1
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Feng J, Sun C, Li S, Ye L. Advancing the dynamic mechanical analysis of organic semiconductor materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39248000 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a powerful technique for characterizing the mechanical properties of a wide range of materials. However, the importance of DMA in studying organic/polymer semiconductors has not been fully appreciated. In this Highlight, we explore recent advancements in the use of DMA in understanding the viscoelastic and mechanical properties and thermal transitions of organic semiconductor materials. In particular, the insights gained from DMA can serve as new guides for the device optimisation of organic solar cells towards stable operation. Furthermore, we present key findings, challenges, and future directions to advance the application of DMA in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Feng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chunlong Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Saimeng Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Siddika S, Balar N, Booth RE, O'Connor BT. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Polymer Thin Films Using a Kirigami-Inspired Support. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1107-1112. [PMID: 35549074 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method of determining the mechanical relaxation behavior of polymer thin films is presented that employs a kirigami-inspired sample support. The film of interest is placed on the kirigami support and loaded into a dynamic mechanical analyzer. When the composite is placed in tension, the substrate effectively transfers the load to the film of interest. We demonstrate the approach using a number of polymers and conjugated polymer: small molecule blends relevant for organic photovoltaics. The kirigami-inspired method is found to provide an accurate view of thermal relaxation behavior in polymer thin films, including a quantitative assessment of the film storage modulus. The method is particularly valuable in thin films where film morphology is highly dependent on processing conditions. We show that differences in casting conditions have a clear impact on the thermal relaxation of both the neat and blend conjugated polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Siddika
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Organic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nrup Balar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Oraganic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ronald E Booth
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Oraganic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Oraganic and Carbon Electronic Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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3
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Tsuji K, Nakanishi H, Norisuye T. Viscoelastic ECAH: Scattering analysis of spherical particles in suspension with viscoelasticity. ULTRASONICS 2021; 115:106463. [PMID: 34051490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic scattering method is a promising technique to evaluate the particle size distribution and/or the elastic properties of particle suspended in liquid. Among the wide variety of scattering theories, the ECAH theory proposed by Epstein-Carhart-Allegra-Hawley is one of the most relevant acoustic scattering theories to reproduce the ultrasonic spectroscopy data for the particle suspensions. However, the original theory assumes that the shear contribution is provided for either elastic solid or viscous liquid. Thus, the viscoelastic effect of particle to the frequency spectra of the attenuation coefficient and the phase velocity has gained less attention and is not fully understood yet. In order to minimize the number of unknown parameters for the analysis of viscoelastic suspensions, we employed the multiple echo-reflection ultrasonic spectroscopy (MERUS) technique, which allowed us to determine the material properties, prior to the complicated scattering analysis. In this study, we prepared the particle suspensions of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) and cross-linked poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and the acoustic spectra were measured by the ultrasonic spectroscopy. Then, we demonstrated the effect of the particle viscosity on the spectra by using the viscoelastic ECAH model at the wavelength comparable with the particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Tsuji
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Norisuye
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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4
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Glass transition and fragility of nanosized polymeric fibers and spheres predicted from a surface-controlled model. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Experimental evidence on the effect of substrate roughness on segmental dynamics of confined polymer films. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Fabrication of oriented electrospun cellulose nanocrystals–polystyrene composite fibers on a rotating drum. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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Sasaki T, Ito Y, Sasai T, Irie S. Glass transition of a polystyrene surface as detected via two-dimensional diffusion of Au atoms during physical vapor deposition. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Sasaki T, Nakane T, Sato A. Segmental dynamics of free-standing and supported polymer thin films predicted from a surface-controlled model. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Glass transition at the polystyrene/polyethylene glycol interface observed via contact angle measurements. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Kim H, Cang Y, Kang E, Graczykowski B, Secchi M, Montagna M, Priestley RD, Furst EM, Fytas G. Direct observation of polymer surface mobility via nanoparticle vibrations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2918. [PMID: 30046038 PMCID: PMC6060150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring polymer surface dynamics remains a formidable challenge of critical importance to applications ranging from pressure-sensitive adhesives to nanopatterning, where interfacial mobility is key to performance. Here, we introduce a methodology of Brillouin light spectroscopy to reveal polymer surface mobility via nanoparticle vibrations. By measuring the temperature-dependent vibrational modes of polystyrene nanoparticles, we identify the glass-transition temperature and calculate the elastic modulus of individual nanoparticles as a function of particle size and chemistry. Evidence of surface mobility is inferred from the first observation of a softening temperature, where the temperature dependence of the fundamental vibrational frequency of the nanoparticles reverses slope below the glass-transition temperature. Beyond the fundamental vibrational modes given by the shape and elasticity of the nanoparticles, another mode, termed the interaction-induced mode, was found to be related to the active particle-particle adhesion and dependent on the thermal behavior of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yu Cang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eunsoo Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Maria Secchi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Eric M Furst
