1
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Zheng Z, Su Y, Schmidt-Rohr K. Vinyl and methyl-ester groups in the insoluble polymer drug patiromer identified and quantified by solid-state NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116228. [PMID: 38781726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Patiromer (Veltassa®) is a crosslinked, insoluble co-polymer drug used as a nonabsorbent potassium binder, approved for treatment of hyperkalemia. Quantitative solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis with comprehensive peak assignment, component quantification, and calculation of mole and weight fractions of monomer units was performed on three doses of patiromer. The workflow is documented in detail. Spectrally edited solid-state 13C NMR spectra of patiromer show =CHn peaks of matching intensity at 116 and 141 ppm, characteristic of -CH=CH2 vinyl groups. Similar spectral features can be observed in earlier studies but were previously ignored. In this study, the vinyl signals are well-resolved in a 2-s direct polarization (DP) spectrum without and with dipolar dephasing, which confirms that these sp2-hybridized carbons are bonded to hydrogen and partially mobile, consistent with vinyl side groups from incompletely reacted divinyl crosslinkers. The vinyl groups account for 1.6% of all carbon, 3% of the monomer units, and nearly 1/3 of the crosslinkers. Furthermore, an unexpected OCH3 moiety accounting for ∼1.2% of all carbons was identified by spectral editing; its chemical shift of 54 ppm is more consistent with a methyl ester than with a methyl ether. It can originate from incomplete hydrolysis of ∼6% of methyl-2-fluoroacrylate, the main monomer of patiromer. Characteristic cross peaks in two-dimensional 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation NMR confirm the presence of the vinyl and OCH3 groups. Trace amounts of xanthan gum are also detected. The quantitative 13C NMR spectrum of patiromer has been matched in a simulation using a model with five monomer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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2
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Tao W, Yu W, Zou X, Chen W. Machine learning assisted interpretation of 2D solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 353:107492. [PMID: 37302236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A machine learning methodology using deep neural network (DNN) for interpreting multidimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) of various synthetic and natural polymers is presented. The separated local field (SLF) SSNMR which correlates local well-defined heteronuclear dipolar with the tensor orientation of the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) of spin in the solid state can provide valuable structure and molecular dynamics information of synthetic and biopolymers. Compared with the traditional linear least-square fitting, the proposed DNN-based methodology can efficiently and accurately determine the tensor orientation of CSA of both 13C and 15N in all four samples. The method achieves prediction precisions of the Euler angles with < ±5° and is characterized by low training costs and high efficiency (<1 s). The feasibility and robustness of the DNN-based analysis methodology are confirmed by comparison to reported-literature values. This strategy is expected to aid in the interpretation of complex multidimensional NMR spectra of complicated polymer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Zou
- Department of Accelerator Science and Engineering Physics, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Department of Accelerator Science and Engineering Physics, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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3
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Li Y, Tao W, Chen W. Evidence for complexation-induced micro-extension of poly(vinyl alcohol) chains in interphase and amorphous domains from solid-state NMR. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8974-8982. [PMID: 36382492 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01136k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The three-phase structure of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-iodine complexes was elucidated by solid-state NMR (SSNMR), of which the micro-extension of the PVA segment in the interphase and amorphous domains was directly confirmed. The three-phase structure of the PVA-iodine complex was decomposed by the inverse 13C T1-filter, where 13C NMR resonance lines of a C(H) triplet were observed in all three phases. The chain axis of ∼26% extended chains in the interphase deviates 35°-50° relative to the stretching direction, while there is only a 1° deviation for the extended chains in the crystalline domain. The increasing iodine concentration results in the increment of hydrogen-bonded C(H) fractions in both the amorphous and interphase domains, while the distribution of different C(H) fractions remains almost constant in the crystalline domain. Such an increment results from the locally extended PVA chains induced by polyiodine species (I3-/I5-), since the hydrogen bond(s) (HBs) required a specific direction. Direct evidence for this comes from the similar 13C CP/MAS spectra of C(H) in the three phases between unoriented iodine-doped PVA and highly oriented pure PVA. This supports the aggregation model for the formation mechanism of PVA-iodine complexes, where the PVA chain takes an extended zig-zag conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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4
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X-ray study of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Iodine complex prepared from the dilute iodine solution as a hint to know the inner structure of polarizer. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Schäfer M, Yuan S, Petzold A, Pérez-Camargo RA, Müller AJ, Thurn-Albrecht T, Saalwächter K, Schmidt-Rohr K. Asymmetric Co-unit Inclusion in Statistical Copolyesters. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Schäfer
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Shichen Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institut für Physik - Polymerphysik, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ricardo A. Pérez-Camargo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV /EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut für Physik - Polymerphysik, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik - NMR, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 7, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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Duan P, Schmidt-Rohr K. Composite-pulse and partially dipolar dephased multiCP for improved quantitative solid-state 13C NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 285:68-78. [PMID: 29121512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Improved multiple cross polarization (multiCP) pulse sequences for quickly acquiring quantitative 13C NMR spectra of organic solids are presented. Loss of 13C magnetization due to imperfect read-out and storage pulses in multiCP has been identified as a significant mechanism limiting polarization enhancement for 13C sites with weak couplings to 1H. This problem can be greatly reduced by composite 90° pulses with non-orthogonal phases that flip the magnetization onto the spin-lock field and back to the longitudinal direction for the 1H repolarization period; the observed loss is <3% for over ±10 kHz resonance offset and up to 20% flip-angle error. This composite-pulse multiCP (ComPmultiCP) sequence consistently provides performance superior to that of conventional multiCP, without any trade-off. The longer total CP time enabled by the composite pulses allows for a wider amplitude ramp during CP, which decreases the sensitivity to Hartmann-Hahn mismatch by a factor of two, with a <7% root-mean-square deviation within a 1-dB range for Boc-alanine. In samples with very short T1ρ, under-polarization of non-protonated carbons can be compensated by slight dipolar dephasing of CHn signals resulting from relatively weak decoupling during the Hahn spin echo period before detection. Quantitative spectra have been obtained by ComPmultiCP for low-crystallinity branched polyethylene at 4.5 kHz MAS, and in combination with partial dipolar dephasing for soil organic matter at 14 kHz MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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7
