1
|
Tse YC, Au-Yeung HY. Catenane and Rotaxane Synthesis from Cucurbit[6]uril-Mediated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300290. [PMID: 37460745 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as catenane and rotaxane is full of new opportunities for the presence of a mechanical bond, and the efficient synthesis of these molecules is therefore of fundamental importance in realizing their unique properties and functions. While many different types of preorganizing interactions and covalent bond formation strategies have been exploited in MIMs synthesis, the use of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) in simultaneously templating macrocycle interlocking and catalyzing the covalent formation of the interlocked components is particularly advantageous in accessing high-order catenanes and rotaxanes. In this review, catenane and rotaxane obtained from CB[6]-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition will be discussed, with special emphasis on the synthetic strategies employed for obtaining complex [n]rotaxanes and [n]catenanes, as well as their properties and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han H, Seale JSW, Feng L, Qiu Y, Stoddart JF. Sequence‐controlled synthesis of rotaxanes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - James S. W. Seale
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore Republic of Singapore
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zbruyev O, Belikov K, Khimchenko S, Blank T, Chebanov VA. Modified Greener Procedure for the Synthesis of Cucurbit[6]uril. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zbruyev
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61072, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin Belikov
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61072, Ukraine
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Square, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Khimchenko
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61072, Ukraine
| | - Tamara Blank
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61072, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn A. Chebanov
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Avenue, Kharkiv 61072, Ukraine
- V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Square, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Sheng X, Li G, Huang F. Mechanically interlocked polymers based on rotaxanes. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7046-7065. [PMID: 35852571 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) has continued to encourage researchers to design and construct a variety of high-performance materials. Introducing mechanically interlocked structures into polymers has led to novel polymeric materials, called mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs). Rotaxane-based MIPs are an important class, where the mechanically interlocked characteristic retains a high degree of structural freedom and mobility of their components, such as the rotation and sliding motions of rotaxane units. Therefore, these MIP materials are known to possess a unique set of properties, including mechanical robustness, adaptability and responsiveness, which endow them with potential applications in many emerging fields, such as protective materials, intelligent actuators, and mechanisorption. In this review, we outline the synthetic strategies, structure-property relationships, and application explorations of various polyrotaxanes, including linear polyrotaxanes, polyrotaxane networks, and rotaxane dendrimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xinru Sheng
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guangfeng Li
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China. .,Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duah IK, Khaligh A, Koç A, Başaran DDA, Tuncel D. Porphyrin cross‐linked conjugated polymer nanoparticles‐based photosensitizer for antimicrobial and anticancer photodynamic therapies. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aisan Khaligh
- Department of Chemistry Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
| | - Ahmet Koç
- Department of Chemistry Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
| | - Duygu Deniz Akolpoğlu Başaran
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
| | - Dönüs Tuncel
- Department of Chemistry Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM) Bilkent University Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia D, Wang P, Ji X, Khashab NM, Sessler JL, Huang F. Functional Supramolecular Polymeric Networks: The Marriage of Covalent Polymers and Macrocycle-Based Host–Guest Interactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6070-6123. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Xia
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Pi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMS) Laboratory, Chemical Science Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Özkan M, Keser Y, Hadi SE, Tuncel D. A [5]Rotaxane-Based Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Özkan
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM); Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Yağmur Keser
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM); Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Seyed Ehsan Hadi
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM); Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Dönüs Tuncel
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM); Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