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- IESL-FORTH, N. Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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11
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Zuo B, Inutsuka M, Kawaguchi D, Wang X, Tanaka K. Conformational Relaxation of Poly(styrene-co-butadiene) Chains at Substrate Interface in Spin-Coated and Solvent-Cast Films. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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12
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Sugimoto S, Inutsuka M, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K. Reorientation Kinetics of Local Conformation of Polyisoprene at Substrate Interface. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:85-89. [PMID: 35610922 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a polymer composite material, in which inorganic fillers are dispersed, is closely related to the aggregation states and dynamics of polymer chains at the interface with the filler. In this study, the local conformation of polyisoprene (PI) at a quartz substrate interface was studied as a model system for the rubber/filler composite material. PI films were prepared from a toluene solution onto quartz substrates by a spin-coating method. Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy revealed that the local conformation of PI chains at the quartz interface depended on the spinning rate. The tilt angle of methyl groups increased with the rotational speed, probably due to the centrifugal force applied to chains and probably also the evaporation rate of the solvent during the solidification process. This result indicates that the interfacial orientation of PI chains can remain even at room temperature, which is 87 K higher than the bulk glass transition temperature (Tgb). The interfacial orientation disappeared at a temperature approximately 120 K higher than Tgb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Sugimoto
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Manabu Inutsuka
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department
of Automotive Science, ‡Department of Applied Chemistry, §Education Center for
Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, and ∥International Institute for Carbon-Neutral
Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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13
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Zhang H, Li D, Wu K, Wang F, Yang J, Zhao J. Retarded local dynamics of single fluorescent probes in polymeric glass due to interaction strengthening. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Nguyen HK, Inutsuka M, Kawaguchi D, Tanaka K. Depth-resolved local conformation and thermal relaxation of polystyrene near substrate interface. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:203313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hung Kim Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Manabu Inutsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Ngai KL, Paluch M, Rodríguez-Tinoco C. Why is surface diffusion the same in ultrastable, ordinary, aged, and ultrathin molecular glasses? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29905-29912. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05357f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The primitive/JG relaxation explains the same surface diffusion coefficient in ordinary, ultrastable and thin film glasses of OTP and TPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Ngai
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
| | - Cristian Rodríguez-Tinoco
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research
- 41-500 Chorzow
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
- University of Silesia
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16
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Zuo B, He X, Wang Y, Xu J, Yang J, Wang X. Relationship between Segmental Relaxation of Polystyrene Films and Stick-Slip Behavior during Dynamic Wetting of Liquid Droplets on Their Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12325-35. [PMID: 26305980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel method was previously reported for detecting the glass transition of thin polystyrene (PS) films by correlating the relationships between the temperature-dependent viscoelasticity of the PS films and stick-slip behavior on their surfaces during dynamic wetting of liquid droplets. In the present study, the frequency dependence of the stick-slip behavior is investigated. The results show that the stick-slip behavior of liquid dynamic wetting on PS films is dependent on the contact line velocity, which is related to the deformation frequency of the PS surface during the moving liquid front. The stick-slip behavior was revealed to be determined by a dimensionless parameter (ξ), which is the ratio of the PS segmental relaxation time (τα) and the characteristic time (τc) for PS surface deformation near the droplet contact line. When ξ is close to 1 (τα ≈ τc), the Δθ (jumping angle), a scale of the stick-slip behavior, reaches a maximum. This correlation between Δθ and ξ demonstrates that the stick-slip behavior is related to the energy dissipation caused by the PS α-relaxation process, and the peak temperature (or frequency) in Δθ corresponds to the α-relaxation temperature (time) of the polymer. These results strongly demonstrate that the utilization of the stick-slip behavior is a creditable method, similar to dynamic viscoelastic measurement, for probing the glass transition and segmental relaxation of thin polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xumiao He
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Juping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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17
