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Scacchi A, Hasheminejad K, Javan Nikkhah S, Sammalkorpi M. Controlling self-assembling co-polymer coatings of hydrophilic polysaccharide substrates via co-polymer block length ratio. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:809-819. [PMID: 36905890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The degree of polymerization of amphiphilic di-block co-polymers, which can be varied with ease in computer simulations, provides a means to control self-assembling di-block co-polymer coatings on hydrophilic substrates. SIMULATIONS We examine self-assembly of linear amphiphilic di-block co-polymers on hydrophilic surface via dissipative particle dynamics simulations. The system models a glucose based polysaccharide surface on which random co-polymers of styrene and n-butyl acrylate, as the hydrophobic block, and starch, as the hydrophilic block, forms a film. Such setups are common in e.g. hygiene, pharmaceutical, and paper product applications. FINDINGS Variation of the block length ratio (35 monomers in total) reveals that all examined compositions readily coat the substrate. However, strongly asymmetric block co-polymers with short hydrophobic segments are best in wetting the surface, whereas approximately symmetric composition leads to most stable films with highest internal order and well-defined internal stratification. At intermediate asymmetries, isolated hydrophobic domains form. We map the sensitivity and stability of the assembly response for a large variety of interaction parameters. The reported response persists for a wide polymer mixing interactions range, providing general means to tune surface coating films and their internal structure, including compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Scacchi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Kourosh Hasheminejad
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sousa Javan Nikkhah
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials (LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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2
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Wu I, Park RJ, Ghosh R, Kuo MC, Seifert S, Coughlin EB, Herring AM. Enhancing desalination performance by manipulating block ratios in a polyethylene-based triblock copolymer anion exchange membrane for electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Viviani M, Fluitman SP, Loos K, Portale G. Proton conducting ABA triblock copolymers with sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) midblock obtained via copper-free thiol-click chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of novel proton conducting ABA triblock copolymers are reported. Structure-properties relationship of the block copolymers has been investigated at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Viviani
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Pieter Fluitman
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
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4
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Kang S, Park MJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Block Copolymers with Tethered Acid Groups: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1527-1541. [PMID: 35617073 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research on advanced polymer electrolytes has led to the emergence of all-solid-state energy storage/transfer systems. Early research began with acid-tethered polymers half a century ago, and research interest has gradually shifted to high-precision polymers with controllable acid functional groups and nanoscale morphologies. Consequently, various self-assembled acid-tethered block polymer morphologies have been produced. Their ion properties are profoundly affected by the multiscale intermolecular interactions in confinements. The creation of hierarchically organized ion/dipole arrangements inside the block copolymer nanostructures has been highlighted as a future method for developing advanced single-ion polymers with decoupled ion dynamics and polymer chain relaxation. Several emerging practical applications of the acid-tethered block copolymers have been explored to draw attention to the challenges and opportunities in developing state-of-the-art electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784
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5
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Stenina I, Golubenko D, Nikonenko V, Yaroslavtsev A. Selectivity of Transport Processes in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Relationship with the Structure and Methods for Its Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5517. [PMID: 32752236 PMCID: PMC7432390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, ion-exchange membranes have numerous applications in water desalination, electrolysis, chemistry, food, health, energy, environment and other fields. All of these applications require high selectivity of ion transfer, i.e., high membrane permselectivity. The transport properties of ion-exchange membranes are determined by their structure, composition and preparation method. For various applications, the selectivity of transfer processes can be characterized by different parameters, for example, by the transport number of counterions (permselectivity in electrodialysis) or by the ratio of ionic conductivity to the permeability of some gases (crossover in fuel cells). However, in most cases there is a correlation: the higher the flux density of the target component through the membrane, the lower the selectivity of the process. This correlation has two aspects: first, it follows from the membrane material properties, often expressed as the trade-off between membrane permeability and permselectivity; and, second, it is due to the concentration polarization phenomenon, which increases with an increase in the applied driving force. In this review, both aspects are considered. Recent research and progress in the membrane selectivity improvement, mainly including a number of approaches as crosslinking, nanoparticle doping, surface modification, and the use of special synthetic methods (e.g., synthesis of grafted membranes or membranes with a fairly rigid three-dimensional matrix) are summarized. These approaches are promising for the ion-exchange membranes synthesis for electrodialysis, alternative energy, and the valuable component extraction from natural or waste-water. Perspectives on future development in this research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stenina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Rubatat L. Block copolymer electrolytes for fuel cells and secondary batteries, the small angle neutron scattering inputs. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201818803002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at giving an overview on the importance of scattering, and more specifically neutron scattering, for probing the nanomorphology of polymer electrolytes made of block copolymers. Two types of self-assembled polymer electrolyte materials will be discussed: (i) the ionomer membranes used in fuel cell and (ii) the solid polyelectrolytes used in secondary batteries. Both are used to physically separate the electrodes in the respective electrochemical devices and are expected to have a high ion transport capacity so as good chemical and mechanical stabilities. Unfortunately, in most cases improving one property leads to the degradation of the others. Nonetheless, through block copolymers selfassembly it is possible to tackle this issue; indeed, antagonist properties can be decoupled and associated within controlled nano-morphologies. This aspect will be discussed and supported by examples based on published studies; in parallel useful scattering analytical tools and models will be presented along the paper and detailed in annex.
