1
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Flynn S, Penrhyn-Lowe OB, Mckeating S, Wright S, Lomas S, Cassin SR, Chambon P, Rannard SP. Using temperature to modify the reaction conditions and outcomes of polymers formed using transfer-dominated branching radical telomerisation (TBRT). RSC Adv 2022; 12:31424-31431. [PMID: 36349025 PMCID: PMC9627727 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer-dominated Branching Radical Telomerisation (TBRT) enables the production of branched polymers with step-growth backbones using radical telomerisation chemistry. By conducting identical TBRTs over a broad temperature range, the role of temperature in telomer formation and branching has been evaluated. Elevated temperature limits telomer length, thereby allowing a >10% reduction in the amount of telogen required to produce near identical high molecular weight branched polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Oliver B Penrhyn-Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Samuel Mckeating
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Stephen Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Sarah Lomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Savannah R Cassin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK .,Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
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2
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Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Du Y, Jiang L, Huang W, Xue X, Yang H, Jiang B. Branched polymers through redox emulsion polymerization using peroxide monomer as the branching agent. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yuanliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Qimin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yongzhuang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Li Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
- Changzhou University Huaide College Jingjiang China
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3
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Plüschke L, Ndiripo A, Mundil R, Merna J, Pasch H, Lederer A. Fractionation of chain walking polyethylene and elucidation of branching, conformation and molar mass distributions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1840865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Plüschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert Mundil
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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4
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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5
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Kinetics of RAFT polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl monomers by size exclusion chromatography. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Cassin SR, Chambon P, Rannard SP. Hyperbranched polymers with step-growth chemistries from transfer-dominated branching radical telomerisation (TBRT) of divinyl monomers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The commercially relevant synthesis of novel materials with step-growth backbones has been achieved by applying conventional chemistries to the radical telomerisation of divinyl monomers leading to high molecular weight branched polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R. Cassin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- UK
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- UK
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
| | - Steve P. Rannard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- UK
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
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7
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Muza UL, Pasch H. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation with Quintuple Detection for the Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Polymers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6926-6933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upenyu L. Muza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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8
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Flynn S, Dale SD, Dwyer AB, Chambon P, Rannard SP. In situ
xanthate deprotection to generate thiol chain transfer agents for conventional free radical linear and branched vinyl polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Flynn
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool, Crown Street; Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Simon D. Dale
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool, Crown Street; Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Dwyer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool, Crown Street; Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool, Crown Street; Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Steve P. Rannard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Liverpool, Crown Street; Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
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9
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Huang W, Gu W, Yang H, Xue X, Jiang B, Zhang D, Fang J, Chen J, Yang Y, Guo J. Preparation and Properties of Branched Polystyrene through Radical Suspension Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E14. [PMID: 30970692 PMCID: PMC6432501 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical solvent-free suspension polymerization of styrene with 3-mercapto hexyl-methacrylate (MHM) as the branching monomer has been carried out using 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator to prepare branched polymer beads of high purity. The molecular weight and branching structure of the polymers have been characterized by triple detection size exclusion chromatography (TD-SEC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The glass transition temperature and rheological properties have been measured by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rotational rheometry. At mole ratios of MHM to AIBN less than 1.0, gelation was successfully avoided and branched polystyrene beads were prepared in the absence of any solvent. Branched polystyrene has a relatively higher molecular weight and narrower polydispersity (Mw.MALLS = 1,036,000 g·mol-1, Mw/Mn = 7.76) than those obtained in solution polymerization. Compared with their linear analogues, lower glass transition temperature and decreased chain entanglement were observed in the presently obtained branched polystyrene because of the effects of branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Weikai Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jianbo Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jianhai Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jinlong Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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10
