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Li D, Yang C, Li P, Yu L, Zhao S, Li L, Kang H, Yang F, Fang Q. Synthesis and Properties of the Novel High-Performance Hydroxyl-Terminated Liquid Fluoroelastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112574. [PMID: 37299372 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional liquid fluoroelastomers are in high demand in new energy fields. And these materials have potential applications in high-performance sealing materials and as electrode materials. In this study, a novel high-performance hydroxyl-terminated liquid fluoroelastomer (t-HTLF) with a high fluorine content, temperature resistance, and curing efficiency was synthesised from a terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and hexafluoropylene (HFP). A carboxyl-terminated liquid fluoroelastomer (t-CTLF) with controllable molar mass and end-group content was first prepared from a poly(VDF-ter-TFE-ter-HFP) terpolymer using a unique oxidative degradation method. Subsequently, an efficient "one-step" reduction of the carboxyl groups (COOH) in t-CTLF into hydroxyl groups (OH) was achieved via the functional-group conversion method using lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) as the reductant. Thus, t-HTLF with a controllable molar mass and end-group content and highly active end groups was synthesised. Owing to the efficient curing reaction between OH and isocyanate groups (NCO), the cured t-HTLF exhibits good surface properties, thermal properties, and chemical stability. The thermal decomposition temperature (Td) of the cured t-HTLF reaches 334 °C, and it exhibits hydrophobicity. The oxidative degradation, reduction, and curing reaction mechanisms were also determined. The effects of solvent dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time, and ratio of the reductant to the COOH content on the carboxyl conversion were also systematically investigated. An efficient reduction system comprising LiAlH4 can not only achieve an efficient conversion of the COOH groups in t-CTLF to OH groups but also the in situ hydrogenation and addition reactions of residual double bonds (C=C) groups in the chain, such that the thermal stability and terminal activity of the product are improved while maintaining a high fluorine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shufa Zhao
- Shenyang Guide Rubber Products Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Hailan Kang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Qinghong Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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Fu Z, Gu X, Hu L, Li Y, Li J. Radiation Induced Surface Modification of Nanoparticles and their Dispersion in the Polymer Matrix. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2237. [PMID: 33187251 PMCID: PMC7697188 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer grafted inorganic nanoparticles attract significant attention, but pose challenges because of the complexity. In this work, a facile strategy to the graft polymer onto the surface of nanoparticles have been introduced. The vinyl functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were first prepared by the surface modification of the unmodified SiO2 using γ-methacryloxy propyl-trimethoxylsilane. The NPs were then mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which was followed by the Co-60 Gamma radiation at room temperature. PVDF molecular chains were chemically grafted onto the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles by the linking of the double bond on the NPs. The graft ratio of PVDF on SiO2 NPs surface can be precisely controlled by adjusting the absorbed dose and reactant feed ratio (maximum graft ratio was 31.3 wt%). The strategy is simple and it should be applied to the surface modification of many other nanoparticles. The prepared PVDF-grafted SiO2 NPs were then dispersed in the PVDF matrix to make the nanocomposites. It was found that the modified NPs can be precisely dispersed into the PVDF matrix, as compared with pristine silica. The filling content of modifications SiO2 NPs on the PVDF nanocomposites is almost doubled than the pristine SiO2 counterpart. Accordingly, the mechanical property of the nanocomposites is significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiang Fu
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China;
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Lingmin Hu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 16 Xuelin Rd., Hangzhou 310036, China; (X.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Jingye Li
- CAS Center for Excellence on TMSR Energy System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2019, Jialuo Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, China;
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Wang Y, Liu H, Zheng X, Bai Y. Towards new environmentally friendly fluoroelastomers: from facile chemical degradation to efficient photo‐crosslinkable reaction. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang Sichuan China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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4
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Terzic I, Meereboer NL, Loos K. CuAAC click chemistry: a versatile approach towards PVDF-based block copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00742j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized benzoyl peroxide-initiated polymerization of vinylidene fluoride allows straightforward preparation of PVDF-based block copolymers with an appealing crystallization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Terzic
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - N. L. Meereboer
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - K. Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- The Netherlands
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Wang L, Ma J, He X, Ke H, Liu J, Zhang C. Learning the deformation mechanism of poly(vinylidine fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene): an insight into strain-induced microstructure evolution via molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2017; 23:361. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Y, Sun S, Li N, Bai Y, Zheng X. Considerations of functional fluoropolymer structure in the design of acrylic-fluorine hybrid PSAs: Graft versus telechelic cooligomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 China
- Harbin Institute of Technology Wuxi Research Institute of New Materials; Wuxi 214183 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zheng
- Wuxi Longchi Fluorinated Silicone New materials Co. Ltd.; Wuxi 214183 China
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Wang Y, Bai Y. The functionalization of fluoroelastomers: approaches, properties, and applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05816g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review seeks to give an overview of different approaches to prepare functional fluoroelastomers for modern industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- 150001 Harbin
- China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- 150001 Harbin