- Department of Chemistry; National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM); Bilkent University; 06800 Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Q, Guo Y, Wu T, Chen M, Xie T, Wang P. Novel Terpyridine-bridged Parallel Dication Metallo-bisviologens and Their Supramolecular Complexes. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-8279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Liu W, Xu Z, Wang R, Zhang C, Yan Q, Meng Z. Synthesis, Hydrolysis, Reduction and Nitrolysis of Glycoluril‐Derived Precursors: Another Attempt toward the Synthesis of Nitramine Explosives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Chenfan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Qiaoli Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernández-Rosas J, Pessêgo M, Acuña A, Vázquez-Vázquez C, Montenegro J, Parajó M, Rodríguez-Dafonte P, Nome F, Garcia-Rio L. Novel Supramolecular Nanoparticles Derived from Cucurbit[7]uril and Zwitterionic Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3485-3493. [PMID: 29432693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Binding constants, log K ≈ 6.6 M-1, and NMR characterization of the complexes formed by sulfobetaines and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) support the electrostatic interaction as the major driving force. This very strong binding motif is cross-linked by additional CB7 molecules, resulting in the formation of supramolecular nanoparticles (SNPs) with an average diameter of 172 nm and a negative surface potential. The time course evolution of the particle size and the surface potential suggests the very fast formation of an amorphous aggregate that absorbs an additional amount of sulfobetaine. These aggregates afford very stable (more than 2 weeks) nanoparticles in an aqueous dispersion. The reversibility of the sulfobetaine/CB7 host/guest complexes allows SNP disaggregation by adding a competitive guest as shown by treatment with tetraethylammonium chloride. The addition of this competitive cation triggers a SNP-to-micelle transition. The potential application of these nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles was investigated by using carboxyfluorescein. These experiments revealed that upon externally induced disruption of the SNPs (by tetraethylammonium chloride) the fluorescent dye was trapped in micellar aggregates that can be further disrupted by cyclodextrin addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcia Pessêgo
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , 2829-516 Monte de Caparica , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Faruk Nome
- INCT-Catálise, Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , 88040-900 Florianópolis , Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Panneerselvam M, Kumar MD, Jaccob M, Solomon RV. Computational Unravelling of the Role of Alkyl Groups on the Host-Guest Complexation of Pillar[5]arenes with Neutral Dihalobutanes. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Panneerselvam
- Department of Chemistry; Loyola College (Autonomous); Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu India
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory; Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE); Loyola College (Autonomous); Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Madhu Deepan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Loyola College (Autonomous); Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu India
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory; Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE); Loyola College (Autonomous); Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Madhavan Jaccob
- Department of Chemistry; Loyola College (Autonomous); Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu India
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory; Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE); Loyola College (Autonomous); Chennai - 600 034, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department of Chemistry; Madras Christian College (Autonomous), Tambaram East; Chennai - 600 059, Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koc A, Tuncel D. Supramolecular Assemblies of Cucurbiturils with Photoactive, π-conjugated Chromophores. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Koc
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Dönüs Tuncel
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology; Bilkent University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Development of hydroxylated cucurbit[ n ]urils, their derivatives and potential applications. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
14
|
De Bo G, Dolphijn G, McTernan CT, Leigh DA. [2]Rotaxane Formation by Transition State Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume De Bo
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Dolphijn
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hilschmann
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, Saarland University,
Campus Saarbrücken C 4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gergely Kali
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, Saarland University,
Campus Saarbrücken C 4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wenz
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, Saarland University,
Campus Saarbrücken C 4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang YZ, Liu XF, Zhang RB, Pang SP. Joint experimental and theoretical studies of the surprising stability of the aryl pentazole upon noncovalent binding to β-cyclodextrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31236-31244. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05783k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large enhancement in the thermal stability of aryl pentazole is confirmed experimentally and theoretically through the formation of a host–guest complex with β-cyclodextrin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
- School of Material Science & Engineering
| | - Xiao-Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Ru-bo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Si-Ping Pang
- School of Material Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhadane SA, Lande DN, Gejji SP. Understanding Binding of Cyano-Adamantyl Derivatives to Pillar[6]arene Macrocycle from Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8738-8749. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita A. Bhadane
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Dipali N. Lande