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Yang H, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Huang W, Xue X, Jiang B. Synthesis of highly branched polymers by reversible complexation-mediated copolymerization of vinyl and divinyl monomers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the reversible complexation-mediated copolymerization (RCMcP) of vinyl and divinyl monomers for the synthesis of highly branched polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Zhongrui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Yulei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
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11
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Svedlund FL, Altiok EI, Healy KE. Branching Analysis of Multivalent Conjugates Using Size Exclusion Chromatography-Multiangle Light Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3162-3171. [PMID: 27548567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent conjugates (MVCs) (conjugation of multiple proteins to a linear polymer chain) are powerful for improving the bioactivity and pharmacokinetics of a bioactive molecule. Since this effect is highly dependent upon the valency of the conjugated proteins, it is imperative to have a technique for analysis of the conjugation ratio. Studies of MVCs have used size exclusion chromatography-multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS), which allows for the separate and individual analysis of the protein and biopolymer components based on their specific refractive index increment and UV extinction coefficient constants to determine the number of proteins bound per biopolymer molecule. In this work, we have applied traditional branching analysis to the SEC-MALS data, with the primary assumption that the polymer backbone can be used as the linear counterpart. We demonstrated good agreement between the branching values and the valency determined by traditional analysis, demonstrating that branching analysis can be used as an alternative technique to approximate the valency of MVCs. The branching analysis method also provides a more complete picture of the distribution of the measured values, provides important branching information about the molecules, and lowers the cost and complexity of the characterization. However, since MVC molecules are both conjugate molecules and branched molecules, the most powerful approach to their characterization would be to use both traditional multivalent conjugate analysis and branching analysis in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia L Svedlund
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and §Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eda I Altiok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and §Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and §Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Ding X, Gao J, Awada H, Wang Y. Dual physical dynamic bond-based injectable and biodegradable hydrogel for tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1175-1185. [PMID: 32263010 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biodegradable and injectable hydrogel was designed using dual physical dynamic bonds based on host-guest chemistry and electrostatic interactions to build up the network structure. The material was synthesized by simultaneously coupling mono-carboxylic acid terminated poly(ethylene glycol) and arginine to poly(ethylene aspartate diglyceride) to yield a mPEG-grafted poly(ethylene argininylaspartate diglyceride) (mPEG-g-PEAD). When mixing this polymer with α-cyclodextrin and a natural polyanion (heparin), the supramolecular network was formed in a quick gelation with shear thinning properties. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using primary baboon arterial smooth muscle cells (BaSMCs) and the results showed that cell membrane integrity, viability and metabolism were not compromised by this synthetic polycation at concentrations as high as 10 mg mL-1, a 1000-fold lower toxicity than commercial PEI. The in vitro biocompatibility of the as-made hydrogel was also evaluated using BaSMCs. Neither the hydrogel nor the hydrogel components altered cell behavior in the assays. Fibroblast growth factor 2 was incorporated into the hydrogel and sustainably released at a nearly stable rate up to 16 days without initial burst release, suggesting potential applications in wound healing and ischemic tissue regeneration, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Ding
- Department of Bioengineering and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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13
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Yang H, Bai T, Xue X, Huang W, Chen J, Qian X, Zhang G, Jiang B. A simple route to vinyl-functionalized hyperbranched polymers: Self-condensing anionic copolymerization of allyl methacrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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15
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Yang H, Bai T, Xue X, Huang W, Chen J, Qian X, Zhang G, Jiang B. A versatile strategy for synthesis of hyperbranched polymers with commercially available methacrylate inimer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reported a facile strategy to synthesize hyperbranched polymers by simply using a commercially available hydroxyl-substituted methacrylate, which can be applied to not only the SCVP of vinyl monomers, but also to the SCROP of cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Tao Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Xiaolei Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China 510640
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials Surface Science and Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
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16
