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Woods EF, Berl AJ, Kantt LP, Eckdahl CT, Wasielewski MR, Haines BE, Kalow JA. Light Directs Monomer Coordination in Catalyst-Free Grignard Photopolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18755-18765. [PMID: 34699721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers can serve as active layers in flexible and lightweight electronics and are conventionally synthesized by transition-metal-mediated polycondensation at elevated temperatures. We recently reported a photopolymerization of electron-deficient heteroaryl Grignard monomers that enables the catalyst-free synthesis of n-type π-conjugated polymers. Herein, we describe an experimental and computational investigation into the mechanism of this photopolymerization. Spectroscopic studies performed in situ and after quenching reveal that the propagating chain is a radical anion with halide end groups. DFT calculations for model oligomers suggest a Mg-templated SRN1-type coupling, in which Grignard monomer coordination to the radical anion chain avoids the formation of free sp2 radicals and allows C-C bond formation with very low barriers. We find that light plays an unusual role in the reaction, photoexciting the radical anion chain to shift electron density to the termini and thus enabling productive monomer binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexandra J Berl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leanna P Kantt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher T Eckdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, 955 La Paz Rd, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Fu J, Yan L, Wang S, Song H, Gu Q, Zhang Y. Microwave-assisted synthesis and luminescent properties of triphenylamine substituted mono- and di- branched benzimidazole derivatives. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Kok C, Doyranli C, Canımkurbey B, Pıravadılı Mucur S, Koyuncu S. Effect of thiophene linker addition to fluorene-benzotriazole polymers with the purpose of achieving white emission in OLEDs. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18639-18647. [PMID: 35518315 PMCID: PMC9053908 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the purpose of obtaining white emission from single layer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), fluorene benzotriazole based polymers with double bond subunits (namely TP2 and SP3 with and without thiophene linker, respectively) were synthesized by a Suzuki cross-coupling polymerization reaction. SP3 and TP2 were used as an emissive layer of the OLED devices due to their outstanding solubility in organic solvents, photoluminescence intensity and morphological suitability for fine thin film-forming capability. The optical, electrochemical, light emission and electroluminescence characteristics, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and admittance spectroscopic analysis of OLEDs based on SP3 and TP2 were realized in detail to understand the effects of thiophene linker addition as a donor unit to the main chain of fluorene benzotriazole based polymers. As a result, TP2 emitted a bright yellow emission with a maximum brightness of 243 cd m-2 at 40 mA cm-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 1.38 cd A-1 with more broad electroluminescence characteristics than SP3 polymer without the thiophene linker. SP3 emitted a greenish yellow emission with a maximum brightness of 1001 cd m-2 at 845 mA cm-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 0.33 cd A-1. Carrier transport properties, charge carrier transit time and the equivalent circuit modelling studies were obtained through admittance spectroscopy. An equivalent circuit model with a combination of two resistors and one capacitor explained the charge conduction mechanism of SP3 and TP2 based OLEDs. SP3 and TP2 OLED devices represented typical p-type transporting characteristics with mobilities of 0.073 and 0.017 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively with simplified device configuration. All the results indicate that thiophene addition to the main chain of fluorene benzotriazole based polymers with double bond subunits lead to a promising candidate for white emissive materials used in single layer white OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Kok
- Department of Energy Resources and Management, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17020 Çanakkale Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ceylan Doyranli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yıldız Technical University 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Betül Canımkurbey
- S. Şerefeddin Health Services Vocational School, Amasya University Amasya 05100 Turkey
- Central Research Laboratory, Amasya University 05100 Amasya Turkey
| | - Selin Pıravadılı Mucur
- Materials Institute, Marmara Research Center (MAM), The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 41470 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Sermet Koyuncu
- Department of Energy Resources and Management, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17020 Çanakkale Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17100 Canakkale Turkey
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4