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7
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Nallet F. Scattering studies in self-organised diblock copolymer systems. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Wang L, Hickner MA. Highly conductive side chain block copolymer anion exchange membranes. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5359-5371. [PMID: 27216558 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers based on poly(styrene) having pendent trimethyl styrenylbutyl ammonium (with four carbon ring-ionic group alkyl linkers) or benzyltrimethyl ammonium groups with a methylene bridge between the ring and ionic group were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation radical (RAFT) polymerization as anion exchange membranes (AEMs). The C4 side chain polymer showed a 17% increase in Cl(-) conductivity of 33.7 mS cm(-1) compared to the benzyltrimethyl ammonium sample (28.9 mS cm(-1)) under the same conditions (IEC = 3.20 meq. g(-1), hydration number, λ = ∼7.0, cast from DMF/1-propanol (v/v = 3 : 1), relative humidity = 95%). As confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the side chain block copolymers with tethered ammonium cations showed well-defined lamellar morphologies and a significant reduction in interdomain spacing compared to benzyltrimethyl ammonium containing block copolymers. The chemical stabilities of the block copolymers were evaluated under severe, accelerated conditions, and degradation was observed by (1)H NMR. The block copolymer with C4 side chain trimethyl styrenylbutyl ammonium motifs displayed slightly improved stability compared to that of a benzyltrimethyl ammonium-based AEM at 80 °C in 1 M NaOD aqueous solution for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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9
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Sun J, Jiang X, Siegmund A, Connolly MD, Downing KH, Balsara NP, Zuckermann RN. Morphology and Proton Transport in Humidified Phosphonated Peptoid Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016; 49:3083-3090. [PMID: 27134312 PMCID: PMC4848730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Polymers
that conduct protons in the hydrated state are of crucial
importance in a wide variety of clean energy applications such as
hydrogen fuel cells and artificial photosynthesis. Phosphonated and
sulfonated polymers are known to conduct protons at low water content.
In this paper, we report on the synthesis phosphonated peptoid diblock
copolymers, poly-N-(2-ethyl)hexylglycine-block-poly-N-phosphonomethylglycine
(pNeh-b-pNpm), with volume fractions of pNpm (ϕNpm) values ranging from 0.13 to 0.44 and dispersity (Đ) ≤ 1.0003. The morphologies of the dry block
copolypeptoids were determined by transmission electron microscopy
and in both the dry and hydrated states by synchrotron small-angle
X-ray scattering. Dry samples with ϕNpm > 0.13
exhibited
a lamellar morphology. Upon hydration, the lowest molecular weight
sample transitioned to a hexagonally packed cylinder morphology, while
the others maintained their dry morphologies. Water uptake of all
of the ordered samples was 8.1 ± 1.1 water molecules per phosphonate
group. In spite of this, the proton conductivity of the ordered pNeh-b-pNpm copolymers ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 S/cm. We demonstrate
that proton conductivity is maximized in high molecular weight, symmetric
pNeh-b-pNpm copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China 266042
| | - Xi Jiang
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron Siegmund
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc. , One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Michael D Connolly
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth H Downing
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Wang Y, Bai Y. The functionalization of fluoroelastomers: approaches, properties, and applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05816g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review seeks to give an overview of different approaches to prepare functional fluoroelastomers for modern industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- 150001 Harbin
- China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- 150001 Harbin
- China
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11
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Kulvelis Y, Ivanchev SS, Primachenko ON, Lebedev VT, Marinenko EA, Ivanova IN, Kuklin AI, Ivankov OI, Soloviov DV. Structure and property optimization of perfluorinated short side chain membranes for hydrogen fuel cells using orientational stretching. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23445c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stretching of membranes with low molecular weight makes structure rearrangement according to neutron scattering data on D2O-filled membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. V. Kulvelis
- Neutron Researches Department
- B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”
- Gatchina
- Russia
| | - S. S. Ivanchev
- St. Petersburg Department of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - O. N. Primachenko
- St. Petersburg Department of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - V. T. Lebedev
- Neutron Researches Department
- B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”
- Gatchina
- Russia
| | - E. A. Marinenko
- St. Petersburg Department of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- St. Petersburg
- Russia
| | - I. N. Ivanova
- Neutron Researches Department
- B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”
- Gatchina
- Russia
| | - A. I. Kuklin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- Dubna
- Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
- Dolgoprudny
| | - O. I. Ivankov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- Dubna
- Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
- Dolgoprudny
| | - D. V. Soloviov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- Dubna
- Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
- Dolgoprudny
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12
