1
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Amano M, Uchiyama M, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Sulfur-Free Radical RAFT Polymerization of Methacrylates in Homogeneous Solution: Design of exo-Olefin Chain-Transfer Agents (R-CH 2 C(=CH 2 )Z). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212633. [PMID: 36250802 PMCID: PMC10099145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the development of exo-olefin compounds (R-CH2 C(=CH2 )Z) as chain-transfer agents for the sulfur-free reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization of methacrylates in homogeneous solution is described. A series of exo-olefin compounds with a methyl methacrylate (MMA) dimer structure as the R group and a substituted α-methylstyrene unit as the -CH2 C(=CH2 )Z (Z: Ph-Y) group were synthesized and used for the radical polymerization of MMA in toluene and PhC(CF3 )2 OH. These compounds underwent transfer of the CH2 C(=CH2 )Z group via addition-fragmentation of the propagating methacryloyl radical. More electron-donating (Y) substituents, such as methoxy and dimethylamino groups, produced polymers with narrower molecular weight distributions. A continuous monomer addition method further improved molecular weight control and enabled the synthesis of colorless, sulfur-free, multiblock copolymers of methacrylates in homogeneous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Amano
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mineto Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kotaro Satoh
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H120 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masami Kamigaito
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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2
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Baffie F, Patias G, Shegiwal A, Brunel F, Monteil V, Verrieux L, Perrin L, Haddleton DM, D'Agosto F. Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene and Methacrylates Using a Combination of Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerisation (CCTP) and Radical Polymerisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25356-25364. [PMID: 34546635 PMCID: PMC9298203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two scalable polymerisation methods are used in combination for the synthesis of ethylene and methacrylate block copolymers. ω-Unsaturated methacrylic oligomers (MMAn ) produced by catalytic chain transfer (co)polymerisation (CCTP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) are used as reagents in the radical polymerisation of ethylene (E) in dimethyl carbonate solvent under relatively mild conditions (80 bar, 70 °C). Kinetic measurements and analyses of the produced copolymers by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques indicate that MMAn is involved in a degradative chain transfer process resulting in the formation of (MMA)n -b-PE block copolymers. Molecular modelling performed by DFT supports the overall reactivity scheme and observed selectivities. The effect of MMAn molar mass and composition is also studied. The block copolymers were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and their bulk behaviour studied by SAXS/WAXS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baffie
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
| | - Georgios Patias
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Fabrice Brunel
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
| | - Ludmilla Verrieux
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David M Haddleton
- University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Équipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, CEDEX, France
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3
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Baffie F, Patias G, Shegiwal A, Brunel F, Monteil V, Verrieux L, Perrin L, Haddleton DM, D'Agosto F. Block Copolymers Based on Ethylene and Methacrylates Using a Combination of Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerisation (CCTP) and Radical Polymerisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Baffie
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Georgios Patias
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Ataulla Shegiwal
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Fabrice Brunel
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Vincent Monteil
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
| | - Ludmilla Verrieux
- Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon INSA-Lyon CNRS UMR 5246 ICBMS 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Université de Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CPE Lyon INSA-Lyon CNRS UMR 5246 ICBMS 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - David M. Haddleton
- University of Warwick Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5128 Laboratoire CP2M Équipe PCM 69616 Villeurbanne, CEDEX France
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4
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Hutchins-Crawford HJ, Ninjiaranai P, Derry MJ, Molloy R, Tighe BJ, Topham PD. Bromoform-assisted aqueous free radical polymerisation: a simple, inexpensive route for the preparation of block copolymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of ‘uncontrolled’ commercially-relevant block copolymers by metal- and sulfur-free, bromoform-assisted polymerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padarat Ninjiaranai
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Robert Molloy
- Materials Science Research Center
- Faculty of Science
- Chiang Mai University
- Chiang Mai 50200
- Thailand
| | - Brian J. Tighe
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research
- Aston University
- Birmingham
- UK
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5
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Patias G, Wemyss AM, Efstathiou S, Town JS, Atkins CJ, Shegiwal A, Whitfield R, Haddleton DM. Controlled synthesis of methacrylate and acrylate diblock copolymers via end-capping using CCTP and FRP. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a method for preparing acrylic-methacrylic diblock copolymers via end-capping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James S. Town
- University of Warwick
- Department of Chemistry
- Coventry
- UK
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6
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Engelis NG, Anastasaki A, Whitfield R, Jones GR, Liarou E, Nikolaou V, Nurumbetov G, Haddleton DM. Sequence-Controlled Methacrylic Multiblock Copolymers: Expanding the Scope of Sulfur-Free RAFT. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G. Engelis
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Evelina Liarou
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabit Nurumbetov
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Chemistry Department, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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7
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Chang JJ, Xiao L, Wang CG, Niino H, Chatani S, Goto A. Use of poly(methyl methacrylate) with an unsaturated chain end as a macroinitiator precursor in organocatalyzed living radical block polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PMMA–PBA block copolymers were synthesized through a one-pot AFCT and organocatalyzed LRP from a PMMA containing an unsaturated chain end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jie Chang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Longqiang Xiao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
| | - Hiroshi Niino
