiated with C6+ and N7+ Ions. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8437-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803695p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-58185 Linkoping, Sweden, On leave from Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, Michigan 48221-3038
| | - Krzysztof Kruczala
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-58185 Linkoping, Sweden, On leave from Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, Michigan 48221-3038
| | - Eva Lund
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-58185 Linkoping, Sweden, On leave from Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, Michigan 48221-3038
| | - Shulamith Schlick
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, S-58185 Linkoping, Sweden, On leave from Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, Michigan 48221-3038
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Spałek T, Kruczała K, Sojka Z, Schlick S. Deducing 1D concentration profiles from EPR imaging: a new approach based on the concept of virtual components and optimization with the genetic algorithm. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 189:139-50. [PMID: 17892960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Application of the genetic algorithm (GA) in conjunction with the concept of virtual components (VC) to determine 1D concentration profiles from EPRI spectra (images) is described. In this approach the concentration profile is expressed as the superposition of virtual components described by analytical functions of the Gaussian and Boltzmann type. The method was implemented in the computer program ACon, which allows for fully automated profile extraction via the nonlinear least-squares fitting of experimental images. The parametric sensitivity of the GA internal parameters such as population size, probabilities of the crossover, mutation and elitist retention to the search space was investigated in detail in order to find their optimal settings. The customized genetic algorithm was evaluated using simulated and experimental test data sets and its performance was compared with the Monte Carlo approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Spałek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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ESR imaging and FTIR study of thermally treated poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) containing a hindered amine stabilizer: Effect of polymer morphology, and butadiene and stabilizer content. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Chen
- Department of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Kruczala K, Aris W, Schlick S. Stabilization and Early Degradation of UV-Irradiated Heterophasic Propylene−Ethylene Copolymers Based on ESR, ESR Imaging, UV−Vis, and DSC: Effect of Ethylene Content and UV Wavelength. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0502194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kruczala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
| | - Wasim Aris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
| | - Shulamith Schlick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
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11
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Kruczala K, Varghese B, Bokria JG, Schlick S. Thermal Aging of Heterophasic Propylene−Ethylene Copolymers: Morphological Aspects Based on ESR, FTIR, and DSC. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma025700y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kruczala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48219
| | - Biji Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48219
| | - Jayesh G. Bokria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48219
| | - Shulamith Schlick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48219
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