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Neal EA, Goldup SM. A Kinetic Self-Sorting Approach to Heterocircuit [3]Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12488-93. [PMID: 27600208 PMCID: PMC5113769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this proof-of-concept study, an active-template coupling is used to demonstrate a novel kinetic self-sorting process. This process iteratively increases the yield of the target heterocircuit [3]rotaxane product at the expense of other threaded species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Neal EA, Goldup SM. A Kinetic Self-Sorting Approach to Heterocircuit [3]Rotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry; University of Southampton; Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lande DN, Rao SS, Gejji SP. Deciphering Noncovalent Interactions Accompanying 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane Encapsulation within Biphene[n]arenes: Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts Approach. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2197-209. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali N. Lande
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune India
| | - Soniya S. Rao
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Density functional theory investigations on binding and spectral features of complexes of ferrocenyl derivatives with cucurbit [7]uril. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Hou X, Ke C, Fraser Stoddart J. Cooperative capture synthesis: yet another playground for copper-free click chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3766-80. [PMID: 27030885 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry describes a family of modular, efficient, versatile and reliable reactions which have acquired a pivotal role as one of the most useful synthetic tools with a potentially broad range of applications. While copper(i)-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition is the most widely adopted click reaction in the family, the fact that it is cytotoxic restricts its practice in certain situations, e.g., bioconjugation. Consequently, researchers have been exploring the development of copper-free click reactions, the most popular example so far being strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions. An early example of copper-free click reactions that is rarely mentioned in the literature is the cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CB-AAC). Despite the unique ability of CB-AAC to generate mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) - in particular, rotaxanes - its slow reaction rate and narrow substrate acceptance limit its scope. In this Tutorial Review, we describe our efforts of late in developing the fundamental principles and practical applications of a new copper-free click reaction - namely, cooperative capture synthesis, whereby introducing a cyclodextrin (CD) as an accelerator in CB-AAC, hydrogen bonding networks are formed between the rims of CD and CB6 in a manner that is positively cooperative, giving rise to a high level of pre-organisation during efficient and quick rotaxane formation. For example, [4]rotaxanes can be prepared nearly quantitatively within a minute in water. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that CB-AAC can accommodate a wider substrate tolerance by introducing pillararenes as promoters. To date, we have put cooperative capture synthesis into practice by (i) preparing polyrotaxanes containing up to 200 rings in nearly quantitative yields, (ii) trapping conformational isomers of polymacrocycles as rings in rotaxanes, (iii) demonstrating solid-state fluorescence and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) processes by fixing the fluorophores in a rotaxane and (iv) establishing the principle of supramolecular encryption in the preparation of dynamically and reversibly tunable fluorescent security inks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xisen Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yebang Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang K, Yee CC, Au-Yeung HY. Facile syntheses of [3]-, [4]- and [6]catenanes templated by orthogonal supramolecular interactions. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2787-2792. [PMID: 28660056 PMCID: PMC5477039 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A branched [6]catenane was synthesised under aqueous conditions in high yield using orthogonal supramolecular interactions as a template.
A water soluble [6]catenane consisting of two interlocking [3]catenanes was synthesised in 91% yield using readily accessible precursors. The new strategy features the simultaneous use of orthogonal Cu+–phenanthroline and CB[6]–ammonium interactions for preorganising the precursors and the efficient CB[6]-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition as bond forming reactions for ring closing, resulting in high structural complexity and fidelity of the products without compromising interlocking efficiency. A related [4]catenane with three different types of macrocycles was also obtained in good yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
| | - Chi-Chung Yee
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
| | - Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , P. R. China .
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhattacharjee S, Gong C, Jones JW, Gibson HW. A hyperbranched mechanically interlocked rotaxane-type polymer. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
26
|
Kali G, Eisenbarth H, Wenz G. One Pot Synthesis of a Polyisoprene Polyrotaxane and Conversion to a Slide-Ring Gel. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:67-72. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kali
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Harley Eisenbarth
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Gerhard Wenz
- Organic Macromolecular Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen H, Ma H, Chieng YY, Hou S, Li X, Tan Y. Aggregation and thermal gelation of N-isopropylacrylamide based cucurbit[7]uril side-chain polypseudorotaxanes with low pseudorotaxane content. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17140c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pseudorotaxane content (≤3 mol%) endows N-isopropylacrylamide based cucurbit[7]uril polypseudorotaxanes unique aggregation and thermal gelation properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
