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Li M, Jing X, Xia J, Tian Q, Zhang Q, Wang B, Qin A, Zhong Tang B. Water-Involved Carbon-Nitrogen Triple-Bond Monomer Based Polymerization toward Processable Functional Polyamides under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410846. [PMID: 39106196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyamide plays a pivotal role in engineering thermoplastics. Constrained by the harsh conditions and arduous procedures for its industrial synthesis, developing facile synthesis of polyamides is still challengeable and holds profound significance. Herein, we successfully utilized water as one of the monomers to synthesize functional polyamides under ambient conditions. A powerful multicomponent polymerization of water, isocyanides, and chlorooximes was established in phosphate-buffered saline. Soluble and thermally stable polyamides with high weight-average molecular weights (up to 53 900) were obtained in excellent yields (up to 95 %). The polymerization exhibits unique polymerization-induced emission characteristics, successfully converting non-emissive monomers into unconventional emissive polymers. Notably, the resultant polyamides could undergo effective post-modification via the hydroxyl-yne click reaction. By incorporating various functional groups into the polyamide, its emission color could be fine-tuned from blue to green and to red. Remarkably, the refractive index (n) of the polyamide at 589 nm could be increased from 1.6173 to 1.7227 and the Δn could be unprecedentedly as high as 0.1054 for non-heavy atom-containing polymers after post-modification, and its micron-thick films exhibited excellent transparency in the visible region. Thus, this work not only establishes a powerful polymerization toward novel polyamides but also opens up an avenue for their versatile functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiehui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, (CUHK-Shenzhen), 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Krovi SA, Moreno Caffaro MM, Aravamudhan S, Mortensen NP, Johnson LM. Fabrication of Nylon-6 and Nylon-11 Nanoplastics and Evaluation in Mammalian Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2699. [PMID: 35957130 PMCID: PMC9370135 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) exist in certain environments, beverages, and food products. However, the ultimate risk and consequences of MPs and NPs on human health remain largely unknown. Studies involving the biological effects of small-scale plastics have predominantly used commercially available polystyrene beads, which cannot represent the breadth of globally dominant plastics. Nylon is a commodity plastic that is used across various industry sectors with substantial global production. Here, a series of well-characterized nylon-11 and nylon-6 NPs were successfully fabricated with size distributions of approximately 100 nm and 500 nm, respectively. The facile fabrication steps enabled the incorporation of fluorescent tracers in these NPs to aid the intracellular tracking of particles. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to nylon NPs in a dose-dependent manner and cytotoxic concentrations and cellular uptake were determined. These well-characterized nylon NPs support future steps to assess how the composition and physicochemical properties may affect complex biological systems and ultimately human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Archana Krovi
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Ninell P. Mortensen
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leah M. Johnson
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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3
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Semperger OV, Osváth Z, Pásztor S, Suplicz A. The effect of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the morphology and degradation of polyamide 6 prepared by anionic ring‐opening polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Viktória Semperger
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsófia Osváth
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Pásztor
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - András Suplicz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
- MTA‐BME Lendület Lightweight Polymer Composites Research Group Budapest Hungary
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4
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Caldwell J, Taladriz-Blanco P, Lehner R, Lubskyy A, Ortuso RD, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. The micro-, submicron-, and nanoplastic hunt: A review of detection methods for plastic particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133514. [PMID: 35016963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic particle pollution has been shown to be almost completely ubiquitous within our surrounding environment. This ubiquity in combination with a variety of unique properties (e.g. density, hydrophobicity, surface functionalization, particle shape and size, transition temperatures, and mechanical properties) and the ever-increasing levels of plastic production and use has begun to garner heightened levels of interest within the scientific community. However, as a result of these properties, plastic particles are often reported to be challenging to study in complex (i.e. real) environments. Therefore, this review aims to summarize research generated on multiple facets of the micro- and nanoplastics field; ranging from size and shape definitions to detection and characterization techniques to generating reference particles; in order to provide a more complete understanding of the current strategies for the analysis of plastic particles. This information is then used to provide generalized recommendations for researchers to consider as they attempt to study plastics in analytically complex environments; including method validation using reference particles obtained via the presented creation methods, encouraging efforts towards method standardization through the reporting of all technical details utilized in a study, and providing analytical pathway recommendations depending upon the exact knowledge desired and samples being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Caldwell