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Efremov MY. Effect of free surface roughness on the apparent glass transition temperature in thin polymer films measured by ellipsometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:123901. [PMID: 25554303 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ellipsometry is one of the standard methods for observation of glass transition in thin polymer films. This work proposes that sensitivity of the method to surface morphology can complicate manifestation of the transition in a few nm thick samples. Two possible mechanisms of free surface roughening in the vicinity of glass transition are discussed: roughening due to lateral heterogeneity and roughening associated with thermal capillary waves. Both mechanisms imply an onset of surface roughness in the glass transition temperature range, which affects the experimental data in a way that shifts apparent glass transition temperature. Effective medium approximation models are used to introduce surface roughness into optical calculations. The results of the optical modeling for a 5 nm thick polystyrene film on silicon are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Efremov
- Materials Science Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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18
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Xia T, Ogawa H, Inoue R, Nishida K, Yamada NL, Li G, Kanaya T. Dewetting Process of Deuterated Polystyrene and Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Blend Thin Films via Phase Separation. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400506f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu
610065, China
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ogawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-gun, Hyogo-ken 679-5198,
Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koji Nishida
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norifumi L. Yamada
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai, Ibaraki-ken 319-1106,
Japan
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu
610065, China
| | - Toshiji Kanaya
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
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19
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Zuo B, Qian C, Yan D, Liu Y, Liu W, Fan H, Tian H, Wang X. Probing Glass Transitions in Thin and Ultrathin Polystyrene Films by Stick–Slip Behavior during Dynamic Wetting of Liquid Droplets on Their Surfaces. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3023734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chao Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Donghuan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wanglong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Houkuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile
Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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20
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Tsuruta H, Fujii Y, Kai N, Kataoka H, Ishizone T, Doi M, Morita H, Tanaka K. Local Conformation and Relaxation of Polystyrene at Substrate Interface. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3007202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Polymeric and Organic Materials
Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishizone
- Polymeric and Organic Materials
Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Nanotechnology
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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21
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Hirai T, Kawasaki K, Tanaka K. Interfacial kinetics of a model epoxy–amine addition reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13532-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42673k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Jones DS, Tian Y, Abu-Diak O, Andrews GP. Pharmaceutical applications of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 64:440-8. [PMID: 22192684 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The successful development of polymeric drug delivery and biomedical devices requires a comprehensive understanding of the viscoleastic properties of polymers as these have been shown to directly affect clinical efficacy. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) is an accessible and versatile analytical technique in which an oscillating stress or strain is applied to a sample as a function of oscillatory frequency and temperature. Through cyclic application of a non-destructive stress or strain, a comprehensive understanding of the viscoelastic properties of polymers may be obtained. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the theory of DMTA and the basic instrumental/operating principles. Moreover, the application of DMTA for the characterization of solid pharmaceutical and biomedical systems has been discussed in detail. In particular we have described the potential of DMTA to measure and understand relaxation transitions and miscibility in binary and higher-order systems and describe the more recent applications of the technique for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Jones
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, The Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast. BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
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23
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Zhang MQ, Rong MZ. Theoretical consideration and modeling of self-healing polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Torres JM, Wang C, Coughlin EB, Bishop JP, Register RA, Riggleman RA, Stafford CM, Vogt BD. Influence of Chain Stiffness on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Torres
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Chengqing Wang
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - E. Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - John P. Bishop
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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25
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Inoue R, Kawashima K, Matsui K, Nakamura M, Nishida K, Kanaya T, Yamada NL. Interfacial properties of polystyrene thin films as revealed by neutron reflectivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:031802. [PMID: 22060395 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.031802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the glass transition temperature (T(g)) and molecular mobility of polystyrene (PS) thin films near the interface between the polymer thin film and substrate with bilayer thin films consisting of surface hydrogenated PS (h-PS) and bottom deuterated PS (d-PS) using neutron reflectivity. With decreasing the thickness of the bottom d-PS layer, T(g) near the interface between the polymer thin film and substrate increased compared to bulk T(g) and a drastic increase of T(g) was observed for the bottom d-PS layer <155 Å thick. The orientation of polymer chains at the interface is supposed to be related to the increase of T(g) near the interface between the polymer and substrate. The polymer chain mobility decreased with thickness even for the bottom d-PS layer with no discernible change of T(g). It is considered that the numerous contacts between polymer chains and substrate are related to the decrease of mobility near the interface between the polymer thin film and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan.
