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Striegel AM. Size-Exclusion Chromatography: A Twenty-First Century Perspective. Chromatographia 2022; 85:10.1007/s10337-022-04143-1. [PMID: 36620523 PMCID: PMC9813945 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Now in its sixth decade, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) remains the premier method by which to determine the molar mass averages and distributions of natural and synthetic macromolecules. Aided by its coupling to a variety and multiplicity of detectors, it has also shown its ability to characterize a host of other physicochemical properties, such as branching, chemical, and sequence length heterogeneity size distribution; chain rigidity; fractal dimension and its change as a function of molar mass; etc. SEC is also an integral part of most macromolecular two-dimensional separations, providing a second-dimension size-based technique for determining the molar mass of the components separated in the first dimension according to chemical composition, thus yielding the combined chemical composition and molar mass distributions of a sample. While the potential of SEC remains strong, our awareness of the pitfalls and challenges inherent to it and to its practice must also be ever-present. This Perspective aims to highlight some of the advantages and applications of SEC, to bring to the fore these caveats with regard to its practice, and to provide an outlook as to potential areas for expansion and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Striegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8390, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390, USA
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2
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Entropic-Based Separation of Diastereomers: Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Online Viscometry and Refractometry Detection for Analysis of Blends of Mannose and Galactose Methyl-α-pyranosides at “Ideal” Size-Exclusion Conditions. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe separation of carbohydrate diastereomers by an ideal size-exclusion mechanism, i.e., in the absence of enthalpic contributions to the separation, can be considered one of the grand challenges in chromatography: Can a difference in the location of a single axial hydroxy group on a pyranose ring (e.g., the axial OH being located on carbon 2 versus on carbon 4 of the ring) sufficiently affect the solution conformational entropy of a monosaccharide in a manner which allows for members of a diastereomeric pair to be separated from each other by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)? Previous attempts at answering this question, for aqueous solutions, have been thwarted by the mutarotation of sugars in water. Here, the matter is addressed by employing the non-mutarotating methyl-α-pyranosides of d-mannose and d-galactose. We show for the first time, using SEC columns, the entropically driven separation of members of this diastereomeric pair, at a resolution of 1.2–1.3 and with only a 0.4–1% change in solute distribution coefficient over a 25 °C range, thereby demonstrating the ideality of the separation. It is also shown how the newest generation of online viscometer allows for improved sensitivity, thereby extending the range of this so-called molar-mass-sensitive detector into the monomeric regime. Detector multidimensionality is showcased via the synergism of online viscometry and refractometry, which combine to measure the intrinsic viscosity and viscometric radius of the sugars continually across the elution profiles of each diastereomer, methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside and methyl-α-d-galactopyranoside.
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Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D-LC) in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Applications Beyond Increasing Peak Capacity. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cheng HL, Liu H, Feng QH, Xie YM, Zhan HY. Preparation, characterization and in vitro anticoagulant activity of corn stover xylan sulfates. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 28:271-283. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1264060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Li Cheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hua Feng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Min Xie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huai-Yu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Morris MJ, Striegel AM. Influence of glycosidic linkage on the solution conformational entropy of gluco- and mannobioses. Carbohydr Res 2014; 398:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morris MJ, Striegel AM. Determining the solution conformational entropy of oligosaccharides by SEC with on-line viscometry detection. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Does the “C3effect” offset the Δ2 effect, as regards the solution flexibility of aldoses? Biopolymers 2014; 101:703-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang C, Ying F, Wu W, Mo Y. How solvent influences the anomeric effect: roles of hyperconjugative versus steric interactions on the conformational preference. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1571-81. [PMID: 24456135 DOI: 10.1021/jo402306e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The block-localized wave function (BLW) method, which can derive optimal electron-localized state with intramolecular electron delocalization completely deactivated, has been combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to probe the variation of the anomeric effect in solution. Currently both the hyperconjugation and electrostatic models have been called to interpret the anomeric effect in carbohydrate molecules. Here we employed the BLW-PCM scheme to analyze the energy differences between α and β anomers of substituted tetrahydropyran C5OH9Y (Y = F, Cl, OH, NH2, and CH3) and tetrahydrothiopyran C5SH9Y (Y = F, Cl, OH, and CH3) in solvents including chloroform, acetone, and water. In accord with literature, our computations show that for anomeric systems the conformational preference is reduced in solution and the magnitude of reduction increases as the solvent polarity increases. Significantly, on one hand the solute-solvent interaction diminishes the intramolecular electron delocalization in β anomers more than in α anomers, thus destabilizing β anomers relatively. But on the other hand, it reduces the steric effect in β anomers much more than α anomers and thus stabilizes β anomers relatively more, leading to the overall reduction of the anomeric effect in anomeric systems in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Wang C, Chen Z, Wu W, Mo Y. How the Generalized Anomeric Effect Influences the Conformational Preference. Chemistry 2012; 19:1436-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Structure dependent thermo-reversible dissolution of organic molecules based on β-cyclodextrin complexes and its application in preparetive-scale separation of xylene isomers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mittermayr S, Guttman A. Influence of molecular configuration and conformation on the electromigration of oligosaccharides in narrow bore capillaries. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1000-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lithium chloride-induced organogel transformed from precipitate based on cyclodextrin complexes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Striegel AM, Boone MA. Influence of glycosidic linkage on solution conformational entropy of oligosaccharides: Malto- vs. isomalto- and cello- vs. laminarioligosaccharides. Biopolymers 2010; 95:228-33. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Richard DJ, Striegel AM. The obstruction factor in size-exclusion chromatography. 1. The intraparticle obstruction factor. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Perić-Hassler L, Hansen HS, Baron R, Hünenberger PH. Conformational properties of glucose-based disaccharides investigated using molecular dynamics simulations with local elevation umbrella sampling. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1781-801. [PMID: 20576257 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the 11 glucose-based disaccharides in water at 300K and 1bar are reported. The simulations were carried out with the GROMOS 45A4 force-field and the sampling along the glycosidic dihedral angles phi and psi was artificially enhanced using the local elevation umbrella sampling (LEUS) method. The trajectories are analyzed in terms of free-energy maps, stable and metastable conformational states (relative free energies and estimated transition timescales), intramolecular H-bonds, single molecule configurational entropies, and agreement with experimental data. All disaccharides considered are found to be characterized either by a single stable (overwhelmingly populated) state ((1-->n)-linked disaccharides with n=1, 2, 3, or 4) or by two stable (comparably populated and differing in the third glycosidic dihedral angle omega ; gg or gt) states with a low interconversion barrier ((1-->6)-linked disaccharides). Metastable (anti-phi or anti-psi) states are also identified with relative free energies in the range of 8-22 kJ mol(-1). The 11 compounds can be classified into four families: (i) the alpha(1-->1)alpha-linked disaccharide trehalose (axial-axial linkage) presents no metastable state, the lowest configurational entropy, and no intramolecular H-bonds; (ii) the four alpha(1-->n)-linked disaccharides (n=1, 2, 3, or 4; axial-equatorial linkage) present one metastable (anti-psi) state, an intermediate configurational entropy, and two alternative intramolecular H-bonds; (iii) the four beta(1-->n)-linked disaccharides (n=1, 2, 3, or 4; equatorial-equatorial linkage) present two metastable (anti-phi and anti-psi) states, an intermediate configurational entropy, and one intramolecular H-bond; (iv) the two (1-->6)-linked disaccharides (additional glycosidic dihedral angle) present no (isomaltose) or a pair of (gentiobiose) metastable (anti-phi) states, the highest configurational entropy, and no intramolecular H-bonds. The observed conformational preferences appear to be dictated by four main driving forces (ring conformational preferences, exo-anomeric effect, steric constraints, and possible presence of a third glycosidic dihedral angle), leaving a secondary role to intramolecular H-bonding and specific solvation effects. In spite of the weak conformational driving force attributed to solvent-exposed H-bonds in water (highly polar protic solvent), intramolecular H-bonds may still have a significant influence on the physico-chemical properties of the disaccharide by decreasing its hydrophilicity. Along with previous work, the results also complete the suggestion of a spectrum of approximate transition timescales for carbohydrates up to the disaccharide level, namely: approximately 30 ps (hydroxyl groups), approximately 1 ns (free lactol group, free hydroxymethyl groups, glycosidic dihedral angleomega in (1-->6)-linked disaccharides), approximately 10 ns to 2 micros (ring conformation, glycosidic dihedral angles phi and psi). The calculated average values of the glycosidic torsional angles agree well with the available experimental data, providing validation for the force-field and simulation methodology employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Perić-Hassler
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Relation between the Δ2 effect and the solution conformational entropy of aldohexoses and select methyl glycosides. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Boone MA, Nymeyer H, Striegel AM. Determining the solution conformational entropy of O-linked oligosaccharides at quasi-physiological conditions: size-exclusion chromatography and molecular dynamics. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Striegel AM. Influence of anomeric configuration on mechanochemical degradation of polysaccharides: cellulose versus amylose. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3944-9. [PMID: 18030997 DOI: 10.1021/bm700959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose and amylose are (1-->4)-linked polysaccharides that are used extensively in the textiles, paper, and food and feed industries and are finding increasing use as alternative fuels and so forth. At the molecular level, cellulose and amylose differ only in their anomeric configuration: beta in cellulose, alpha in amylose. During processing and end use, these polymers experience a variety of mechanochemical stresses, many through contact with transient elongational flow fields. Here, we subject solutions of both polysaccharides to extended periods of ultrasonic irradiation, as the cavitational bubble collapse characteristic of ultrasound experiments creates flow fields strictly analogous to those encountered in other transient elongational flow scenarios. With the use of multidetector size-exclusion chromatography, the effects of anomeric configuration on both the limiting molar mass, beyond which polymers do not degrade in transient elongation flow ( M lim), and the rate of degradation have been isolated in these (1-->4)-linked polysaccharides. This effect was found to be pronounced; for example, M lim (cellulose) = 5( M lim (amylose)). Also, while extensive change was observed in molar mass averages, distribution, polydispersity, and size of the analytes during degradation, their structure was found to remain invariant. A modified "path theory" of transient elongational flow degradation was proposed, with the persistence length identified as a parameter which embodies the minimum continuous path length and flexibility requirements of the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Striegel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA.
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Striegel AM. Size-exclusion chromatography: smaller, faster, multi-detection, and multi-dimensions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:303-5. [PMID: 17589834 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André M Striegel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA.
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Xia J, Daly RP, Chuang FC, Parker L, Jensen JH, Margulis CJ. Sugar Folding: A Novel Structural Prediction Tool for Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 1. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ct700033y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan P. Daly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng-Chuan Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudio J. Margulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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