- China
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Durand N, Habas JP, Boutevin B, Améduri B. Dispersion of silica nanoparticles bearing perfluorohexyl units into fluorinated copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Durand
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt (UMR 5253-CNRS); Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale Montpellier 34296 Cedex France
| | - Jean-Pierre Habas
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt (UMR 5253-CNRS), University of Montpellier; Montpellier 34095 France
| | - Bernard Boutevin
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt (UMR 5253-CNRS); Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale Montpellier 34296 Cedex France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt (UMR 5253-CNRS); Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale Montpellier 34296 Cedex France
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Voet VSD, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Well-defined copolymers based on poly(vinylidene fluoride): From preparation and phase separation to application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S. D. Voet
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit ten Brinke
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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10
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Voet VSD, Alberda van Ekenstein GOR, Meereboer NL, Hofman AH, Brinke GT, Loos K. Double-crystalline PLLA-b-PVDF-b-PLLA triblock copolymers: preparation and crystallization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01560b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Boschet F, Ameduri B. (Co)polymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 114:927-80. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Boschet
- Ingénierie et Architectures
Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue
de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures
Macromoléculaires, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue
de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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12
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Voet VSD, Tichelaar M, Tanase S, Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger MC, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/nickel nanocomposites from semicrystalline block copolymer precursors. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:184-192. [PMID: 23138962 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32990e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanoporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and PVDF/nickel nanocomposites from semicrystalline block copolymer precursors is reported. Polystyrene-block-poly(vinylidene fluoride)-block-polystyrene (PS-b-PVDF-b-PS) is prepared through functional benzoyl peroxide initiated polymerization of VDF, followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. The crystallization of PVDF plays a dominant role in the formation of the block copolymer structure, resulting in a spherulitic superstructure with an internal crystalline-amorphous lamellar nanostructure. The block copolymer promotes the formation of the ferroelectric β-polymorph of PVDF. Selective etching of the amorphous regions with nitric acid leads to nanoporous PVDF, which functions as a template for the generation of PVDF/Ni nanocomposites. The lamellar nanostructure and the β-crystalline phase are conserved during the etching procedure and electroless nickel deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S D Voet
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Voet VSD, Hermida-Merino D, ten Brinke G, Loos K. Block copolymer route towards poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methacrylic acid)/nickel nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40365c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Chanthad C, Masser KA, Xu K, Runt J, Wang Q. Synthesis of triblock copolymers composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and ionic liquid segments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14971g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Optical and thermal behavior of novel fluorinated polyimides capable of preparing colorless, transparent and flexible films. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Durand N, Boutevin B, Silly G, Améduri B. “Grafting From” Polymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) from Silica to Achieve Original Silica–PVDF Core–Shells. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2018167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Durand
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (UMR 5253-CNRS), 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Bernard Boutevin
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (UMR 5253-CNRS), 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Gilles Silly
- Chalcogénures et Verres, Institut Charles Gerhardt (UMR 5253-CNRS), CC1503, Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (UMR 5253-CNRS), 8, rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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17
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18
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Chanthad C, Xu K, Huang H, Wang Q. Proton-conductive polymer nanocomposite membranes prepared from telechelic fluorinated polymers containing perfluorosulfonic acid side chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Dhara MG, Banerjee S. Fluorinated high-performance polymers: Poly(arylene ether)s and aromatic polyimides containing trifluoromethyl groups. Prog Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Ameduri B. From vinylidene fluoride (VDF) to the applications of VDF-containing polymers and copolymers: recent developments and future trends. Chem Rev 2010; 109:6632-86. [PMID: 19731907 DOI: 10.1021/cr800187m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ameduri
- Engineering and Macromolecular Architectures, Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR (CNRS) 5253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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21
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Xu K, Li K, Ewing CS, Hickner MA, Wang Q. Synthesis of Proton Conductive Polymers with High Electrochemical Selectivity. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902716x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Christopher S. Ewing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Bazhin D, Gorbunova T, Zapevalov A, Saloutin V. Synthesis of novel perfluoroalkyl-containing polyethers. J Fluor Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Liang S, Claude J, Xu K, Wang Q. Synthesis of Dumbbell-Shaped Triblock Structures Containing Ferroelectric Polymers and Oligoanilines with High Dielectric Constants. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801324s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jason Claude
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Kui Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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