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26
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Ji S, Liu CC, Liao W, Fenske AL, Craig GSW, Nealey PF. Domain Orientation and Grain Coarsening in Cylinder-Forming Poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2005734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengxiang Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chi-Chun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wen Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alyssa L. Fenske
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gordon S. W. Craig
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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27
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Tahara D, Fukao K. Anomalous increase in dielectric susceptibility during isothermal aging of ultrathin polymer films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:051801. [PMID: 21230491 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.051801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aging dynamics of poly(2-chlorostyrene) (P2CS) ultrathin films with thicknesses less than 10 nm were investigated using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. The imaginary part of the dielectric susceptibility ϵ″ for P2CS ultrathin films with a thickness of 3.7 nm increased with an increase in isothermal aging time, while this was not the case for P2CS thin films thicker than 9.0 nm. This anomalous increase in ϵ″ for the ultrathin films is strongly correlated with the presence of a mobile liquidlike layer within the thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tahara
- Research Organization of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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28
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Fujii Y, Nagamura T, Tanaka K. Relaxation Behavior of Poly(methyl methacrylate) at a Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3457-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909373g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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29
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Lu H, Chen W, Russell TP. Relaxation of Thin Films of Polystyrene Floating on Ionic Liquid Surface. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Lu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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30
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Hilles HM, Ritacco H, Monroy F, Ortega F, Rubio RG. Temperature and concentration effects on the equilibrium and dynamic behavior of a Langmuir monolayer: from fluid to gel-like behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11528-11532. [PMID: 19489588 DOI: 10.1021/la9014515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium isotherms of monolayers of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) on the air/water interface have been studied in the 5-60 degrees C range. The results indicate that the interface is a poor solvent for the monolayers over the whole temperature range. For surface pressures within the semidilute regime, the plot of the area occupied by the polymer coils versus temperature at constant surface pressure shows a sharp change of slope near 30 degrees C. Also, the surface excess entropy shows a similar change of slope at the same temperature. The surface shear viscosity can be described by a power law of the surface concentration. Within the semidilute regime, the exponent of the power law changes. The temperature dependence of the viscosity points out a change from independent particle to collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M Hilles
- Departamento de Química Física I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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31
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32
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Tanaka K, Tateishi Y, Okada Y, Nagamura T, Doi M, Morita H. Interfacial Mobility of Polymers on Inorganic Solids. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:4571-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yohei Tateishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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33
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Ogawa H, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Matsuba G, Majewski JP, Watkins E. Time-resolved specular and off-specular neutron reflectivity measurements on deuterated polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) blend thin films during dewetting process. J Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3224125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Kim S, Roth CB, Torkelson JM. Effect of nanoscale confinement on the glass transition temperature of free-standing polymer films: Novel, self-referencing fluorescence method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Guo Q, Liu J, Chen L, Wang K. Nanostructures and nanoporosity in thermoset epoxy blends with an amphiphilic polyisoprene-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) reactive diblock copolymer. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Fujii Y, Atarashi H, Nagamura T, Tanaka K. Entanglement Effect on Film Retention of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in Methanol. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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37
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Inoue R, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Tsukushi I, Shibata K. Molecular weight dependence of mean square displacement in ultrathin polymer films as studied by inelastic neutron scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:032801. [PMID: 18517445 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.032801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In previous papers, we found that the mean square displacement [u(2)] in polystyrene thin films decreased with film thickness and discussed two possible causes for the decrease. One is the hard interface layer between the polymer thin film and the substrate, and the other is the spatial confinement effect of polymer chains. In order to disclose the cause of the decrease of [u(2)] with film thickness, we studied the molecular weight M(w) dependence of [u(2)] in polystyrene thin films. We found that [u(2)] was independent of M(w) within experimental error, concluding that the interface effect is a main reason for the decrease of [u(2)] with film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
