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Lee J, Lee S, Lee K, Joung H, Choi SK, Kim M, Yang J, Paeng K. Segmental dynamics of polystyrene near polymer-polymer interfaces. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124902. [PMID: 38516976 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the segmental dynamics of polymers near polymer-polymer interfaces by probing the rotation of polymer-tethered fluorescent molecules using imaging rotational fluorescence correlation microscopy. Multilayered films were utilized to provide spatial selectivity relative to different polymer-polymer interfaces. In the experimental setup, for the overlayer polymer, polystyrene (PS) was employed and a 15 nm-thick probe-containing layer was placed ≈25 nm apart from different underlayer polymers with glass transition temperatures (Tg) either lower or higher than that of PS. The underlayer of poly-n-butyl methacrylate had 72 K lower Tg than that of PS, whereas polymethyl methacrylate and polysulfone had 22 and 81 K higher Tg, respectively, than that of PS. Two key dynamic features of the glass transition, the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence and stretched relaxation, were examined to study the influence of soft and hard confinements on the segmental dynamics of the overlayer polymer near the polymer-polymer interfaces. Although complications exist in the probing location owing to the diffusion of the polymer-tethered probe during the annealing protocol to consolidate the multilayers, the results suggest that either the segmental dynamics of the polymer near the polymer-polymer interface do not change owing to the soft and hard confinements or the interfacial perturbation is very short ranged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Keonchang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Joung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Chebil MS, McGraw JD, Salez T, Sollogoub C, Miquelard-Garnier G. Influence of outer-layer finite-size effects on the dewetting dynamics of a thin polymer film embedded in an immiscible matrix. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6256-6263. [PMID: 29989127 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00592c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In capillary-driven fluid dynamics, simple departures from equilibrium offer the chance to quantitatively model the resulting relaxations. These dynamics in turn provide insight on both practical and fundamental aspects of thin-film hydrodynamics. In this work, we describe a model trilayer dewetting experiment elucidating the effect of solid, no-slip confining boundaries on the bursting of a liquid film in a viscous environment. This experiment was inspired by an industrial polymer processing technique, multilayer coextrusion, in which thousands of alternating layers are stacked atop one another. When pushed to the nanoscale limit, the individual layers are found to break up on time scales shorter than the processing time. To gain insight on this dynamic problem, we here directly observe the growth rate of holes in the middle layer of the trilayer films described above, wherein the distance between the inner film and solid boundary can be orders of magnitude larger than its thickness. Under otherwise identical experimental conditions, thinner films break up faster than thicker ones. This observation is found to agree with a scaling model that balances capillary driving power and viscous dissipation with a no-slip boundary condition at the solid substrate/viscous environment boundary. In particular, even for the thinnest middle-layers, no finite-size effect related to the middle film is needed to explain the data. The dynamics of hole growth is captured by a single master curve over four orders of magnitude in the dimensionless hole radius and time, and is found to agree well with predictions including analytical expressions for the dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chebil
- Laboratoire PIMM, UMR 8006, ENSAM, CNRS, CNAM, HESAM, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Zhu Y, Bironeau A, Restagno F, Sollogoub C, Miquelard-Garnier G. Kinetics of thin polymer film rupture: Model experiments for a better understanding of layer breakups in the multilayer coextrusion process. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hanson B, Pryamitsyn V, Ganesan V. Molecular mass dependence of point-to-set correlation length scale in polymers. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:084904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4745481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Rathfon JM, Cohn RW, Crosby AJ, Rothstein JP, Tew GN. Confinement Effects on Chain Entanglement in Free-Standing Polystyrene Ultrathin Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1026324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Rathfon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Robert W. Cohn
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Rothstein
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Paeng K, Swallen SF, Ediger MD. Direct Measurement of Molecular Motion in Freestanding Polystyrene Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8444-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2022834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Stephen F. Swallen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Rathfon JM, Cohn RW, Crosby AJ, Tew GN. Hole Nucleation and Growth in Free-Standing Polystyrene Ultrathin Films. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Rathfon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Robert W. Cohn
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Lu H, Chen W, Russell TP. Relaxation of Thin Films of Polystyrene Floating on Ionic Liquid Surface. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Lu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Rathfon JM, Grolman JM, Crosby AJ, Tew GN. Formation of Oriented, Suspended Fibers by Melting Free Standing Polystyrene Thin Films. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901121u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Rathfon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Joshua M. Grolman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Rowland HD, King WP, Cross GLW, Pethica JB. Measuring glassy and viscoelastic polymer flow in molecular-scale gaps using a flat punch mechanical probe. ACS NANO 2008; 2:419-428. [PMID: 19206565 DOI: 10.1021/nn700211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates molecular-scale polymer mechanical deformation during large-strain squeeze flow of polystyrene (PS) films, where the squeeze flow gap is close to the polymer radius of gyration (R(g)). Stress-strain and creep relations were measured during flat punch indentation from an initial film thickness of 170 nm to a residual film thickness of 10 nm in the PS films, varying molecular weight (M(w)) and deformation stress rate by over 2 orders of magnitude while temperatures ranged from 20 to 125 degrees C. In stress-strain curves exhibiting an elastic-to-plastic yield-like knee, the response was independent of M(w), as expected from bulk theory for glassy polymers. At high temperatures and long times sufficient to extinguish the yield-knee, the mechanical response M(w) degeneracy was broken, but no molecular confinement effects were observed during thinning. Creep measurements in films of 44K M(w) were well-approximated by bulk Newtonian no-slip flow predictions. For extrusions down to a film thickness of 10 nm, the mechanical relaxation in these polymer films scaled with temperature similar to Williams-Landel-Ferry scaling in bulk polymer. Films of 9000K M(w), extruded from an initial film thickness of 2R(g) to a residual film thickness of 0.5R(g), while showing stress-strain viscoelastic response similar to that of films of 900K M(w), suggestive of shear-thinning behavior, could not be matched to a constitutive flow model. In general, loading rate and magnitude influenced subsequent creep extrusion depth of high-M(w) films, with deeper final extrusions for high loading rates than for low loading rates. The measurements suggest that, for high-resolution nanoimprint lithography, mold flash or final residual film thickness can be reduced for high strain and strain rate loading of high-M(w) thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Rowland
