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Wang Z, Sun Y, Pan Y, Li E, Wang J, Li S, Li C. Impact of sugar and sugar alcohol on the pasting and retrogradation properties of starch with distinct molecular structures. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134627. [PMID: 39128746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The molecular structures of starch and sugar/sugar alcohol are recognized as critical determinants of starch pasting and retrogradation properties. However, their combined effects on these properties remain elusive. This study for the first time examined the pasting and retrogradation properties of nine starches with diverse molecular structures, both with and without the addition of glucose, sucrose, isomaltose, isomalt, and sorbitol. The presence of sugar/sugar alcohol significantly enhanced starch pasting viscosity. In particular, the variations of the peak viscosity of wheat starch were more pronounced than other starches, possibly due to its distinct molecular structures. The changes in melting temperatures and enthalpy of retrograded starches were complex, varying depending on the type of starch and sugar/sugar alcohol used. For example, the melting peak temperature ranged from 56.45 °C (TS) to 61.9 °C (WMS), and the melting enthalpy ranged from 0.16 J/g (TS) to 5.6 J/g (PES). The micromorphology of retrograded starch revealed agglomeration and needle-like structures, instead of a network structure, after the addition of glucose and sorbitol, respectively. Correlations between starch molecular structure and pasting properties remained largely unchanged, while the relationship between starch molecular structure and retrogradation properties exhibited notable variations after the addition of sugars or sugar alcohols. These findings help a better understanding of the effects of starch molecular structure and the presence of sugar/sugar alcohol on starch pasting and retrogradation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yujun Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Songnan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Matson JB, Steele AQ, Mase JD, Schulz MD. Polymer Characterization by Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Multi-Angle Light Scattering (SEC-MALS): A Tutorial Review. Polym Chem 2024; 15:127-142. [PMID: 39070757 PMCID: PMC11281244 DOI: 10.1039/d3py01181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This tutorial review presents the theory and application of SEC-MALS with minimal equations and a focus on synthetic polymer characterization, serving as an entry point for polymer scientists who want to learn more about SEC-MALS. We discuss the principles of static light scattering, outline its capability to generate absolute weight-average molar mass values, and extend its application to SEC-MALS. Practical elements are emphasized, enabling researchers to appreciate how values forM n , M w , and Đ are determined in an SEC-MALS experiment and how experimental conditions and input values, such as the specific refractive index increment ( d n / d c ), influence the results. Several illustrative SEC-MALS experiments demonstrate the impact of separation quality onM n (as opposed toM w ), the appearance of contaminants in SEC chromatograms from sample preparation, the influence of concentration on data quality, and how polymer topology affects molecular weight characterization in SEC. Finally, we address practical considerations, common issues, and persistent misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Matson
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| | - Anna Q Steele
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| | - Jonathan D Mase
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
| | - Mirchael D Schulz
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
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3
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Matsumoto Y, Kikuchi M, Ueda K, Enomoto K, Narumi A, Kawaguchi S. Highly reliable determination of the interdetector delay volume in SEC-MALS for precise characterization of macromolecules having narrow and broad molar mass distributions. Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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4
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Kearns MM, Morley CN, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Sponza AD, Chakma P, De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Chiu M, Anastasaki A, Konkolewicz D. A general model for the ideal chain length distributions of polymers made with reversible deactivation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A general model is developed for the distribution of polymers made with reversible deactivation. The model is applied to a range of experimental systems including RAFT, cationic and ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Colleen N. Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro D. Sponza
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | | | - Melanie Chiu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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5