- Otake R&D Center
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation
- Otake
- Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- 637371 Singapore
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8
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Lotierzo A, Schofield RM, Bon SAF. Toward Sulfur-Free RAFT Polymerization Induced Self-Assembly. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1438-1443. [PMID: 35650808 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) using methacrylate-based macromonomers as RAFT agents is an unexplored, attractive route to make self-assembled colloidal objects. The use of this class of RAFT-agents in heterogeneous polymerizations is however not trivial, because of their inherent low reactivity. In this work we demonstrate that two obstacles need to be overcome, one being control of chain-growth (propagation), the other monomer partitioning. Batch dispersion polymerizations of hydroxypropyl methacrylate in the presence of poly(glycerol methacrylate) macromonomers in water showed limited control of chain-growth. Semicontinuous experiments whereby monomer was fed improved results only to some extent. Control of propagation is essential for PISA to allow for dynamic rearrangement of colloidal structures. We tackled the problem of monomer partitioning (caused by uncontrolled particle nucleation) by starting the polymerization with an amphiphilic thermoresponsive diblock copolymer, already "phase-separated" from solution. TEM analysis showed that PISA was successful and that different particle morphologies were obtained throughout the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lotierzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A. F. Bon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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9
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Shah PK, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Application of an Addition-Fragmentation-Chain Transfer Monomer in Di(meth)acrylate Network Formation to Reduce Polymerization Shrinkage Stress. Polym Chem 2017; 8:4339-4351. [PMID: 29104618 PMCID: PMC5665588 DOI: 10.1039/c7py00702g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new addition-fragmentation chain transfer (AFT) capable moiety was incorporated into a dimethacrylate monomer that participated readily in network formation by copolymerizing with multifunctional methacrylates or acrylates. The process of AFT occurred simultaneously with photopolymerization of the AFT monomer (AFM) and other (meth)acrylate monomers leading to polymer stress relaxation via network reconfiguration. At low loading levels of the AFM, a significant reduction in shrinkage stress, especially for acrylate monomers, was observed with nominal effects on conversion. At higher loading levels of the AFM, the photopolymerization reaction kinetics and final double bond conversion were significantly lowered along with a delay in the gel-point conversion. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies during polymerization revealed the presence of a distinct radical species that was present in proportional quantities to the AFM content in the system. The lifetime and the character of the persistent radicals were altered due to the presence of the distinctive radical, in turn affecting the polymerization kinetics. With polymerization conducted at higher irradiance, the differential conversion between the control resin and samples with moderate AFM content was minimal, especially for the methacrylate-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag K Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder
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10
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Zhou D, Kuchel RP, Zetterlund PB. A new paradigm in polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA): Exploitation of “non-living” addition–fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is conducted based on “non-living” radical dispersion polymerization in the form of addition–fragmentation chain transfer (AFCT) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewen Zhou
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Rhiannon P. Kuchel
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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11
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Nurumbetov G, Engelis N, Godfrey J, Hand R, Anastasaki A, Simula A, Nikolaou V, Haddleton DM. Methacrylic block copolymers by sulfur free RAFT (SF RAFT) free radical emulsion polymerisation. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py02038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of sulfur free reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation (RAFT) as a versatile tool for the controlled synthesis of methacrylic block and comb-like copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel Hand
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | | | | | - David M. Haddleton
- University of Warwick
- Chemistry Department
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
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12
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Engelis NG, Anastasaki A, Nurumbetov G, Truong NP, Nikolaou V, Shegiwal A, Whittaker MR, Davis TP, Haddleton DM. Sequence-controlled methacrylic multiblock copolymers via sulfur-free RAFT emulsion polymerization. Nat Chem 2016; 9:171-178. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Ligon-Auer SC, Schwentenwein M, Gorsche C, Stampfl J, Liska R. Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: a review. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys relevant scientific papers and patents on the development of crosslinked epoxies and also photo-curable polymers based on multifunctional acrylates with improved toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon-Auer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
| | | | - Christian Gorsche
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- Vienna
- Austria
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Digital and Restorative Dentistry
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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15
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Gorsche C, Griesser M, Gescheidt G, Moszner N, Liska R. β-Allyl Sulfones as Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Reagents: A Tool for Adjusting Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Dimethacrylate Networks. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gorsche
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory
for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Griesser
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory
for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Moszner
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory
for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Ivoclar Vivadent
AG, 9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt
9/163 MC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory
for Photopolymers in Digital and Restorative Dentistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Teo VL, Davis BJ, Tsarevsky NV, Zetterlund PB. Successful Miniemulsion ATRP Using an Anionic Surfactant: Minimization of Deactivator Loss by Addition of a Halide Salt. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501379q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Teo
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brad J. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery at
Dedman College, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Nicolay V. Tsarevsky