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Fritzsching KJ, Mao K, Schmidt-Rohr K. Avoidance of Density Anomalies as a Structural Principle for Semicrystalline Polymers: The Importance of Chain Ends and Chain Tilt. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith J. Fritzsching
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Kanmi Mao
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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8
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Wang F, Zhang R, Lin A, Chen R, Wu Q, Chen T, Sun P. Molecular origin of the shape memory properties of heat-shrink crosslinked polymers as revealed by solid-state NMR. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Tapash A, DesLauriers PJ, White JL. Simple NMR Experiments Reveal the Influence of Chain Length and Chain Architecture on the Crystalline/Amorphous Interface in Polyethylenes. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arifuzzaman Tapash
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Paul J. DesLauriers
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jeffery L. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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10
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Kato S, Tanaka H, Yamanobe T, Uehara H. In Situ Analysis of Melt-Drawing Behavior of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Films with Different Molecular Weights: Roles of Entanglements on Oriented Crystallization. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5062-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kato
- Division of Molecular
Science, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Division of Molecular
Science, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamanobe
- Division of Molecular
Science, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uehara
- Division of Molecular
Science, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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11
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Wang F, Zhang R, Wu Q, Chen T, Sun P, Shi AC. Probing the nanostructure, interfacial interaction, and dynamics of chitosan-based nanoparticles by multiscale solid-state NMR. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21397-21407. [PMID: 25372426 DOI: 10.1021/am5064052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in drug and gene delivery, therapy, and medical imaging, but a molecular-level understanding of the internal morphology and nanostructure size, interface, and dynamics, which is critical for building fundamental knowledge for the precise design and efficient biological application of the NPs, remains a great challenge. Therefore, the availability of a multiscale (0.1-100 nm) and nondestructive analytical technique for examining such NPs is of great importance for nanotechnology. Herein, we present a new multiscale solid-state NMR approach to achieve this goal for the investigation of chitosan-poly(N-3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid) NPs. First, a recently developed (13)C multiple cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (MAS) method enabled fast quantitative determination of the NPs' composition and detection of conformational changes in chitosan. Then, using an improved (1)H spin-diffusion method with (13)C detection and theoretical simulations, the internal morphology and nanostructure size were quantitatively determined. The interfacial coordinated interaction between chitosan and phenylboronic acid was revealed by one-dimensional MAS and two-dimensional (2D) triple-quantum MAS (11)B NMR. Finally, dynamic-editing (13)C MAS and 2D (13)C-(1)H wide-line separation experiments provided details regarding the componential dynamics of the NPs in the solid and swollen states. On the basis of these NMR results, a model of the unique nanostructure, interfacial interaction, and componential dynamics of the NPs was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071, China
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12
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Nitta KH, Nomura H. Stress–strain behavior of cold-drawn isotactic polypropylene subjected to various drawn histories. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Kang J, Miyoshi T. Two Chain-Packing Transformations and Their Effects on the Molecular Dynamics and Thermal Properties of α-Form Isotactic Poly(propylene) under Hot Drawing: A Solid-State NMR Study. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5004369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Kang
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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14
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Yao Y, Jiang S, Rastogi S. 13C Solid State NMR Characterization of Structure and Orientation Development in the Narrow and Broad Molar Mass Disentangled UHMWPE. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yao
- Department of Physics & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, 200062 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Songzi Jiang
- Department of Physics & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, 200062 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department
of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, U.K
- Research
Institute, Teijin Aramid, Velperweg 76, 6802
ED Arnhem, The Netherlands
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15
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Litvinov V, Kurelec L. Remarkably high mobility of some chain segments in the amorphous phase of strained HDPE. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Yao Y, Rastogi S, Xue H, Chen Q, Graf R, Verhoef R. Segmental mobility in the noncrystalline regions of nascent polyethylene synthesized using two different catalytic systems with implications on solid-state deformation. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Zhang R, Chen Y, Chen T, Sun P, Li B, Ding D. Accessing Structure and Dynamics of Mobile Phase in Organic Solids by Real-Time T1C Filter PISEMA NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:979-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2078902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchun Zhang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiehong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohui Li
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Datong Ding
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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18
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Demco DE, Melian C, Simmelink J, Litvinov VM, Möller M. Structure and Dynamics of Drawn Gel-Spun Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fibers by 1H, 13C and 129Xe NMR. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Guilbaud JB, Clark BC, Meehan E, Hughes L, Saiani A, Khimyak YZ. Effect of Encapsulating a Pseudo-Decapeptide Containing Arginine on PLGA: A Solid-State NMR Study. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2681-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Wang M, Bernard GM, Wasylishen RE, Choi P. A Solid-State 13C NMR Investigation of the Morphology of Single-Site and Ziegler−Natta Linear Low-Density Polyethylenes with Varying Branch Contents. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071119w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G2
| | - Guy M. Bernard
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G2
| | - Roderick E. Wasylishen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G2
| | - Phillip Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G6, and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 2G2
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21
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Mahanthappa MK, Lim LS, Hillmyer MA, Bates FS. Control of Mechanical Behavior in Polyolefin Composites: Integration of Glassy, Rubbery, and Semicrystalline Components. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0617421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lisa S. Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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