| | - Haili Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
| | - Yu Yuan Chieng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602
- Singapore
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602
- Singapore
| | - Yebang Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Menozzi D, Leigh DA, Dalcanale E. A Rotaxane-Like Supramolecular Assembly Featuring Orthogonal Recognition Modes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
Nakazono K, Ishino T, Takashima T, Saeki D, Natsui D, Kihara N, Takata T. Directed one-pot syntheses of crown ether wheel-containing main chain-type polyrotaxanes with controlled rotaxanation ratios. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15341-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Encapsulation of alkyl and aryl derivatives of quaternary ammonium cations within cucurbit[n]uril (n = 6,7) and their inverted diastereomers: density functional investigations. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2138. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
31
|
Ogoshi T, Aoki T, Ueda S, Tamura Y, Yamagishi TA. Pillar[5]arene-based nonionic polyrotaxanes and a topological gel prepared from cyclic host liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6607-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02833c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize nonionic polymer-based polyrotaxanes by click reactions in pillar[5]arene-based cyclic host liquids and a topological gel by a metathesis reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takamichi Aoki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seita Ueda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Tamura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tada-aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang L, Liu X, Tan X, Yang H, Wang Z, Zhang X. Supramolecular polymer fabricated by click polymerization from supramonomer. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Ke C, Strutt NL, Li H, Hou X, Hartlieb KJ, McGonigal PR, Ma Z, Iehl J, Stern CL, Cheng C, Zhu Z, Vermeulen NA, Meade TJ, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Pillar[5]arene as a Co-Factor in Templating Rotaxane Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17019-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Ke
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan L. Strutt
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xisen Hou
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhidong Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julien Iehl
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhixue Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Intel
Laboratories, Building
RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard., Santa Clara, California 95054-1549, United States
- National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz
City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Pessêgo M, Moreira JA, da Costa AMR, Corrochano P, Poblete FJ, Garcia-Rio L. Electrostatic Repulsion between Cucurbit[7]urils Can Be Overcome in [3]Pseudorotaxane without Adding Salts. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3886-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pessêgo
- Departamento de Química
Física, Centro de Investigación en Química Biológica
y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain
- CIQA, Departamento de Química
e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139
Faro, Portugal
| | - J. A. Moreira
- CIQA, Departamento de Química
e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139
Faro, Portugal
| | - A. M. Rosa da Costa
- CIQA, Departamento de Química
e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139
Faro, Portugal
| | - P. Corrochano
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José
Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - F. J. Poblete
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José
Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L. Garcia-Rio
- Departamento de Química
Física, Centro de Investigación en Química Biológica
y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li Q, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zheng W, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang S, Kong D. Functionalization of the surface of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) mats using zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) and cell-specific peptide for endothelial progenitor cells capture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:1646-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
37
|
Li W, Tian T, Zhu W, Cui J, Ju Y, Li G. Metal-free click approach for facile production of main chain poly(bile acid)s. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00180f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
38
|
Zhu Z, Bruns CJ, Li H, Lei J, Ke C, Liu Z, Shafaie S, Colquhoun HM, Stoddart JF. Synthesis and solution-state dynamics of donor–acceptor oligorotaxane foldamers. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc00015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
39
|
Huang X, Huang S, Zhai B, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Wang Q. Slipping synthesis of cucurbit[7]uril-based [2]rotaxane in organic environment. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Yang H, Song C, Chen H, Xu W, Tan Y. Synthesis, characterisation and properties of star polypseudorotaxanes with cucurbit[7]uril. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.731061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan , 250100 , P.R. China
| | - Caiyu Song
- a The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan , 250100 , P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- a The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan , 250100 , P.R. China
| | - Wenchao Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan , 250100 , P.R. China
| | - Yebang Tan
- a The Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan , 250100 , P.R. China
- b School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University , Jinan , 250100 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ke C, Smaldone RA, Kikuchi T, Li H, Davis AP, Stoddart JF. Quantitative Emergence of Hetero[4]rotaxanes by Template-Directed Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:381-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