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery at
Dedman College, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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17
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Fundamentals of RAFT Polymerization. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROLLED/LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737425-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter sets out to describe the fundamental aspects of radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization). Following a description of the mechanism we describe aspects of the kinetics of RAFT polymerization, how to select a RAFT agent to achieve optimal control over polymer molecular weight, composition and architecture, and how to avoid side reactions which might lead to retardation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering Bayview Ave, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
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18
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Chen M, Moad G, Rizzardo E. A Potential New RAFT - Click Reaction or a Cautionary Note on the Use of Diazomethane to Methylate RAFT-synthesized Polymers. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that diazomethane undergoes a facile 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with both dithiobenzoate RAFT agents and the dithiobenzoate end‐groups of polymers formed by RAFT polymerization. Thus, 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate on treatment with diazomethane at room temperature provided a mixture of stereoisomeric 1,3‐dithiolanes in near quantitative (>95%) yield. A low‐molecular‐weight RAFT‐synthesized poly(methyl methacrylate) with dithiobenzoate end‐groups underwent similar reaction as indicated by immediate decolourization and a quantitative doubling of molecular weight. Higher‐molecular‐weight poly(methyl methacrylate)s were also rapidly decolourized by diazomethane and provided a product with a bimodal molecular weight distribution. Under similar conditions, the trithiocarbonate group does not react with diazomethane.
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19
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. End-functional polymers, thiocarbonylthio group removal/transformation and reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Palaskar DV, Sane PS, Wadgaonkar PP. A new ATRP initiator for synthesis of cyclic carbonate-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate). REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Harrisson S, Ercole F, Muir BW. Living spontaneous gradient copolymers of acrylic acid and styrene: one-pot synthesis of pH-responsive amphiphiles. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00301k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Yamago S, Kayahara E, Yamada H. Synthesis of structurally well-controlled ω-vinylidene functionalized poly(alkyl methacrylate)s and polymethacrylonitrile by organotellurium, organostibine, and organobismuthine-mediated living radical polymerizations. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Erlandsson M, Karimi F, Lindhe Ö, Långström B. 18F-Labelled metomidate analogues as adrenocortical imaging agents. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:435-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chong YK, Moad G, Rizzardo E, Skidmore MA, Thang SH. Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in the Presence of Lewis Acids: An Approach to Stereocontrolled Living Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071100t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen K. Chong
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168
| | - Melissa A. Skidmore
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168
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Lovestead TM, Hart-Smith G, Davis TP, Stenzel MH, Barner-Kowollik C. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Investigation of Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Mediated Acrylate Polymerizations Initiated via 60Co γ-Irradiation: Mapping Reaction Pathways. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0701484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Lovestead
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gene Hart-Smith
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Yamada B, Zetterlund PB, Sato E. Utility of propenyl groups in free radical polymerization: Effects of steric hindrance on formation and reaction behavior as versatile intermediates. Prog Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Angiolini L, Benelli T, Giorgini L, Salatelli E. Synthesis of optically active methacrylic oligomeric models and polymers bearing the side-chain azo-aromatic moiety and dependence of their chiroptical properties on the polymerization degree. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Telechelic Oligomers and Macromonomers by Radical Techniques. OLIGOMERS # POLYMER COMPOSITES # MOLECULAR IMPRINTING 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2006_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Postma A, Davis TP, Moad G, O’Shea MS. Approaches to phthalimido and amino end-functional polystyrene by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McHale R, Aldabbagh F, Carroll WM, Yamada B. Efficient Synthesis and Copolymerization of Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(acrylic ester) Macromonomers: Manipulation of Steric Factors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chiefari J, Jeffery J, Krstina J, Moad CL, Moad G, Postma A, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Binary Copolymerization with Catalytic Chain Transfer. A Method for Synthesizing Macromonomers Based on Monosubstituted Monomers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0501949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Chiefari
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Justine Jeffery
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Julia Krstina
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Catherine L. Moad
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Ezio Rizzardo
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - San H. Thang
- CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds [ZC(=S)SR] by a mechanism of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Since we first introduced the technique in 1998, the number of papers and patents on the RAFT process has increased exponentially as the technique has proved to be one of the most versatile for the provision of polymers of well defined architecture. The factors influencing the effectiveness of RAFT agents and outcome of RAFT polymerization are detailed. With this insight, guidelines are presented on how to conduct RAFT and choose RAFT agents to achieve particular structures. A survey is provided of the current scope and applications of the RAFT process in the synthesis of well defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers, as well as more complex architectures including microgels and polymer brushes.
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Perrier S, Takolpuckdee P. Macromolecular design via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 999] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Miyake K, Zetterlund PB, Yamada B. Chain Transfer and Efficiency of End-Group Introduction in Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in the Presence of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Macromonomer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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