1
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González‐Blanco R, Jiménez‐Reyes N, Cunningham MF, Saldívar‐Guerra E. High Solids Hydroxy‐TEMPO Mediated Radical Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto González‐Blanco
- Polymerization Processes Department Research Center for Applied Chemistry (CIQA) Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo # 140 Saltillo Coahuila 25253 Mexico
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Nelson Jiménez‐Reyes
- Polymerization Processes Department Research Center for Applied Chemistry (CIQA) Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo # 140 Saltillo Coahuila 25253 Mexico
| | | | - Enrique Saldívar‐Guerra
- Polymerization Processes Department Research Center for Applied Chemistry (CIQA) Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo # 140 Saltillo Coahuila 25253 Mexico
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2
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Zetterlund PB, D’hooge DR. The Nanoreactor Concept: Kinetic Features of Compartmentalization in Dispersed Phase Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Natural biodegradable polymers based nano-formulations for drug delivery: A review. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:244-264. [PMID: 30851391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are now considered as the new-generation medication in the current era mainly because of their features related to nano size. The efficacy of many drugs in their micro/macro formulations is shown to have poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics after oral administration. To overcome this predicament, use of natural/synthetic biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have gained prominence in the field of nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery to improve biocompatibility, bioavailability, safety, enhanced permeability, better retention time and lower toxicity. For drug delivery, it is essential to have biodegradable nanoparticle formulations for safe and efficient transport and release of drug at the intended site. Moreover, depending on the target organ, a suitable biodegradable polymer can be selected as the drug-carrier for target specific as well as for sustained drug delivery. The aim of this review is to present the current status and scope of natural biodegradable polymers as well as some emerging polymers with special characteristics as suitable carriers for drug delivery applications. The most widely preferred preparation methods are discussed along with their characterization using different analytical techniques. Further, the review highlights significant features of methods developed using natural polymers for drug entrapment and release studies.
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4
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Ballard N, Aguirre M, Simula A, Leiza JR, van Es S, Asua JM. High solids content nitroxide mediated miniemulsion polymerization of n-butyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) by nitroxide mediated miniemulsion polymerization is described using the alkoxyamine 3-(((2-cyanopropan-2-yl)oxy)(cyclohexyl)amino)-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanenitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia/San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia/San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Alexandre Simula
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia/San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia/San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Steven van Es
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia/San Sebastián
- Spain
- Dispoltec BV
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila
- University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Donostia/San Sebastián
- Spain
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5
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 2: Nanocarrier-based Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 34:44-69. [PMID: 28392618 PMCID: PMC5381822 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2017005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, applications of engineered nanoparticles containing siRNA for inhalation delivery are reviewed and discussed. Diseases with identified protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of well-designed siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the lungs for various pulmonary diseases. A siRNA delivery system can be used to overcome the barriers of pulmonary delivery, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, cough clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems include those of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. These delivery systems can achieve pulmonary delivery through the generation of an aerosol via an inhaler or nebulizer. The preparation methodologies for these siRNA nanocarrier systems will be discussed herein. The use of inhalable nanocarrier siRNA delivery systems have barriers to their effective delivery, but overcoming these constraints while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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6
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Jasinski F, Rannée A, Schweitzer J, Fischer D, Lobry E, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Schmutz M, Le Nouen D, Criqui A, Chemtob A. Thiol–Ene Linear Step-Growth Photopolymerization in Miniemulsion: Fast Rates, Redox-Responsive Particles, and Semicrystalline Films. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Schmutz
- Institut
Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR 22, University of Strasbourg, 23 Rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Adrien Criqui
- Mäder
Research
- MÄDER GROUP, 130 rue de la
Mer Rouge, 68200 Mulhouse, France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Institut
de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 rue
Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
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7
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Jennings J, He G, Howdle SM, Zetterlund PB. Block copolymer synthesis by controlled/living radical polymerisation in heterogeneous systems. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5055-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00253f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We review the range of CLRP-controlled syntheses of block copolymer particles in dispersed systems, which are being exploited to create new opportunities for the design of nanostructured soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jennings