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Zhang P. Monte Carlo study for correcting the broadened line-scan profile in scanning electron microscopy. J Microsc 2020; 277:23-31. [PMID: 31879966 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Line-scan profile is always broadened due to the probe shape of the primary electron (PE) beam in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which leads to an inaccurate dimension metrology. Currently, the effective electron beam shape (EEBS) is suggested as the broadening function to overcome this issue for theoretical analysis, rather than the widely used Gaussian profile. However, EEBS is almost impossible to be acquired due to it strongly depends on both the sample topography and the electron beam focusing condition, which makes it is impossible to be applied in practical analysis. Taking the case of gate linewidth measurement, an approach is proposed to find a best-fit traditional Gaussian profile, which can optimally replace the EEBS in the case of the same sample structure and experimental condition for construction of a database of the parameter in traditional Gaussian profile. This approach is based on the use of the ideal and broadened line-scan profiles which are both obtained from Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, but respectively by an ideal and a focusing incident electron beam model. The expected value of parameter can be obtained through deconvoluting (here using a maximum-entropy algorithm) the broadened line-scan profile then fitting it to the ideal profile. Experimenters can benefit from this database to obtain true line-scan profiles for accurate gate linewidth measurement. This work should prove useful for samples of other structures and be an extension of the database in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
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Abstract
A better understanding of the nutritional properties of rice starch is important because of the rapid rise of diet-related health complications, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancers. Rice starch that is slowly digested to glucose, and where significant quantities of starch which reach the lower gut ("resistant starch"), can mitigate, and also delay the onset of, these diseases. These digestibility properties depend to some extent on starch molecular structure. The characterization of this structure is therefore significant for understanding and developing healthier slower digestible rice. In this chapter, a series of techniques used for characterizing starch structure are reviewed and the procedure for preparing rice starch samples with minimum degradation for characterizing starch chain length distribution (CLD) and overall molecular structure is given. Some methods for choosing or developing plants showing desirable structural characteristics are briefly summarized.
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7
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Toward ideal separation by size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang P, Mazoyer P, Gilbert RG. A broad-standard technique for correcting for band broadening in size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:267-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Netopilík M, Janata M. Decomposition of size-exclusion chromatography elution curves of complex branched polymers. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1330:14-9. [PMID: 24468240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the decomposition of non-baseline-resolved multimodal elution curves of SEC with the concentration, light scattering and viscosity detection is presented. The method makes possible the characterization of the polymer-sample components, represented by the peaks forming multimodal elution curves, individually and reduces also the error in the calculation of molecular-weight averages. The procedure is demonstrated on narrow molecular-weight distribution polystyrene standards and their mixture as well as on a grafted polymer sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Netopilík
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Gilbert RG, Wu AC, Sullivan MA, Sumarriva GE, Ersch N, Hasjim J. Improving human health through understanding the complex structure of glucose polymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8969-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gilbert RG, Witt T, Hasjim J. What Is Being Learned About Starch Properties from Multiple-Level Characterization. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-11-12-0141-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Gilbert
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author. Phone: +61 7 3365 4809. Fax: +61 7 3365 1188. E-mail:
| | - Torsten Witt
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jovin Hasjim
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Wu AC, Witt T, Gilbert RG. Characterization Methods for Starch-Based Materials: State of the Art and Perspectives. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Improving starch-containing materials, whether food, animal feed, high-tech biomaterials, or engineering plastics, is best done by understanding how biosynthetic processes and any subsequent processing control starch structure, and how this structure controls functional properties. Starch structural characterization is central to this. This review examines how information on the three basic levels of the complex multi-scale structure of starch – individual chains, the branching structure of isolated molecules, and the way these molecules form various crystalline and amorphous arrangements – can be obtained from experiment. The techniques include fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, multiple-detector size-exclusion chromatography, and various scattering techniques (light, X-ray, and neutron). Some examples are also given to show how these data provide mechanistic insight into how biosynthetic processes control the structure and how the various structural levels control functional properties.