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Taladriz-Blanco
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Water Quality Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), A v. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Roman Lehner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Sail & Explore Association, Kramgasse 18, 3011, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andriy Lubskyy
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Diego Ortuso
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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5
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Lian J, Chen J, Luan S, Liu W, Zong B, Tao Y, Wang X. Organocatalytic Copolymerization of Cyclic Lysine Derivative and ε-Caprolactam toward Antibacterial Nylon-6 Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:46-52. [PMID: 35574805 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional polymers of nylon-6, particularly those with sustained antibacterial functions, have many practical applications. However, the development of functional ε-caprolactam monomers for the subsequent ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) formation of these materials remains a challenge. Here we report a t-BuP4-mediated ROCOP of dimethyl-protected cyclic lysine with ε-caprolactam, followed by quaternization, affording antibacterial nylon-6 polymers bearing quaternary ammonium functionality with high molecular weight (up to 77.4 kDa). The antibacterial nylon-6 polymers exhibited good physical and mechanical properties and strong antimicrobial activities. At 25 mol % quaternary ammonium group incorporation, the nylon-6 polymer demonstrated complete killing of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). The results from this study may provide a strategy for the facile preparation of antibacterial nylon-6 polymers to addressing the public health and safety challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lian
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of catalytic Material and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoning Zong
- State Key Laboratory of catalytic Material and Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Petroleum Progressing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youhua Tao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Zia A, Pentzer E, Thickett S, Kempe K. Advances and Opportunities of Oil-in-Oil Emulsions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38845-38861. [PMID: 32805925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids in which droplets of one are dispersed in a continuous phase of the other. The most common emulsions are oil-water systems, which have found widespread use across a number of industries, for example, in the cosmetic and food industries, and are also of advanced scientific interest. In addition, the past decade has seen a significant increase in both the design and application of nonaqueous emulsions. This has been primarily driven by developments in understanding the mechanism of effective stabilization of oil-in-oil (o/o) systems, either using block copolymers (BCPs) or solid (Pickering) particles with appropriate surface functionality. These systems, as highlighted in this review, have enabled emergent applications in areas such as pharmaceutical delivery, energy storage, and materials design (e.g., polymerization, monolith, and porous polymer synthesis). These o/o emulsions complement traditional emulsions that utilize an aqueous phase and allow the use of materials incompatible with water. We assess recent advances in the preparation and stabilization of o/o emulsions, focusing on the identity of the stabilizer (BCP or particle), the interplay between stabilizer and oils, and highlighting applications and opportunities associated with o/o emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadarash Zia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Stuart Thickett
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology and Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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7
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Ding W, Zhou Y, Wang W, Wang J. The reactive compatibilization of montmorillonite for immiscible anionic polyamide 6/polystyrene blends via in situ polymerization. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1708101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- Shanghai Volkswagen Ningbo Branch., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jikui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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8
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Agner T, Zimermann A, Machado F, Silveira Neto BAD, Araújo PHHD, Sayer C. Thermal performance of nanoencapsulated phase change material in high molecular weight polystyrene. POLIMEROS 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Zhang N, Zhao X, Fu X, Zhao D, Yang G. Preparation and Characterization of Polyamide‐6/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Microspheres. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xingke Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringHefei University Hefei 230009 China
| | - Xubing Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dajiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, China
| | - Guisheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, China
- Hefei Genius Advanced Material Co., Ltd Hefei 230009 China
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10
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Kausar A. Trends in graphene reinforced polyamide nanocomposite for functional application: a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2018.1563115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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Alves RC, Agner T, Rodrigues TS, Machado F, Neto BA, da Costa C, de Araújo PH, Sayer C. Cationic miniemulsion polymerization of styrene mediated by imidazolium based ionic liquid. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Wang W, Ying J, Wang J. The reactive compatibilization effect of copolymer macroactivator for immiscible anionic polyamide 6/polystyrene blends via in situ
polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ying
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jikui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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13
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Ageyeva T, Sibikin I, Karger-Kocsis J. Polymers and Related Composites via Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactams: Recent Developments and Future Trends. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E357. [PMID: 30966392 PMCID: PMC6414955 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of polymers and related (nano)composites produced via anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) of lactams. It was aimed at surveying and showing the important research and development results achieved in this field mostly over the last two decades. This review covers the chemical background of the AROP of lactams, their homopolymers, copolymers, and in situ produced blends. The composites produced by AROP were grouped into nanocomposites, discontinuous fiber, continuous fiber, textile fabric, and self-reinforced composites. The manufacturing techniques were introduced and the most recent developments highlighted. Based on this state-of-art survey some future trends were deduced and as their "driving forces" novel and improved manufacturing techniques identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Ageyeva
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ilya Sibikin
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - József Karger-Kocsis
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Xu M, Yan H, He Q, Wan C, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Chain extension of polyamide 6 using multifunctional chain extenders and reactive extrusion for melt foaming. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Khanjani J, Zohuriaan-Mehr M, Pazokifard S. Microemulsion and macroemulsion polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane: A comparative study. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1315418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Khanjani
- Adhesive and Resin Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahla Pazokifard
- Color & Surface Coatings Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Amphiphilic block-random copolymer surfactants with tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance for preparation of non-aqueous dispersions by an emulsion solvent evaporation method. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Vasileva Dencheva N, Manso Vale D, Zlatev Denchev Z. Dually reinforced all-polyamide laminate composites via microencapsulation strategy. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Manso Vale
- Institute for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho; Guimarães 4800-058 Portugal
| | - Zlatan Zlatev Denchev
- Institute for Polymers and Composites/I3N, University of Minho; Guimarães 4800-058 Portugal
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18
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Faridirad F, Ahmadi S, Barmar M. Polyamide/Carbon Nanoparticles Nanocomposites: A Review. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Ezaki N, Watanabe Y, Mori H. Nonaqueous Dispersion Formed by an Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Method Using Block-Random Copolymer Surfactant Synthesized by RAFT Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11399-11408. [PMID: 26421355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As surfactants for preparation of nonaqueous microcapsule dispersions by the emulsion solvent evaporation method, three copolymers composed of stearyl methacrylate (SMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with different monomer sequences (i.e., random, block, and block-random) were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Despite having the same comonomer composition, the copolymers exhibited different functionality as surfactants for creating emulsions with respective dispersed and continuous phases consisting of methanol and isoparaffin solvent. The optimal monomer sequence for the surfactant was determined based on the droplet sizes and the stabilities of the emulsions created using these copolymers. The block-random copolymer led to an emulsion with better stability than obtained using the random copolymer and a smaller droplet size than achieved with the block copolymer. Modification of the epoxy group of the GMA unit by diethanolamine (DEA) further decreased the droplet size, leading to higher stability of the emulsion. The DEA-modified block-random copolymer gave rise to nonaqueous microcapsule dispersions after evaporation of methanol from the emulsions containing colored dyes in their dispersed phases. These dispersions exhibited high stability, and the particle sizes were small enough for application to the inkjet printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Ezaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University , 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
- RISO KAGAKU CORPORATION, 2-8-1 Gakuen-minami, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Watanabe
- RISO KAGAKU CORPORATION, 2-8-1 Gakuen-minami, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0818, Japan
| | - Hideharu Mori
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University , 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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Zhao X, Xia H, Fu X, Duan J, Yang G. Preparation of Polyamide-6 Submicrometer-Sized Spheres by In Situ Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1994-9. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingke Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Housheng Xia
- Shanghai Genius Advanced Materials Co., Ltd; Shanghai 201109 China
| | - Xubing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Heifei University of Technology; Heifei 230009 China
| | - Jianping Duan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Guisheng Yang
- Shanghai Genius Advanced Materials Co., Ltd; Shanghai 201109 China
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21