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Hu H, Sui Y, Ueda M, Qian J, Wang L, Zhang X. Multi-block sulfonated poly(arylene ether nitrile) polymers bearing oligomeric benzotriazole pendants with exceptionally high H2/O2 fuel cell performance. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee MH, Kim J, Kang M, Kim J, Kang B, Hwang H, Cho K, Kim DY. Precise Side-Chain Engineering of Thienylenevinylene-Benzotriazole-Based Conjugated Polymers with Coplanar Backbone for Organic Field Effect Transistors and CMOS-like Inverters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:2758-2766. [PMID: 28004581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two donor-acceptor (D-A) alternating conjugated polymers based on thienylenevinylene-benzotriazole (TV-BTz), PTV6B with a linear side chain and PTVEhB with a branched side chain, were synthesized and characterized for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-like inverters. According to density functional theory (DFT), polymers based on TV-BTz exhibit a coplanar and rigid structure with no significant twists, which could cause to an increase in charge-carrier mobility in OFETs. Alternating alkyl side chains of the polymers impacted neither the band gap nor the energy level. However, it significantly affected the morphology and crystallinity when the polymer films were thermally annealed. To investigate the effect of thermal annealing on the morphology and crystallinity, we characterized the polymer films using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and 2D-grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (2D-GIWAXD). Fibrillary morphologies with larger domains and increased crystallinity were observed in the polymer films after thermal annealing. These polymers exhibited improved charge-carrier mobilities in annealed films at 200 °C and demonstrated optimal OFET device performance with p-type transport characteristics with charge-carrier mobilities of 1.51 cm2/(V s) (PTV6B) and 2.58 cm2/(V s) (PTVEhB). Furthermore, CMOS-like inorganic (ZnO)-organic (PTVEhB) hybrid bilayer inverter showed that the inverting voltage (Vinv) was positioned near the ideal switching point at half (1/2) of supplied voltage (VDD) due to fairly balanced p- and n-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Minji Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics, Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics, Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Han X, Bai Q, Shan T, Lu P, Ma Y. Electropolymerized AIE-active polymer film with high quantum efficiency and its application in OLED. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Qing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Tong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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Shi Y, Mai CK, Fronk SL, Chen Y, Bazan GC. Optical Properties of Benzotriazole-Based Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Shi
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Institute
of Polymers/College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu
Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, No. 2 Avenue, Gaojiaoyuan District, Xiasha, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Cheng-Kang Mai
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Fronk
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Yiwang Chen
- Institute
of Polymers/College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu
Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center
for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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9
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Substituent effect of a donor unit on electrochemical and opto-electronic properties of ambipolar benzotriazole-based polymers. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-016-0436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Chaurasia S, Lin JT. Metal-Free Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1311-36. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chaurasia
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica; Nankang, Taipei-115 (Taiwan)
| | - Jiann T. Lin
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica; Nankang, Taipei-115 (Taiwan)
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11
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González-Juárez E, Güizado-Rodríguez M, Barba V, Melgoza-Ramírez M, Rodríguez M, Ramos-Ortíz G, Maldonado J. Polythiophenes based on pyrene as pendant group: Synthesis, structural characterization and luminescent properties. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Sen CP, Shrestha RG, Shrestha LK, Ariga K, Valiyaveettil S. Low-Band-Gap BODIPY Conjugated Copolymers for Sensing Volatile Organic Compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:17344-54. [PMID: 26463001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with strong photophysical properties are used in many applications. A homopolymer (P1) and five new low band gap copolymers based on 4,4'-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) and acceptors 3,6-dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrrole (P2), phthalimide (P3), benzotriazole (P4), 4,7-dithienyl[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5g]quinoxaline (P5), and 2,5-dithienylthieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (P6) were prepared by means of Sonogashira polymerization. The characterization of polymers by using (1) H NMR, absorption, and emission spectroscopy is discussed. All polymers with high molecular weights (Mn ) of 16 000 to 89 000 g mol(-1) showed absorption maxima in the deep-red region (λ=630-760 nm) in solution and exhibited significant redshifts (up to 70 nm) in thin films. Polymers P2, P5, and P6 showed narrow optical band gaps of 1.38, 1.35, and 1.38 eV, respectively, which are significantly lower than that of P1 (1.63 eV). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the polymers were calculated by using cyclic voltammetry measurements. The LUMO energy levels of BODIPY-based alternating copolymers were independent of the acceptors; this suggests that the major factor that tunes the LUMO energy levels of the polymers could be the BODIPY core. All polymers showed selective and reproducible detection of volatile organic solvents, such as toluene and benzene, which could be used for developing sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Ping Sen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543 (Singapore)
| | - Rekha Goswami Shrestha
- World Premier International Center for Materials, Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan)
| | - Lok Kumar Shrestha
- World Premier International Center for Materials, Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan)
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Center for Materials, Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan)
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543 (Singapore).