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Jiang Q, Huang W, Yang H, Xue X, Jiang B, Zhang D, Fang J, Chen J, Yang Y, Zhai G, Kong L, Guo J. Radical emulsion polymerization with chain transfer monomer: an approach to branched vinyl polymers with high molecular weight and relatively narrow polydispersity. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Bao Y, Shen G, Liu X, Li Y. RAFT polymerization of a novel allene-derived asymmetrical divinyl monomer: A facile strategy to alkene-functionalized hyperbranched vinyl polymers with high degrees of branching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youmei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Branch; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Guorong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Branch; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Material and Processes of Ministry of Education; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
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19
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Yang H, Xu J, Pispas S, Zhang G. One-step synthesis of hyperbranched biodegradable polymer. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23422c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Hu R, Lam JWY, Yu Y, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Yuen MMF, Tang BZ. Facile synthesis of soluble nonlinear polymers with glycogen-like structures and functional properties from “simple” acrylic monomers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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STUDIES ON THE BRANCHING STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS USING DIVINYL MONOMERS AS THE BRANCHING AGENT. ACTA POLYM SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.11356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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ZHENG Y, XUE X, HUANG W, ZHU J, JIANG B. SYNTHESIS OF BRANCHED POLY(METHYL ACRYLATE) VIA SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSFER LIVING RADICAL POLYMERIZATION. ACTA POLYM SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.11195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Jiang L, Huang W, Xue X, Yang H, Jiang B, Zhang D, Fang J, Chen J, Yang Y, Zhai G, Kong L, Wang S. Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Chain Transfer Monomer: An Approach to Branched Vinyl Polymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Bibiao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianbo Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guangqun Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lizhi Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Popescu DL, Tsarevsky NV. Multibrominated Hyperbranched Polymers: Synthesis and Further Functionalizations by ARGET ATRP or Click Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:869-75. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McEwan KA, Haddleton DM. Combining catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (CCTP) and thio-Michael addition: enabling the synthesis of peripherally functionalised branched polymers. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of branched polymers and polysaccharides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1413-23. [PMID: 20967430 PMCID: PMC3026666 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Branched polymers are among the most important polymers, ranging from polyolefins to polysaccharides. Branching plays a key role in the chain dynamics. It is thus very important for application properties such as mechanical and adhesive properties and digestibility. It also plays a key role in viscous properties, and thus in the mechanism of the separation of these polymers in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Critically reviewing the literature, particularly on SEC of polyolefins, polyacrylates and starch, we discuss common pitfalls but also highlight some unexplored possibilities to characterize branched polymers. The presence of a few long-chain branches has been shown to lead to a poor separation in SEC, as evidenced by multiple-detection SEC or multidimensional liquid chromatography. The local dispersity can be large in that case, and the accuracy of molecular weight determination achieved by current methods is poor, although hydrodynamic volume distributions offer alternatives. In contrast, highly branched polymers do not suffer from this extensive incomplete separation in terms of molecular weight. Representation of (a) a linear polymer chain and various branched polymer structures with (b) longchain branches (amylose-like), (c) short-chain branches (amylopectin-like), (d) both short-chain and long-chain branches (polyacrylate- or polyethylene-like). ![]()
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Huang W, Zheng Y, Jiang B, Zhang D, Chen J, Yang Y, Liu C, Zhai G, Kong L, Gong F. Studies on the Atom Transfer Radical Branching Copolymerization of Styrene and Acrylonitrile with Divinyl Benzene as the Branching Agent. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wenyan H, Huili P, Bibiao J, Qiang R, Guangqun Z, Lizhi K, Dongliang Z, Jianhai C. Preparation of heat-resistant branched poly(styrene-alt-NPMI) by ATRP with divinylbenzene as the branching agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu XH, Bao YM, Tang XL, Li YS. Synthesis of hyperbranched polymers via a facile self-condensing vinyl polymerization system – Glycidyl methacrylate/Cp2TiCl2/Zn. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rosselgong J, Armes SP, Barton WRS, Price D. Synthesis of Branched Methacrylic Copolymers: Comparison between RAFT and ATRP and Effect of Varying the Monomer Concentration. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902757z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu XH, Dong ZM, Tang XL, Li YS. Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polymers via Cp2TiCl-catalyzed self-condensing vinyl polymerization using glycidyl methacrylate as inimer. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chisholm M, Hudson N, Kirtley N, Vilela F, Sherrington DC. Application of the “Strathclyde Route” to Branched Vinyl Polymers in Suspension Polymerization: Architectural, Thermal, and Rheological Characterization of the Derived Branched Products. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901081v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chisholm
- Lucite International, Wilton Center, Wilton TS10 4RF Redcar, England, U.K