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Yilmaz S, Gul O, Yilmaz T. Effect of chain extender and terpolymers on tensile and fracture properties of polyamide 6. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Xiao L, Li Y, Jia X, Liao L, Liu L. Microwave-assisted one-pot copolymerization of cyclic monomers and ethyl diazoacetate. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longqiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xiangxiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Liqiong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Lijian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
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23
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Control of the size and characteristic features of fluorine-containing aromatic polyamide particles. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Staff RH, Landfester K, Crespy D. Recent Advances in the Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique for the Preparation of Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules. HIERARCHICAL MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURES: 60 YEARS AFTER THE STAUDINGER NOBEL PRIZE II 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Gaudin F, Sintes-Zydowicz N. Correlation between the polymerization kinetics and the chemical structure of poly(urethane–urea) nanocapsule membrane obtained by interfacial step polymerization in miniemulsion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Crespy D, Staff RH, Becker T, Landfester K. Chemical Routes Toward Multicompartment Colloids. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Staff RH, Lieberwirth I, Landfester K, Crespy D. Preparation and Characterization of Anisotropic Submicron Particles From Semicrystalline Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Friedemann K, Corrales T, Kappl M, Landfester K, Crespy D. Facile and large-scale fabrication of anisometric particles from fibers synthesized by colloid-electrospinning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:144-153. [PMID: 22081486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new top-down approach is proposed to form large amounts of anisometric particles. Multicompartment fibers that present different domains composed of silica nanoparticles and larger polystyrene nanoparticles are fabricated by colloid-electrospinning and are subsequently calcinated and broken. The obtained fibers containing voids are subsequently cut via sonication to yield anisometric particles. It is shown that the majority of the fibers can be broken at the voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Friedemann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Crespy D, Zuber S, Turshatov A, Landfester K, Popa AM. A straightforward synthesis of fluorescent and temperature-responsive nanogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Schwab MG, Crespy D, Feng X, Landfester K, Müllen K. Preparation of Microporous Melamine-based Polymer Networks in an Anhydrous High-Temperature Miniemulsion. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1798-803. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Atanase LI, Riess G. Block copolymers as polymeric stabilizers in non-aqueous emulsion polymerization. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Piskun YA, Vasilenko IV, Gaponik LV, Kostjuk SV. Activated anionic ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam with magnesium di(ε-caprolactamate) as initiator: effect of magnesium halides. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Non-isothermal crystallization of monomer casting polyamide 6/functionalized MWNTs nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Maier M, Kotman N, Friedrichs C, Andrieu J, Wagner M, Graf R, Strauss WSL, Mailänder V, Weiss CK, Landfester K. Highly Site Specific, Protease Cleavable, Hydrophobic Peptide–Polymer Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Maier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niklas Kotman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Friedrichs
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julien Andrieu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang S. L. Strauss
- Institute of Laser Technologies in Medicine and Metrology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University, III. Medical Clinic (Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonology), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Clemens K. Weiss
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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35
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Herrmann C, Crespy D, Landfester K. Synthesis of hydrophilic polyurethane particles in non-aqueous inverse miniemulsions. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Crespy D, Landfester K. Miniemulsion polymerization as a versatile tool for the synthesis of functionalized polymers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:1132-48. [PMID: 21160567 PMCID: PMC3002022 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The miniemulsion technique is a particular case in the family of heterophase polymerizations, which allows the formation of functionalized polymers by polymerization or modification of polymers in stable nanodroplets. We present here an overview of the different polymer syntheses within the miniemulsion droplets as reported in the literature, and of the current trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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37
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Anionic polymerization of cyclic ester and amide in miniemulsion: Synthesis and characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactam) nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Pham BTT, Zondanos H, Such CH, Warr GG, Hawkett BS. Miniemulsion Polymerization with Arrested Ostwald Ripening Stabilized by Amphiphilic RAFT Copolymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101087t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binh T. T. Pham
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hollie Zondanos
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher H. Such
- DuluxGroup (Australia) Pty Ltd, 1956 Dandenong Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian S. Hawkett