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13
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NaH-assisted n-doping of polyanilines with dopant cation trapping sites and their stability of n-doping state against air. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Unay H, Unlu NA, Hizalan G, Hacioglu SO, Toppare L, Cırpan A. Selenophene as a Bridge in Molecular Architecture of Benzotriazole Containing Conjugated Copolymers to Gain Insight on Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Polymers. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1024312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hande Unay
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naime Akbasoglu Unlu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 ,Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonul Hizalan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 ,Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serife O. Hacioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 ,Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 ,Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
- The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GÜNAM), Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Cırpan
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800 ,Ankara, Turkey
- The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GÜNAM), Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Hedström S, Tao Q, Wang E, Persson P. Rational design of D–A1–D–A2 conjugated polymers with superior spectral coverage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26677-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calculations and experiments elucidate factors governing how D–A1–D–A2 polymers offer fundamentally improved spectral coverage via allowed transitions to both acceptor LUMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svante Hedström
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry
- Lund University
- S-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
| | - Qiang Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Polymer Technology
- Chalmers University of Technology
- S-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Polymer Technology
- Chalmers University of Technology
- S-412 96 Göteborg
- Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry
- Lund University
- S-221 00 Lund
- Sweden
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Kang NG, Hur YH, Changez M, Kang BG, Yu YG, Lee JS. Effect of substituted groups on the living anionic polymerization of 2-vinylcarbazole derivatives. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Yen YS, Lee CT, Hsu CY, Chou HH, Chen YC, Lin JT. Benzotriazole-Containing D-π-A Conjugated Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:809-16. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201201173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lv Y, Yao L, Gu C, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Liu L, Ma Y. Cross-linked luminescent films via electropolymerization of multifunctional precursors for highly efficient electroluminescence. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py21075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Emission color tuning of copolymers containing polyfluorene, benzothiadiazole, porphyrin derivatives. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Synthesis of novel narrow-band-gap copolymers based on [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-f]benzotriazole and their application in bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ponnapati R, Felipe MJ, Muthalagu V, Puno K, Wolff B, Advincula R. Conjugated polymer network films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) with hole-transporting carbazole pendants: dual photoluminescence and electrochromic behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1211-1218. [PMID: 22329863 DOI: 10.1021/am201193x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) copolymers functionalized with hole-transport and electrochemically active carbazole units as pendant moieties is reported. These polymers exhibit photoluminescence properties by virtue of the PPV analogous backbone. They were also designed as precursor polymer bearing the electroactive carbazole group to form conjugated polymer network (CPN) films by electrodeposition. The electrochemical polymerization of the pendant units eventually lead to a dual property electro-optically active thin film - photoluminescence (PL) behavior that can be attenuated with CPN formation, and a reversible doping and dedoping processes at controlled potentials that lead to an electrochromic behavior. This reveals the ability to incorporate complementary optical and electro-optical properties within the same film using the CPN approach. It should be possible to design and synthesize other PPV π-conjugated polymers with efficient pendant hole-transport groups exhibiting tunable PL and electrochromism with cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Ponnapati
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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22
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Patel DG(D, Feng F, Ohnishi YY, Abboud KA, Hirata S, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR. It Takes More Than an Imine: The Role of the Central Atom on the Electron-Accepting Ability of Benzotriazole and Benzothiadiazole Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2599-612. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207978v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G. (Dan) Patel
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yu-ya Ohnishi
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - So Hirata
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Kang NG, Cho B, Kang BG, Song S, Lee T, Lee JS. Structural and electrical characterization of a block copolymer-based unipolar nonvolatile memory device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:385-390. [PMID: 22162078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices based on a series of synthesized block copolymers are demonstrated. In particular, a block copolymer system with a lamellar structure exhibits unipolar switching behavior. This study provides a simple strategy based on the adjustment of the block ratio in block copolymers to control the polymer morphology and thus the electrical and switching properties of polymer-based memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu,Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Ozdemir S, Sendur M, Oktem G, Doğan Ö, Toppare L. A promising combination of benzotriazole and quinoxaline units: A new acceptor moiety toward synthesis of multipurpose donor–acceptor type polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Price SC, Stuart AC, Yang L, Zhou H, You W. Fluorine Substituted Conjugated Polymer of Medium Band Gap Yields 7% Efficiency in Polymer−Fullerene Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4625-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1393] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Price
- Department of Chemistry‡Curriculum in Applied Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3287, United States
| | - Andrew C. Stuart
- Department of Chemistry‡Curriculum in Applied Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3287, United States
| | - Liqiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry‡Curriculum in Applied Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3287, United States
| | - Huaxing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry‡Curriculum in Applied Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3287, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry‡Curriculum in Applied Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3287, United States