| | - Nicholas Hudson
- Westchem Graduate School of Chemistry, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Neil Kirtley
- Lucite International, Wilton Center, Wilton TS10 4RF Redcar, England, U.K
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Westchem Graduate School of Chemistry, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - David C. Sherrington
- Westchem Graduate School of Chemistry, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
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Yang HJ, Jiang BB, Huang WY, Zhang DL, Kong LZ, Chen JH, Liu CL, Gong FH, Yu Q, Yang Y. Development of Branching in Atom Transfer Radical Copolymerization of Styrene with Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Bi-Biao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wen-Yan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dong-Liang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Li-Zhi Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jian-Hai Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chun-Lin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Fang-Hong Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Polytechnic University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Dong ZM, Liu XH, Tang XL, Li YS. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers with Pendent Norbornene Functionalities via RAFT Polymerization of a Novel Asymmetrical Divinyl Monomer. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9005796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-min Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiao-hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | | | - Yue-sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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Lin Y, Gao JW, Liu HW, Li YS. Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Poly(ether amide)s with Thermoresponsive Property and Unexpected Strong Blue Photoluminescence. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802353f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, Changchun Branch, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, Changchun Branch, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - He-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, Changchun Branch, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, Changchun Branch, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Besenius P, Slavin S, Vilela F, Sherrington DC. Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble densely branched glycopolymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Dong ZM, Liu XH, Lin Y, Li YS. Branched polystyrene with abundant pendant vinyl functional groups from asymmetric divinyl monomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lin Y, Liu X, Dong Z, Li B, Chen X, Li YS. Amphiphilic Core−Shell Nanocarriers Based On Hyperbranched Poly(ester amide)-star-PCL: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential as Efficient Phase Transfer Agent. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2629-36. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongmin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Baixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch, Changchun 130022, China
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Camerlynck S, Cormack PAG, Sherrington DC, Saunders G. Control of Branching Vs. Cross‐Linking in Conventional Free Radical Copolymerization of MMA and EGDMA Using CoBF as a Catalytic Chain Transfer Agent. J MACROMOL SCI B 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340500324464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Camerlynck
- a Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, UK
| | - P. A. G. Cormack
- a Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, UK
| | - D. C. Sherrington
- a Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, UK
| | - G. Saunders
- b Polymer Laboratories Limited , Shropshire, UK
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Mourey TH, Leon JW, Bennett JR, Bryan TG, Slater LA, Balke ST. Characterizing property distributions of polymeric nanogels by size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1146:51-60. [PMID: 17307193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanogels are highly branched, swellable polymer structures with average diameters between 1 and 100nm. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) fractionates materials in this size range, and it is commonly used to measure nanogel molar mass distributions. For many nanogel applications, it may be more important to calculate the particle size distribution from the SEC data than it is to calculate the molar mass distribution. Other useful nanogel property distributions include particle shape, area, and volume, as well as polymer volume fraction per particle. All can be obtained from multi-detector SEC data with proper calibration and data analysis methods. This work develops the basic equations for calculating several of these differential and cumulative property distributions and applies them to SEC data from the analysis of polymeric nanogels. The methods are analogous to those used to calculate the more familiar SEC molar mass distributions. Calibration methods and characteristics of the distributions are discussed, and the effects of detector noise and mismatched concentration and molar mass sensitive detector signals are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Mourey
- Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY 14650-2136, USA.
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Lin Y, Dong ZM, Liu XH, Li YS. Facile synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched poly(ether amide)s generated from Michael addition polymerization ofin situ created AB2 monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Bouhier MH, Cormack PAG, Graham S, Sherrington DC. Synthesis of densely branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s via ATR copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Camerlynck S, Cormack PA, Sherrington DC. Synthesis of branched polystyrenes via cationic polymerisation. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Lin Y, Liu X, Li X, Zhan J, Li Y. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mediated radical polymerization of asymmetrical divinyl monomers targeting hyperbranched vinyl polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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