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Wu S, Park SR, Ling XS. Lithography-free formation of nanopores in plastic membranes using laser heating. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:2571-6. [PMID: 17090093 DOI: 10.1021/nl0619498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nanopores are a new class of single-molecule sensors capable of electronically detecting, counting, and characterizing biomolecules. There have been studies of nanopore formation in solid-state materials. This paper reports a novel lithography-free method of nanopore formation in plastic membranes fluidized using laser heating. It was found that the pore shrinking dynamics follows a universal behavior with the diameter of a pore decreasing linearly with time similar to that found in fluidized SiO(2). A theoretical model based on a surface-tension-driven mass flow mechanism is proposed to successfully explain the observed universality in the pore shrinking dynamics. We demonstrate the potential of this lithography-free nanofabrication technique in biomolecular sensing with a lambda-DNA detection experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Bodiguel H, Fretigny C. Viscoelastic dewetting of a polymer film on a liquid substrate. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2006; 19:185-93. [PMID: 16491310 DOI: 10.1140/epje/e2006-00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Dewetting of thin polymer films (60-300 nm) on a non-wettable liquid substrate has been studied in the vicinity of their glass transition temperature. In our experiment, we observe a global contraction of the film while its thickness remains uniform. We show that, in this case, the strain corresponds to simple extension, and we verify that it is linear with the stress applied by the surface tension. This allows direct measurement of the stress/strain response as a function of time, and thus permits the measurement of an effective compliance of the thin films. It is, however, difficult to obtain a complete viscoelastic characterization, as the short time response is highly dependant on the physical age of the sample. Experimental results underline the effects of residual stress and friction when dewetting is analyzed on rigid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bodiguel
- ESPCI, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Polymères et des Milieux Dispersés, CNRS UMR 7615, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Gabriele S, Damman P, Sclavons S, Desprez S, Coppée S, Reiter G, Hamieh M, Akhrass SA, Vilmin T, Raphaël E. Viscoelastic dewetting of constrained polymer thin films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Roth CB, Dutcher JR. Hole growth in freely standing polystyrene films probed using a differential pressure experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:021803. [PMID: 16196593 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.021803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have probed the whole chain mobility of polymer molecules confined to freely standing films by measuring the flow of gas through holes growing in the films at elevated temperatures using a differential pressure experiment. Freely standing polystyrene films were measured for the temperature range 92 degrees C<T<105 degrees C for films with two different molecular weights Mw=717 x 10(3) and 2240 x 10(3) , with thicknesses 51 nm<h<97 nm . This range of film thicknesses is of particular interest because large reductions in the glass transition temperature Tg have been measured previously for freely standing PS films in this thickness range. We find that hole formation and growth, and therefore substantial chain mobility, does not occur until temperatures close to the bulk value of the glass transition temperature T(bulk)g. The characteristic growth times tau for the thinnest films, which have reduced values of Tg, are not substantially less than those for thicker films, and we find that these small differences in tau can be understood in terms of the bulk phenomenon of shear thinning. We also show that the viscosity at the edge of the hole inferred from the characteristic growth times obtained in this and previous studies exhibit shear thinning with reduced shear strain rates beta that span twelve orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Roth
- Department of Physics and the Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Roth CB, Deh B, Nickel BG, Dutcher JR. Evidence of convective constraint release during hole growth in freely standing polystyrene films at low temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:021802. [PMID: 16196592 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.021802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hole growth measurements were performed using optical microscopy on freely standing polystyrene films at temperatures that were slightly larger than the bulk value of the glass transition temperature T(bulk)g. For the measured range of temperatures, we have observed a transition from linear growth of the hole radius R during the early stages to exponential growth of R at later times. We have characterized this transition as a function of molecular weight 120 x 10(3) < Mw <2240 x 10(3) , film thickness 61 nm<h<125 nm , and temperature 101 degrees C<T<117 degrees C . The viscosity at the edge of the hole inferred from the long time exponential growth regime exhibits shear thinning due to the large shear strain rates present at the edge of the hole. The R (t) data for all times can be fit very well using an expression that describes exponential hole growth with a time-dependent viscosity that allows for an initial, transient response due to the decay of elastic entanglements. The time scale for the decay of the transient behavior is interpreted in terms of the decay of entanglements by the convective constraint release mechanism of the tube theory of entangled polymer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Roth
- Department of Physics and the Guelph-Waterloo Physics Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Xavier JH, Li C, Rafailovich MH, Sokolov J. Dynamics of ultrathin films in the glassy state. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:5069-72. [PMID: 15896052 DOI: 10.1021/la046776l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report hole growth experiments in free-standing polystyrene (PS) films at temperatures up to 10 degrees C below the bulk glass transition. The data show an unexpected result: the growth rate of nucleated holes increases with increasing molecular weight, up to a limiting value beyond which the rate is approximately constant. Film thicknesses of 45, 80, and 100 nm were studied, using PS molecular weights ranging from 65K to 11.4 Mg/mol. Hole diameters grew linearly with time, and no growing rims were observed to form around the developing holes. Possible explanations in terms of elasticity, yield, and influence of sample preparation and confinement effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Xavier
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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