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Lee S, Yang Y, Kwon S, Jung Y. Influence of side chains on the self-alignment capability of electroluminescent polyfluorenes. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1983-1988. [PMID: 26743162 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a significant role of side chains in the propagation of molecular orientation upon annealing the liquid crystal phase of polyfluorenes. Direct rubbing of poly(9,9-di(octyl)fluorene) led to the orientation of polymer segments in the top-most region of the film and enhanced propagation of this orientation along the rubbing direction was observed upon annealing. In contrast, the rubbing-induced molecular orientation of poly(9,9-di(ethylhexyl)fluorene) segments completely disappeared upon annealing in the nematic melt state. The higher order of the side chain structures in poly(9,9-di(octyl)fluorene) were found to allow the propagation of the three-dimensional molecular alignment. From integrated experimental and density functional theory studies, we propose that side chain interdigitation generates a unique alignment behavior of poly(9,9-di(octyl)fluorene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Lee
- Organic Electronic Material Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16678, Korea
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2
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Vertical confinement and interface effects on the microstructure and charge transport of P3HT thin films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Liedel C, Pester CW, Ruppel M, Lewin C, Pavan MJ, Urban VS, Shenhar R, Bösecke P, Böker A. Block Copolymer Nanocomposites in Electric Fields: Kinetics of Alignment. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:53-58. [PMID: 35581825 DOI: 10.1021/mz3005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the kinetics of block copolymer/nanoparticle composite alignment in an electric field using in situ transmission small-angle X-ray scattering. As a model system, we employ a lamellae forming polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymer with different contents of gold nanoparticles in thick films under solvent vapor annealing. While the alignment improves with increasing nanoparticle fraction, the kinetics slows down. This is explained by changes in the degree of phase separation and viscosity. Our findings provide extended insights into the basics of nanocomposite alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Liedel
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Ruppel
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Christian Lewin
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mariela J. Pavan
- Institute of Chemistry, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Volker S. Urban
- Biology and Soft
Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Roy Shenhar
- Institute of Chemistry, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Peter Bösecke
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043
Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Böker
- Macromolecular Materials
and Surfaces, RWTH Aachen University and DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V., Forckenbeckstraße
50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Anselmo AS, Dzwilewski A, Svensson K, Moons E. Molecular orientation and composition at the surface of spin-coated polyfluorene:Fullerene blend films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Watts B, Swaraj S, Nordlund D, Lüning J, Ade H. Calibrated NEXAFS spectra of common conjugated polymers. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024702. [PMID: 21241141 DOI: 10.1063/1.3506636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has evolved into a powerful characterization tool for polymeric materials and is increasingly being used to elucidate composition and orientation in thin films of relevance to organic electronic devices. For accurate quantitative compositional analysis, insight into the electronic structure and the ability to assess molecular orientation, reliable reference spectra with known energy resolution and calibrated energy scale are required. We report a set of such NEXAFS spectra from 23 semiconducting polymers and some related materials that are frequently used in organic device research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Watts
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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DeLongchamp DM, Kline RJ, Fischer DA, Richter LJ, Toney MF. Molecular characterization of organic electronic films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:319-37. [PMID: 20809510 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronics have emerged as a viable competitor to amorphous silicon for the active layer in low-cost electronics. The critical performance of organic electronic materials is closely related to their morphology and molecular packing. Unlike their inorganic counterparts, polymers combine complex repeat unit structure and crystalline disorder. This combination prevents any single technique from being able to uniquely solve the packing arrangement of the molecules. Here, a general methodology for combining multiple, complementary techniques that provide accurate unit cell dimensions and molecular orientation is described. The combination of measurements results in a nearly complete picture of the organic film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M DeLongchamp
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8541, USA.
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Salleo A, Kline RJ, DeLongchamp DM, Chabinyc ML. Microstructural characterization and charge transport in thin films of conjugated polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3812-3838. [PMID: 20607787 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The performance of semiconducting polymers has been steadily increasing in the last 20 years. Improved control over the microstructure of these materials and a deeper understanding of how the microstructure affects charge transport are partially responsible for such trend. The development and widespread use of techniques that allow to characterize the microstructure of semiconducting polymers is therefore instrumental for the advance of these materials. This article is a review of the characterization techniques that provide information used to enhance the understanding of structure/property relationships in semiconducting polymers. In particular, the applications of optical and X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning probe techniques in this context are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salleo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Yoon YS, Kang H, Kim BG, Lee JC. Liquid Crystal Alignment Properties of Poly-(3-thiopheneacetate)/Dialkyldimethylammonium Complexes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cheun H, Liu X, Himpsel FJ, Knaapila M, Scherf U, Torkkeli M, Winokur MJ. Polarized Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, NEXAFS, and GIXRD Measurements of Chain Alignment in Polyfluorene Thin Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702579r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Cheun
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - F. J. Himpsel
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Knaapila
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - U. Scherf
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Torkkeli
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. J. Winokur
- Department of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; MAX-lab, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Makromolekulare Chemie, Bergische Universität, D-42097, Wuppertal, Germany; and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Fl-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Kaznacheev K, Hegmann T. Molecular ordering in a biaxial smectic-A phase studied by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:1705-12. [PMID: 17396182 DOI: 10.1039/b616010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results of STXM investigations of a binary mixture (-TNF = 2 : 1; SmA(b) 140 M 180 Iso) known to form a SmA(b) phase [T. Hegmann, J. Kain, S. Diele, G. Pelzl and C. Tschierske, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2001, 40, 887] are presented. Near edge X-ray absorption fine spectra (NEXAFS) of the -TNF board-like aggregates, in particular the intensity of the low energy peaks associated with aromatic ring pi* orbitals (284.5-286.5 eV), show that the molecular plane of these aggregates is very sensitive to the relative orientation of electric field vector E of linearly polarized light, which is used to determine the molecular orientation in the LC phase. The observed strong in-plane dichroic signal suggests the predominant orientation of the -TNF aggregates to be along the smectic layer normal as well as long-range ordering of the in-plane molecular orientation (biaxiality). Orientational maps derived from series of measurements at different sample rotation angles around the specimen normal clearly show a Schlieren-type texture, and permit a detailed examination of exclusive +/-(1/2) disclination theoretically predicted for the SmA(b) phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kaznacheev
- Department of Physics & Engineering Physics and Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (SK), CanadaS7N 0X4.
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12
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Rendon S, Bubeck RA, Thomas LS, Burghardt WR, Hexemer A, Fischer DA. Interrogation of “surface,” “skin,” and “core” orientation in thermotropic liquid-crystalline copolyester moldings by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure and wide-angle X-ray scattering. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chi C, Lieser G, Enkelmann V, Wegner G. Packing and Uniaxial Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Oligofluorenes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jeng U, Hsu CH, Sheu HS, Lee HY, Inigo AR, Chiu HC, Fann WS, Chen SH, Su AC, Lin TL, Peng KY, Chen SA. Morphology and Charge Transport in Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2‘-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) Films. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma050367u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - C.-H. Hsu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - H.-S. Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - H.-Y. Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - A. R. Inigo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - H. C. Chiu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - W. S. Fann
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - S. H. Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - A. C. Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - T.-L. Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - K. Y. Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
| | - S. A. Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Physics and Institute of Polymer Sciences and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua
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