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38
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Fujii Y, Akabori KI, Tanaka K, Nagamura T. Chain Conformation Effects on Molecular Motions at the Surface of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films. Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2006270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Tateishi Y, Tanaka K, Nagamura T. Kinetics of Photoinduced E to Z Isomerization of Azobenzene in Polystyrene Films: Thickness, Molecular Weight and Temperature Effects. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7761-6. [PMID: 17571874 DOI: 10.1021/jp0705065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
E to Z (trans-->cis) photoisomerization of azobenzene (Az) chromophores tagged to polystyrene (PS) in thin films was studied as functions of thickness, PS molecular weight, and temperature, using the change in absorption at 336 nm arising from the Az E isomer remaining upon ultraviolet light irradiation at 350+/-5 nm. The photoisomerization in solid films exhibited fast and slow modes. The fractional amount of the fast mode (I1) started to increase with decreasing film thickness once the films were thinner than a threshold value. This was explained in terms of a surface layer in which the photoisomerization reaction proceeds quickly, the effect of which becomes more noticeable with decreasing thickness due to a larger surface to volume ratio. The thickness dependence of the I1 fraction was insensitive to the molecular weight of the PS used. The thickness of the surface layer, estimated through a layer model analysis, increased with rising temperature up to 298 K. Interestingly, the surface layer markedly thickened at temperatures at which the molecular motion of PS is on a relatively small scale, namely, at the gamma and beta relaxation temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tateishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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40
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Priestley RD, Broadbelt LJ, Torkelson JM, Fukao K. Glass transition and alpha -relaxation dynamics of thin films of labeled polystyrene. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:061806. [PMID: 17677293 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.061806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The glass transition temperature and relaxation dynamics of the segmental motions of thin films of polystyrene labeled with a dye, 4-[N-ethyl-N-(hydroxyethyl)]amino-4-nitroazobenzene (Disperse Red 1, DR1) are investigated using dielectric measurements. The dielectric relaxation strength of the DR1-labeled polystyrene is approximately 65 times larger than that of the unlabeled polystyrene above the glass transition, while there is almost no difference between them below the glass transition. The glass transition temperature of the DR1-labeled polystyrene can be determined as a crossover temperature at which the temperature coefficient of the electric capacitance changes from the value of the glassy state to that of the liquid state. The glass transition temperature of the DR1-labeled polystyrene decreases with decreasing film thickness in a reasonably similar manner to that of the unlabeled polystyrene thin films. The dielectric relaxation spectrum of the DR1-labeled polystyrene is also investigated. As the thickness decreases, the alpha -relaxation time becomes smaller, and the distribution of the alpha -relaxation times becomes broader. These results show that thin films of DR1-labeled polystyrene are a suitable system for investigating confinement effects of the glass transition dynamics using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
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41
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Akabori KI, Tanaka K, Satomi N, Nagamura T, Takahara A, Kajiyama T. Effects of Static and Dynamic Forces on Surface Viscoelastic Response of Polymer Films in Scanning Viscoelasticity Microscopy. Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2006230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Structure and Dynamics of Cylinder Forming Block Copolymers in Thin Films. NANOSTRUCTURED SOFT MATTER 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6330-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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43
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TATEISHI Y, AKABORI K, TANAKA K, NAGAMURA T. Hierarchical Thermal Molecular Motion in Thin Polymer Films. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.64.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Rittigstein P, Torkelson JM. Polymer-nanoparticle interfacial interactions in polymer nanocomposites: Confinement effects on glass transition temperature and suppression of physical aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Tsarkova L, Knoll A, Krausch G, Magerle R. Substrate-Induced Phase Transitions in Thin Films of Cylinder-Forming Diblock Copolymer Melts. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060224n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Ngai K. Interpreting the dynamics of nano-confined glass-formers and thin polymer films: Importance of starting from a viable theory for the bulk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Akabori KI, Baba D, Koguchi K, Tanaka K, Nagamura T. Relation between the adhesion strength and interfacial width for symmetric polystyrene bilayers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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