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Kihara H, Imoto H, Naka K. Synthesis of main-chain-type triphenylarsine polymers. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tanaka J, Evans A, Gurnani P, Kerr A, Wilson P. Functionalisation and stabilisation of polymeric arsenical nanoparticles prepared by sequential reductive and radical cross-linking. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional and stable polymeric arsenical nanoparticles can be prepared by sequential reductive coupling and ring-collapse radical alternating copolymerisation (RCRAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Tanaka
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Kerr
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Paul Wilson
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
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4
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Kawashima I, Imoto H, Ishida M, Furuta H, Yamamoto S, Mitsuishi M, Tanaka S, Fujii T, Naka K. Dibenzoarsepins: Planarization of 8π‐Electron System in the Lowest Singlet Excited State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kawashima
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Toshiki Fujii
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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Kawashima I, Imoto H, Ishida M, Furuta H, Yamamoto S, Mitsuishi M, Tanaka S, Fujii T, Naka K. Dibenzoarsepins: Planarization of 8π‐Electron System in the Lowest Singlet Excited State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11686-11690. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Kawashima
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Molecular Systems Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM) Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Toshiki Fujii
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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Tanaka J, Song JI, Lunn AM, Hand RA, Häkkinen S, Schiller TL, Perrier S, Davis TP, Wilson P. Polymeric arsenicals as scaffolds for functional and responsive hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here arsenohydrogels are introduced for the first time as functional, tuneable and responsive hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | | | - Satu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University (Parkville Campus)
- Victoria 3152
- Australia
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
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7
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Imoto H, Naka K. The Dawn of Functional Organoarsenic Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 25:1883-1894. [PMID: 30199115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organoarsenic chemistry was actively studied until the middle of 20th century. Although various properties of organoarsenic compounds have been computationally predicted, for example, frontier orbital levels, aromaticity, and inversion energies, serious concern to the danger of their synthetic processes has restricted experimental studies. Conventional synthetic routes require volatile and toxic arsenic precursors. Recently, nonvolatile intermediate transformation (NIT) methods have been developed to safely access functional organoarsenic compounds. Important intermediates in the NIT methods are cyclooligoarsines, which are prepared from nonvolatile inorganic precursors. In particular, the new approach has realized experimental studies on conjugated arsenic compounds: arsole derivatives. The elucidation of their intrinsic properties has triggered studies on functional organoarsenic chemistry. As a result, various kinds of arsenic-containing π-conjugated molecules and polymers have been reported for the last few years. In this minireview, progress of this recently invigorated field is overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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Imoto H, Yamazawa C, Hayashi S, Aono M, Naka K. Electropolymerization of Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]arsole. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Chieko Yamazawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shotaro Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Defense Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa; 239-8686 Japan
| | - Masami Aono
- Department of Material and Engineering; National Defense Academy 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa; 239-8686 Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kyoto Institute of Technology Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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Yamazawa C, Imoto H, Naka K. Syntheses of Dithienoarsole-containing Polymers via Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira-Hagihara Coupling Reactions. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Yamazawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Tanaka J, Davis TP, Wilson P. Organic Arsenicals as Functional Motifs in Polymer and Biomaterials Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800205. [PMID: 29806240 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) exhibits diverse (bio)chemical reactivity and biological activity depending upon its oxidation state. However, this distinctive reactivity has been largely overlooked across many fields owing to concerns regarding the toxicity of arsenic. Recently, a clinical renaissance in the use of arsenicals, including organic arsenicals that are known to be less toxic than inorganic arsenicals, alludes to the possibility of broader acceptance and application in the field of polymer and biomaterials science. Here, current examples of polymeric/macromolecular arsenicals are reported to stimulate interest and highlight their potential as a novel platform for functional, responsive, and bioactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3152, Australia
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3152, Australia
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11
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Imoto H. Development of macromolecules and supramolecules based on silicon and arsenic chemistries. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Tanaka J, Tani S, Peltier R, Pilkington EH, Kerr A, Davis TP, Wilson P. Synthesis, aggregation and responsivity of block copolymers containing organic arsenicals. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers containing an organic arsenical (AsAm) have been synthesised by aqueous SET-LRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Tanaka
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
| | - Seiji Tani
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
| | - Raoul Peltier
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
| | - Emily H. Pilkington
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | - Paul Wilson
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warwick
- CV4 7AL Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
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Imoto H, Sasaki H, Tanaka S, Yumura T, Naka K. Platinum(II) Dihalide Complexes with 9-Arsafluorenes: Effects of Ligand Modification on the Phosphorescent Properties. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Yumura
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and
Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty
of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Goshokaido-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Puneet P, Vedarajan R, Matsumi N. σ-p Conjugated copolymers via dehydrocoupling polymerization of phenylsilane and mesitylborane. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel σ-p conjugated copolymer of phenylsilane and mesitylborane was synthesized by dehydrocoupling polymerization using a rhodium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhup Puneet
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Ishikawa
- Japan
- M. Tech. CSPT
| | - Raman Vedarajan
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Ishikawa
- Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Matsumi
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Ishikawa
- Japan
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Abstract
A survey of the state-of-the-art in the development of synthetic methods to incorporate p-block elements into polymers is given. The incorporation of main group elements (groups 13-16) into long chains provides access to materials with fascinating chemical and physical properties imparted by the presence of inorganic groups. Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academic and commercial use of p-block element-containing macromolecules is the synthetic challenge associated with linking inorganic elements into long chains. In recent years, creative methodologies have been developed to incorporate heteroatoms into polymeric structures, with perhaps the greatest advances occurring with hybrid organic-inorganic polymers composed of boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. With these developments, materials are currently being realized that possess exciting chemical, photophysical and thermal properties that are not possible for conventional organic polymers. This review focuses on highlighting the most significant recent advances whilst giving an appropriate background for the general reader. Of particular focus will be advances made over the last two decades, with emphasis on the novel synthetic methodologies employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Priegert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouer, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
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Adachi H, Imoto H, Watase S, Matsukawa K, Naka K. As-stereogenic C2-symmetric organoarsines: synthesis and enantioselective self-assembly into a dinuclear triple-stranded helicate with copper iodide. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15372-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As-stereogenic C2-symmetric organoarsines were safely synthesized from non-volatile precursors. The racemic mixture of the As-stereogenic ligands was enantioselectively self-assembled into a dinuclear triple-stranded helicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Adachi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imoto
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
| | - Seiji Watase
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute
- Osaka 536-8553
- Japan
| | | | - Kensuke Naka
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto 606-8585
- Japan
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Yáñez-Martínez BA, Percino J, Chapela VM, Soriano-Moro G. Solvent effects on polymerization of functionalized monomers in presence of alkyl halide/CuBr without a ligand. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Uenishi K, Sudo A, Endo T. Anionic alternating copolymerization of a bifunctional six-membered lactone and glycidyl phenyl ether: Selective synthesis of a linear polyester having lactone moiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Naka K. Synthesis of Polymers Containing Group 15 Elements via Bismetallation of Acetylenic Compounds. Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2008077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nakahashi A, Fujita M, Miyoshi E, Umeyama T, Naka K, Chujo Y. Synthesis of sulfur-containing hyperbranched polymers by the bisthiolation polymerization of diethynyl disulfide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Umeyama T, Naka K, Chujo Y. Spontaneous Ring-Collapsed Alternating Copolymerization of a Homocyclic Arsenic Compound and Phenylacetylene. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Umeyama
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Naka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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