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Diederichsen KM, Brow RR, Stoykovich MP. Percolating transport and the conductive scaling relationship in lamellar block copolymers under confinement. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2465-2476. [PMID: 25756653 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The topology and transport behavior of the lamellar morphology self-assembled by block copolymers in thin films are shown to depend on the length scale over which they are characterized and can be described by percolation in a network under confinement. Gold nanowires replicating the lamellar morphology were fabricated via self-assembled poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) thin films and a lift-off pattern transfer process. The lamellar morphology exhibits long-range connectivity (macroscopic scale); however, characterization of electrical conduction over confined areas (5-500 μm) demonstrates a discrete probability of disconnection that arises due to the underlying network structure and a lack of self-similarity at these microscale dimensions. In particular, it is proved that the lamellar network morphology under confinement has a conductance that is nonlinear with channel length or width. The experimental results are discussed in terms of percolation theory, and a simple, two-dimensional Monte Carlo model is shown to predict the key trends in the network topology and conductance in lamellar block copolymers, including the dependencies on composition, extent of spatial confinement, and confinement geometry. These results highlight the need to exquisitely control or engineer the self-assembled nanostructured pathways formed by block copolymers to ensure consistent device performance for any application that depends upon percolating material, ionic, or electrical transport, especially when confined in any dimension. It is also concluded that the two most promising approaches for enhancing conductivity in block copolymer materials may be achieved either at the limits of (1) perfectly oriented, single-crystalline or (2) high defect density, polycrystalline microphase separated morphologies and that nanostructured systems with intermediate defect densities would be detrimental to transport in confined systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Diederichsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ryan R Brow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mark P Stoykovich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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13
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Kim YS, Welch CF, Hjelm RP, Mack NH, Labouriau A, Orler EB. Origin of Toughness in Dispersion-Cast Nafion Membranes. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seung Kim
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, ‡Polymers and Coatings Group, §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, ∥Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy Group, and ⊥Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Cynthia F. Welch
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, ‡Polymers and Coatings Group, §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, ∥Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy Group, and ⊥Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Rex P. Hjelm
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, ‡Polymers and Coatings Group, §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, ∥Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy Group, and ⊥Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nathan H. Mack
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, ‡Polymers and Coatings Group, §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, ∥Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy Group, and ⊥Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrea Labouriau
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, ‡Polymers and Coatings Group, §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, ∥Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy Group, and ⊥Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - E. Bruce Orler
- Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group, ‡Polymers and Coatings Group, §Materials Science in Radiation & Dynamic Extremes Group, ∥Physical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy Group, and ⊥Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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14
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Investigations of crystallinity and chain entanglement on sorption and conductivity of proton exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Voet VSD, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Well-defined copolymers based on poly(vinylidene fluoride): From preparation and phase separation to application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S. D. Voet
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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16
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Stewart-Sloan CR, Olsen BD. Protonation-Induced Microphase Separation in Thin Films of a Polyelectrolyte-Hydrophilic Diblock Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:410-414. [PMID: 24910809 PMCID: PMC4045328 DOI: 10.1021/mz400650q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers composed of poly(oligo ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) are disordered in the neat state but can be induced to order by protonation of the P2VP block, demonstrating a tunable and responsive method for triggering assembly in thin films. Comparison of protonation with the addition of salts shows that microphase separation is due to selective protonation of the P2VP block. Increasing acid incorporation and increasing 2-vinylpyridine content for P2VP minority copolymers both promote increasingly phase-separated morphologies, consistent with protonation increasing the effective strength of segregation between the two blocks. The self-assembled nanostructures formed after casting from acidic solutions may be tuned based on the amount and type of acid incorporation as well as the annealing treatment applied after casting, where both aqueous and polar organic solvents are shown to be effective. Therefore, POEGMA-b-P2VP is a novel ion-containing block copolymer whose morphologies can be facilely tuned during casting and processing by controlling its exposure to acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Stewart-Sloan
- Departments of †Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley D. Olsen