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26
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Song HJ, Lee JY, Song IS, Moon DK, Haw JR. Synthesis and electroluminescence properties of fluorene–anthracene based copolymers for blue and white emitting diodes. J IND ENG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Balan A, Baran D, Toppare L. Benzotriazole containing conjugated polymers for multipurpose organic electronic applications. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BTz) containing polymers are reviewed from a general perspective in terms of their potential use in organic electronic applications namely electrochromics (ECs), organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) in comparison with the structurally similar polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidin Balan
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Derya Baran
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle East Technical University
- Ankara
- Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology
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28
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Liu B, Zou Y, Ye S, He Y, Zhou K. A dithienyl benzotriazole-based poly(2,7-carbazole) for field-effect transistors and efficient light-emitting diodes. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Zhang Z, Peng B, Ding P, Liu B, He Y, Zhou K, Li Y, Pan C, Zou Y. Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of dithienyl benzotriazole based poly(phenylene vinylene)s. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Donor–acceptor–donor type conjugated polymers for electrochromic applications: benzimidazole as the acceptor unit. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Zhang L, He C, Chen J, Yuan P, Huang L, Zhang C, Cai W, Liu Z, Cao Y. Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with Benzotriazole-Based Copolymers as Electron Donors: Largely Improved Photovoltaic Parameters by Using PFN/Al Bilayer Cathode. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pan Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanzhu Cai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhitian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of MoE, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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32
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Baran D, Balan A, Esteban BM, Neugebauer H, Sariciftci NS, Toppare L. Spectroelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Characterization of a Solution-Processable n-and-p Type Dopable Pyrrole-Bearing Conjugated Polymer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Yamaguchi I, Mitsuno H. Synthesis of n-Type π-Conjugated Polymers with Pendant Crown Ether and Their Stability of n-Doping State against Air. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101731v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Yamaguchi
- Department of Material Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hidehito Mitsuno
- Department of Material Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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34
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Akbaşoğlu N, Balan A, Baran D, Cirpan A, Toppare L. Electrochemical and optical studies of furan and thieno[3,2-b
]thiophene end capped benzotriazole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Peng B, Najari A, Liu B, Berrouard P, Gendron D, He Y, Zhou K, Zou Y, Leclerc M. A New Dithienylbenzotriazole-Based Poly(2,7-carbazole) for Efficient Photovoltaics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Yamamoto T. Synthesis of π-Conjugated Polymers by Organometallic Polycondensation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20090338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Synthesis, characterization and acidochromism of Poly (2-N,N–dimethylamino-4,6-Bis (2-thienyl)-pyrimidine). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Lee JK, Fong HH, Zakhidov AA, McCluskey GE, Taylor PG, Santiago-Berrios M, Abruña HD, Holmes AB, Malliaras GG, Ober CK. Semiperfluoroalkyl Polyfluorenes for Orthogonal Processing in Fluorous Solvents. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902179s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hon Hang Fong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Alexander A. Zakhidov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Georgia E. McCluskey
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Priscilla G. Taylor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Andrew B. Holmes
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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39
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Balan A, Baran D, Toppare L. Processable donor–acceptor type electrochromes switching between multicolored and highly transmissive states towards single component RGB-based display devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01815e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Bouffard J, Swager TM. Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers That Incorporate Substituted 2,1,3-Benzooxadiazole and 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Units. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8010679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bouffard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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41
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Yamamoto T, Koizumi TA. Synthesis of π-conjugated polymers bearing electronic and optical functionalities by organometallic polycondensations and their chemical properties. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Pu KY, Chen Y, Qi XY, Qin CY, Chen QQ, Wang HY, Deng Y, Fan QL, Huang YQ, Liu SJ, Wei W, Peng B, Huang W. Synthesis of grafted poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) with energy donor–acceptor architecture via atom transfer radical polymerization: Towards nonaggregating and hole-facilitating light-emitting material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Sun M, Niu Q, Yang R, Du B, Liu R, Yang W, Peng J, Cao Y. Fluorene-based copolymers for color-stable blue light-emitting diodes. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Kim SH, Ko HC, Moon B, Lee H. Formation of a perylenetetracarboxylic diimide network film by post electrochemical treatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:9431-5. [PMID: 17042565 DOI: 10.1021/la061295i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) derivatives bearing two or four peripheral pyrrole pendants (PDI-nPy, n=2 or 4) are cross-linkable materials by electro/phototreatment. In this paper, we introduce a new posttreatment technique to produce an insoluble film. Unlike the common solution-phase electrochemical deposition, we first spin-coated PDI-nPy on an electrode and then electrotreated the coated surface in a monomer-free electrolyte solution. This method gives the film a smooth surface with no granules, while the common method induces a rough film with a lot of granules. The post electrochemical treatment also provides a merit of higher resolution in a patterning process on a specific metal electrode. As one of the applications, we carried out an electrochromic study on the posttreated PDI-4Py film. It turned purple (lambdamax=590 nm) and sky blue (lambdamax=797 nm) at 0 and -1.9 V vs Ag/Ag+, respectively. We believe this method will broaden the patterning concept with the desired film morphology and resolution using PDI on a specific electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 1-1 Sinsoo-Dong, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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