42
|
Ke C, Smaldone RA, Kikuchi T, Li H, Davis AP, Stoddart JF. Quantitative Emergence of Hetero[4]rotaxanes by Template-Directed Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
43
|
Wang H, Zhu Y, Ren X, Wang M, Tan Y. Synthesis and properties of block polypseudorotaxanes by threading cucurbit[6]uril. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-012-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
44
|
Pessêgo M, Moreira JA, Garcia-Rio L. Evidence of Higher Complexes Between Cucurbit[7]uril and Cationic Surfactants. Chemistry 2012; 18:7931-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
45
|
Ma Q, Yang H, Hao J, Tan Y. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Copolymer of Acrylamide with Pseudorotaxane Monomer by Threading Cucurbit[6]uril ontoN′-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1,4-diaminobutane Dihydrochloride. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.579822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
46
|
Sinha MK, Reany O, Yefet M, Botoshansky M, Keinan E. Bistable Cucurbituril Rotaxanes Without Stoppers. Chemistry 2012; 18:5589-605. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
47
|
Belowich ME, Valente C, Smaldone RA, Friedman DC, Thiel J, Cronin L, Stoddart JF. Positive cooperativity in the template-directed synthesis of monodisperse macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5243-61. [PMID: 22303894 DOI: 10.1021/ja2107564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of oligorotaxanes R and R' that contain -CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)- recognition sites in their dumbbell components have been synthesized employing template-directed protocols. [24]Crown-8 rings self-assemble by a clipping strategy around each and every recognition site using equimolar amounts of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxaldehyde and tetraethyleneglycol bis(2-aminophenyl) ether to efficiently provide up to a [20]rotaxane. In the R series, the -NH(2)(+)- recognition sites are separated by trismethylene bridges, whereas in the R' series the spacers are p-phenylene linkers. The underpinning idea here is that in the former series, the recognition sites are strategically positioned 3.5 Å apart from one another so as to facilitate efficient [π···π] stacking between the aromatic residues in contiguous rings in the rotaxanes and consequently, a discrete rigid and rod-like conformation is realized; these noncovalent interactions are absent in the latter series rendering them conformationally flexible/nondiscrete. Although in the R' series, the [3]-, [4]-, [8]-, and [12]rotaxanes were isolated after reaction times of <5-30 min in yields of 72-85%, in the R series, the [3]-, [4]-, [5]-, [8]-, [12]-, [16]-, and [20]rotaxanes were isolated in <5 min to 14 h in 88-98% yields. It follows that while in the R' series the higher order oligorotaxanes are formed in lower yields more rapidly, in the R series, the higher order oligorotaxanes are formed in higher yields more slowly. In the R series, the high percentage yields are sustained throughout, despite the fact that up to 39 components are participating in the template-directed self-assembly process. Simple arithmetic reveals that the conversion efficiency for each imine bond formation peaks at 99.9% in the R series and 99.3% in the R' series. This maintenance of reaction efficiency in the R series can be ascribed to positive cooperativity, that is, when one ring is formed it aids and abets the formation of subsequent rings presumably because of stabilizing extended [π···π] stacking interactions between the arene units. Experiments have been performed wherein the dumbbell is starved of the macrocyclic components, and up to five times more of the fully saturated rotaxane is formed than is predicted based on a purely statistical outcome, providing a clear indication that positive cooperativity is operative. Moreover, it would appear that as the R series is traversed from the [3]- to the [4]- to the [5]rotaxane, the cooperativity becomes increasingly positive. This kind of cooperative behavior is not observed for the analogous oligorotaxanes in the R' series. The conventional bevy of analytical techniques (e.g., HR-MS (ESI) and both (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy) help establish the fact that all the oligorotaxanes are pure and monodisperse. Evidence of efficient [π···π] stacking between contiguous arene units in the rings in the R series is revealed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry performed on the R and R' series yielded the collisional cross sections (CCSs), confirming the rigidity of the R oligorotaxanes and the flexibility of the R' ones. The extended [π···π] stacking interactions are found to be present in the solid-state structures of the [3]- and [4]rotaxanes in the R series and also on the basis of molecular mechanics calculations performed on the entire series of oligomers. The collective data presented herein supports our original design in that the extended [π···π] stacking between contiguous arene units in the rings of the R series of oligorotaxanes facilitate an essentially rigid rod-like conformation with evidence that positive cooperativity improves the efficiency of their formation. This situation stands in sharp contrast to the conformationally flexible R' series where the oligorotaxanes form with no cooperativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Belowich
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3133, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Synthesis and multi-stimuli-responsive behavior of copolymer of N,N′-dimethylacrylamide and complex pseudorotaxane. Polym Bull (Berl) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-012-0731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Sun X, Li B, Cao J, Chen J, Wang N, Wan D, Zhang H, Zhou X. Pseudopolyrotaxanes of Cucurbit[6]uril: A Three-Dimensional Network Self-assembled by ClO4−(H2O)2 Water Clusters. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|