- Departments of †Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Batat P, Bilir Ç, Erdogan T, Levent Demirel A. Small angle X-ray scattering investigation of multiarm star sulfonated polystyrene based ionomer membranes. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Ran J, Wu L, Zhang Z, Xu T. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): A versatile and forceful tool for functional membranes. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Narimani R, Yang ACC, Tsang EMW, Rubatat L, Holdcroft S, Frisken BJ. Controlling Water Content and Proton Conductivity through Copolymer Morphology. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Narimani
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ami C. C. Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Emily M. W. Tsang
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Laurent Rubatat
- UMR IPREM 5256, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Wang W, Zhang H, Geng W, Gu J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhang Q. Synthesis of poly (methyl methacrylate)-b-polystyrene with high molecular weight by DPE seeded emulsion polymerization and its application in proton exchange membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 406:154-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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22
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Disabb-Miller ML, Johnson ZD, Hickner MA. Ion Motion in Anion and Proton-Conducting Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301947t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L. Disabb-Miller
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zachary D. Johnson
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Mani A, Birss V. Dependence of the oxygen reduction reaction at sol–gel derived Co-based catalysts on acidic solution pH and temperature. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Beers KM, Balsara NP. Design of Cluster-free Polymer Electrolyte Membranes and Implications on Proton Conductivity. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1155-1160. [PMID: 35607186 DOI: 10.1021/mz300389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale ionic aggregates are ubiquitous in copolymers containing charged and uncharged monomers. In most cases, these clusters persist when these polymers are hydrated and ion-conducting channels percolate through the sample. We argue that these clusters impede ion motion due to (1) the requirement that ions must hop across ion-free regions in the channels as they are transported from one cluster to the next, and (2) increased counterion condensation due to proximity of fixed acid groups in the clusters. Block copolymers wherein the size of the ion-containing microphase is 6 nm or less provides one approach for eliminating the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Beers
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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25
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Nunes SP, Car A. From Charge-Mosaic to Micelle Self-Assembly: Block Copolymer Membranes in the Last 40 Years. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202870y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Pereira Nunes
- Water Desalination
and Reuse Center and ‡Advanced Membrane and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,
23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anja Car
- Water Desalination
and Reuse Center and ‡Advanced Membrane and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,
23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Ran J, Wu L, Lin X, Jiang L, Xu T. Synthesis of soluble copolymers bearing ionic graft for alkaline anion exchange membrane. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Tsang EMW, Shi Z, Holdcroft S. Ionic Purity and Connectivity of Proton-Conducting Channels in Fluorous-Ionic Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2010469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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28
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Valade D, Boschet F, Ameduri B. Random and block styrenic copolymers bearing both ammonium and fluorinated side-groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-b
-poly(styrene sulfonate) block copolymers by controlled radical polymerizations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Mani A, Holdcroft S. Highly temperature dependent mass-transport parameters for ORR in Nafion® 211. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameduri Bruno
- Engineering and Macromolecular Architectures, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, Rue Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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33
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Peckham TJ, Holdcroft S. Structure-morphology-property relationships of non-perfluorinated proton-conducting membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4667-4690. [PMID: 20848594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of structure-morphology-property relationships of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) is crucial in order to improve the cost, performance, and durability of PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this context, there has been an explosion over the past five years in the volume of research carried out in the area of non-perfluorinated, proton-conducting polymer membranes, with a particular emphasis on exploiting phase behavior associated with block and graft copolymers. This progress report highlights a selection of interesting studies in the area that have appeared since 2005, which illustrate the effects of factors such as acid and water contents and morphology upon proton conduction. It concludes with an outlook on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Peckham
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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34
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Valade D, Boschet F, Ameduri B. Grafting polymerization of styrene onto alternating terpolymers based on chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinyl ethers, and their modification into ionomers bearing ammonium side-groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Kim SY, Park MJ, Balsara NP, Jackson A. Confinement Effects on Watery Domains in Hydrated Block Copolymer Electrolyte Membranes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Division of Advanced Materials Science