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry F11, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Jiang S, Qiu T, Li X. Kinetic study on the ring-opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in miniemulsion. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Baruch-Teblum E, Mastai Y, Landfester K. Miniemulsion polymerization of cyclodextrin nanospheres for water purification from organic pollutants. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Cao Z, Wang Z, Herrmann C, Ziener U, Landfester K. Narrowly size-distributed cobalt salt containing poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) particles by inverse miniemulsion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7054-7061. [PMID: 20112941 DOI: 10.1021/la904380k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-containing hybrid particles have been prepared through the encapsulation of cobalt tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate (CoTFB) via inverse miniemulsion polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). We systematically varied the amount and type of cosolvent (water, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol), apolar continuous phase (cyclohexane, isooctane, isopar M, hexadecane), amount of cobalt salt, and molecular weight of the polymeric surfactant. The influence of those parameters on the particle size, size distribution, and particle morphology were investigated. Narrowly size-distributed hybrid particles with good colloidal stability could be obtained in a wide range of cobalt content between 5.7 and 22.6 wt % salt relative to the monomer. The addition of a cosolvent such as water not only promotes the loading of metal salt but also has a positive influence on narrowing the particle size distribution. We assume that generally narrowly size-distributed particles can be obtained for a large variety of combinations of polar/apolar phase by adjusting the balance between osmotic and Laplace pressure via the solubility of the metal salt in the continuous phase and lowering the interfacial tension by adjusting the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant. The results show a significant advantage of the inverse miniemulsion over the direct system with respect to the variability and total amount of metal salt without losing the narrow particle size distribution and colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Cao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III-Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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42
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Minami H, Tarutani Y, Yoshida K, Okubo M. Preparation of Nylon-6 Particles in Ionic Liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Landfester K, Musyanovych A, Mailänder V. From polymeric particles to multifunctional nanocapsules for biomedical applications using the miniemulsion process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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44
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Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR NANO- AND MICROREACTORS/-REACTIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Liu YC, Wang JS, Huang KL, Xu W. Graft copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyamide-6 via in situ anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam and their properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Durand A, Marie E. Macromolecular surfactants for miniemulsion polymerization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 150:90-105. [PMID: 19660729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymeric surfactants as stabilizers in miniemulsion polymerization was reviewed. The structural characteristics of reported polymeric surfactants were detailed and compared. The concept of multi-functional polymeric surfactants was evidenced. The specificities brought by polymeric surfactants in the process of miniemulsion polymerization in comparison to molecular surfactants were analysed for the stability of the initial monomer emulsion, polymerization kinetics and characteristics of the obtained latexes. The contribution of polymeric surfactants to the control of the characteristics of the obtained nanoparticles was detailed with regard to the nature of the core material and to the surface coverage. Polymeric surfactants can be seen as powerful tools for the design of original nanoparticles. On the basis of the available data, possible research topics are suggested.
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Wu ZY, Xu W, Liu YC, Xia JK, Wu QX, Xu WJ. Preparation and characterization of flame-retardant melamine cyanurate/polyamide 6 nanocomposites byin situpolymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Zou Q. Anionic surfactant for silica-coated polystyrene composite microspheres prepared with miniemulsion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-009-2089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Landfester K. Miniemulsion polymerization and the structure of polymer and hybrid nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4488-507. [PMID: 19455531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The miniemulsion process allows the formation of complex structured polymeric nanoparticles and the encapsulation of a solid or liquid, an inorganic or organic, or a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material into a polymer shell. Many different materials, ranging from organic and inorganic pigments, magnetite, or other solid nanoparticles, to hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids, such as fragrances, drugs, or photoinitators, can be encapsulated. Functionalization of the nanoparticles can also be easily obtained. Compared to polymerization processes in organic solvents, polymerization to obtain polymeric nanoparticles can be performed in environmentally friendly solvents, usually water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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50
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Landfester K. Miniemulsionspolymerisation und Struktur von Polymer- und Hybridnanopartikeln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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