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14
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Yossen MM, Vega JR, Chang T, Meira GR. DETERMINATION OF THE BAND BROADENING FUNCTION IN SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH LIGHT-SCATTERING DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.597061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Yossen
- a INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET) , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Jorge R. Vega
- a INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET) , Santa Fe , Argentina
- b Facultad Regional Santa Fe (Universidad Tecnológica Nacional) , Santa Fe , Argentina
| | - Taihyun Chang
- c Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , South Korea
| | - Gregorio R. Meira
- a INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET) , Santa Fe , Argentina
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Delaittre G, Save M, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P, Rieger J, Charleux B. Synthesis by nitroxide-mediated aqueous dispersion polymerization, characterization, and physical core-crosslinking of pH- and thermoresponsive dynamic diblock copolymer micelles. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Wolpers A, Russell GT, Vana P. The Impact of Band Broadening on Molar-Mass Determination of Narrow-Distribution Polymer by Size-Exclusion Chromatography. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Castignolles P, Gaborieau M. Viscosimetric detection in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC/GPC): The Goldwasser method and beyond. J Sep Sci 2011; 33:3564-70. [PMID: 20972971 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC or GPC) is the most widely used separation method to characterize polymers. The high level of complexity of most polymeric materials necessitates the use of not only concentration-sensitive detection but also structure-sensitive detection. Viscometry is usually used in conjunction with a concentration-sensitive detector and universal calibration to determine molecular weights of polymers. Goldwasser proposed to use a viscometer as a single detector to determine number-average molecular weights, M(n) (ACS Symposium Series, 521, 143). The method is particularly of interest when concentration-sensitive detection is not available, because the sample is isorefractive or not UV-absorbing, or because composition is not constant (copolymers). It has known very little applications so far. It actually does not only allow determining M(n), but also the number hydrodynamic volume distribution. This opens a wider range of applications for the Goldwasser method. Size-exclusion chromatography only yields inaccurate molecular weight distributions for some complex branched polymers. Hydrodynamic volume distributions have then a strong potential for comparative studies owing to their far higher accuracy. Our experimental tests highlight the fact that the method is highly sensitive to noise and careful optimization of the injection concentration is needed, but number distribution can be obtained as well as M(n).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Castignolles
- School of Natural Sciences, Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Western Sydney, Australia.
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Gilbert RG. Size-separation characterization of starch and glycogen for biosynthesis-structure-property relationships. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1425-38. [PMID: 21107973 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starch and glycogen are highly branched polymers of glucose of great importance to humans in managing and mitigating nutrition-related diseases, especially diabetes and obesity, and in industrial uses, for example in food and paper-making. Size-separation characterization using multiple-detection size-exclusion chromatography (SEC, also known as gel-permeation chromatography, GPC) is able to furnish substantial amounts of information on the relationships between the biosynthesis, processing, structure, and properties of these biopolymers, and achieves superior characterization for use in industrial product and process improvements. Multi-detector SEC is able to give much more information about structure than simple averages such as total molecular weight or size; the detailed information yielded by this technique has already given new information on important biosynthesis-structure-property reactions, and has considerable potential in this field in the future. However, it must be used with care to avoid artifacts arising from incomplete dissolution of the substrate and shear scission during separation. It is also essential in interpreting data to appreciate that this size-separation technique can only ever give size distributions, never true molecular weight distributions. Other size-separation techniques, particularly field-flow fractionation, require substantial technical development to be used on undegraded native starches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (LCAFS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Characterization of branched polysaccharides using multiple-detection size separation techniques. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3537-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cuevas RP, Gilbert RG, Fitzgerald MA. Structural differences between hot-water-soluble and hot-water-insoluble fractions of starch in waxy rice (Oryza sativa L.). Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gidley MJ, Hanashiro I, Hani NM, Hill SE, Huber A, Jane JL, Liu Q, Morris GA, Rolland-Sabaté A, Striegel AM, Gilbert RG. Reliable measurements of the size distributions of starch molecules in solution: Current dilemmas and recommendations. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gaborieau M, Causon TJ, Guillaneuf Y, Hilder EF, Castignolles P. Molecular Weight and Tacticity of Oligoacrylates by Capillary Electrophoresis - Mass Spectrometry. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligo(acrylic acid) efficiently stabilizes polymeric particles, especially particles produced by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (as hydrophilic block of an amphiphilic copolymer). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has a far higher resolution power to separate these oligomers than the commonly used size exclusion chromatography. Coupling CE to electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection unravels the separation mechanism. CE separates these oligomers, not only according to their degree of polymerization, but also according to their tacticity, in agreement with NMR analysis. Such analysis will provide insight into the role of these oligomers as stabilizers in emulsion polymerization, and into the mechanism of the RAFT polymerization with respect to degree of polymerization and tacticity.