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36
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Enhancement of anhydrous proton transport by supramolecular nanochannels in comb polymers. Nat Chem 2010; 2:503-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Nagamani C, Versek C, Thorn M, Tuominen MT, Thayumanavan S. Proton conduction in 1H
-1,2,3-triazole polymers: Imidazole-like or pyrazole-like? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Ameduri B. From vinylidene fluoride (VDF) to the applications of VDF-containing polymers and copolymers: recent developments and future trends. Chem Rev 2010; 109:6632-86. [PMID: 19731907 DOI: 10.1021/cr800187m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ameduri
- Engineering and Macromolecular Architectures, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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40
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Moore HD, Saito T, Hickner MA. Morphology and transport properties of midblock-sulfonated triblock copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Liu Y, Pollock KL, Cavicchi KA. Synthesis of poly(trioctylammonium p-styrenesulfonate) homopolymers and block copolymers by RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Tsang EMW, Zhang Z, Yang ACC, Shi Z, Peckham TJ, Narimani R, Frisken BJ, Holdcroft S. Nanostructure, Morphology, and Properties of Fluorous Copolymers Bearing Ionic Grafts. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901740f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. W. Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ami C. C. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Zhiqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Peckham
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Rasoul Narimani
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Barbara J. Frisken
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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43
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Li N, Liu J, Cui Z, Zhang S, Xing W. Novel hydrophilic–hydrophobic multiblock copolyimides as proton exchange membranes: Enhancing the proton conductivity. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Mistry MK, Subianto S, Choudhury NR, Dutta NK. Interfacial interactions in aprotic ionic liquid based protonic membrane and its correlation with high temperature conductivity and thermal properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:9240-9251. [PMID: 19583225 DOI: 10.1021/la901330y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel supported liquid membranes (SLMs) have been developed by impregnating Nafion and Hyflon membranes with ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMI-BTSI). These supported liquid membranes were characterized in terms of their ionic liquid uptake behavior, leaching of ionic liquid by water, thermal stability, mechanical properties, glass transition temperature, ion exchange capacity, and proton conductivity. In general, modified membranes are more flexible than unmodified samples due to the plasticization effects of the ionic liquid. However, these supported liquid membranes exhibit a significant increase in their operational stability and proton conductivity over unmodified membranes. We also demonstrate that proton conductivity of these supported liquid membranes allows conduction of protons in anhydrous conditions with conductivity increasing with temperature. Conductivity of up to 3.58 mS cm(-1) has been achieved at 160 degrees C in dry conditions, making these materials promising for various electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur K Mistry
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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45
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Perrin R, Elomaa M, Jannasch P. Nanostructured Proton Conducting Polystyrene−Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) Block Copolymers Prepared via Sequential Anionic Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matti Elomaa
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, PB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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46
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Majsztrik PW, Bocarsly AB, Benziger JB. Viscoelastic Response of Nafion. Effects of Temperature and Hydration on Tensile Creep. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801811m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Rubatat L, Li C, Dietsch H, Nykänen A, Ruokolainen J, Mezzenga R. Structure−Properties Relationship in Proton Conductive Sulfonated Polystyrene−Polymethyl Methacrylate Block Copolymers (sPS−PMMA). Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801543q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rubatat
- Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02015 TKK, Finland, and Néstlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02015 TKK, Finland, and Néstlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Dietsch
- Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02015 TKK, Finland, and Néstlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Antti Nykänen
- Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02015 TKK, Finland, and Néstlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02015 TKK, Finland, and Néstlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Physics and Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Ch. du. Musée 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 5100, 02015 TKK, Finland, and Néstlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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48
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Savard O, Peckham TJ, Yang Y, Holdcroft S. Structure–property relationships for a series of polyimide copolymers with sulfonated pendant groups. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Mortensen K, Gasser U, Gürsel SA, Scherer GG. Structural characterization of radiation‐grafted block copolymer films, using SANS technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Proton conducting crosslinked membranes by polymer blending of triblock copolymer and poly(vinyl alcohol). Macromol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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