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Gray-Weale AA, Cave RA, Gilbert RG. Extracting Physically Useful Information from Multiple-Detection Size-Separation Data for Starch. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2708-13. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900761q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angus A. Gray-Weale
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and CNAFS and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A. Cave
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and CNAFS and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, and CNAFS and LCAFS, Hartley Teakle Building, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Cave RA, Seabrook SA, Gidley MJ, Gilbert RG. Characterization of Starch by Size-Exclusion Chromatography: The Limitations Imposed by Shear Scission. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2245-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900426n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Cave
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Shane A. Seabrook
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Konkolewicz D, Siauw M, Gray-Weale A, Hawkett BS, Perrier S. Obtaining kinetic information from the chain-length distribution of polymers produced by RAFT. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:7086-94. [PMID: 19402692 DOI: 10.1021/jp900684t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple model for the kinetics and chain-length distribution of polymers made by living radical techniques. Living radical methods give good control over the molecular weight of a linear polymer by capping the growing end and forming a dormant chain. The polymer is predominantly capped, and occasionally decaps to form a radical that propagates for a short period before recapping. Our model uses this mechanism to describe the chain-length distribution of polymers made by living radical methods. We focus on oligomers made by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization as model systems. Our model can determine optimal reaction conditions for desired polymer properties and test hypotheses about reaction schemes by using only two parameters, with each parameter related to the kinetics. The first parameter is the mean number of monomers added when a chain decaps. A broad distribution results if many monomers are added upon decapping. The second parameter is the mean number of times a polymer decaps. Many decapping events indicate high monomer conversion. Our model gives kinetic information by directly fitting to an experimental chain-length distribution, which is the reverse of other kinetic models that generate the distribution from rate coefficients. Our approach has also the advantage of being simpler than previously published kinetic schemes, which use many rate coefficients as inputs. Our model was tested against three monomers (acrylic acid, butyl acrylate, and styrene) and two RAFT agents. In each case, we successfully describe the chain-length distribution, and give information about the kinetics, especially the probability of propagation versus deactivation by the RAFT mechanism. This excellent agreement with a priori expectations and quantum calculations makes our model a powerful tool for predicting the structure of polymers obtained by living radical polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Konkolewicz
- Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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26
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Gray-Weale A, Gilbert RG. General description of the structure of branched polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Konkolewicz D, Hawkett BS, Gray-Weale A, Perrier S. RAFT polymerization kinetics: How long are the cross-terminating oligomers? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Konkolewicz D, Hawkett BS, Gray-Weale A, Perrier S. RAFT Polymerization Kinetics: Combination of Apparently Conflicting Models. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Konkolewicz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Chemistry Building F11, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brian S. Hawkett
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Chemistry Building F11, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Angus Gray-Weale
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Chemistry Building F11, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Chemistry Building F11, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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Gruendling T, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Quantitative LC−MS of Polymers: Determining Accurate Molecular Weight Distributions by Combined Size Exclusion Chromatography and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry with Maximum Entropy Data Processing. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6915-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800591j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Gruendling
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia, Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Analytical Centre,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael Guilhaus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia, Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Analytical Centre,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia, Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)/Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, UNSW Analytical Centre,The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Hernández JM, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P, Gidley MJ, Myers AM, Gilbert RG. Mechanistic Investigation of a Starch-Branching Enzyme Using Hydrodynamic Volume SEC Analysis. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:954-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701213p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier M. Hernández
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alan M. Myers
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, School of Land Crop & Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, Key Centre for Polymer Colloids, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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31
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Guillaneuf Y, Castignolles P. Using apparent molecular weight from SEC in controlled/living polymerization and kinetics of polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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