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | - G. He
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - S. M. Howdle
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - P. B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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8
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Dong S, Suzuki Y, Nik Hadzir NH, Lucien FP, Zetterlund PB. Radical polymerization of miniemulsions induced by compressed gases. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressurization of a macroemulsion comprising a vinyl monomer/water/surfactant can result in formation of a transparent miniemulsion without use of high energy mixing, suitable for synthesis of polymeric nanoparticlesviaminiemulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Dong
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Yoshi Suzuki
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Noor Hadzuin Nik Hadzir
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Frank P. Lucien
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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9
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Zetterlund PB, Thickett SC, Perrier S, Bourgeat-Lami E, Lansalot M. Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems: An Update. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9745-800. [PMID: 26313922 DOI: 10.1021/cr500625k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart C Thickett
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), LCPP group, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), LCPP group, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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10
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González-Blanco R, Cunningham MF, Saldívar-Guerra E. High solids TEMPO-mediated radical semibatch emulsion polymerization of styrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto González-Blanco
- Polymerization Processes Department; Research Center for Applied Chemistry (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo # 140 25253 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Polymerization Processes Department; Research Center for Applied Chemistry (CIQA); Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo # 140 25253 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
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11
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Lobry E, Jasinski F, Penconi M, Chemtob A, Ley C, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Oliveros E, Braun AM, Criqui A. Absorption and Scattering in Concentrated Monomer Miniemulsions: Static and Dynamic Investigations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Lobry
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Macromolecular Engineering, ENSCMu; University of Haute Alsace; 3 Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Florent Jasinski
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Macromolecular Engineering, ENSCMu; University of Haute Alsace; 3 Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Marta Penconi
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR CNRS 5623; Université Toulouse III (Paul Sabatier, UPS); 118, Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - Abraham Chemtob
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Macromolecular Engineering, ENSCMu; University of Haute Alsace; 3 Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Macromolecular Engineering, ENSCMu; University of Haute Alsace; 3 Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Macromolecular Engineering, ENSCMu; University of Haute Alsace; 3 Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Esther Oliveros
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR CNRS 5623; Université Toulouse III (Paul Sabatier, UPS); 118, Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - André M. Braun
- Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Adrien Criqui
- Mäder Research MADER GROUP; 130 Rue de la Mer Rouge 68200 Mulhouse France
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12
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Huang B, Zhou S, Chen M, Wu L. Synthesis of Phosphate Buffered Saline- and Ascorbic Acid-Responsive Polymeric Nanocapsules with Cross-Linked Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and Polystyrene Blocks. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Huang
- Department of Materials
Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers,
the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuxue Zhou
- Department of Materials
Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers,
the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials
Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers,
the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials
Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers,
the Advanced Coatings Research Center of MEC, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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13
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Polyacrylonitrile–MWCNT hybrids obtained by free radical polymerization in miniemulsions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Jasinski F, Lobry E, Chemtob A, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Criqui A. Photopolymerizable Monomer Miniemulsions: Why Does Droplet Size Matter? MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Lomont JP, Nguyen SC, Harris CB. Reactivity of TEMPO toward 16- and 17-electron organometallic reaction intermediates: a time-resolved IR study. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11266-73. [PMID: 23819559 DOI: 10.1021/ja404476m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl radical (TEMPO) has been employed for an extensive range of chemical applications, ranging from organometallic catalysis to serving as a structural probe in biological systems. As a ligand in an organometallic complex, TEMPO can exhibit several distinct coordination modes. Here we use ultrafast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy to study the reactivity of TEMPO toward coordinatively unsaturated 16- and 17-electron organometallic reaction intermediates. TEMPO coordinates to the metal centers of the 16-electron species CpCo(CO) and Fe(CO)4, and to the 17-electron species CpFe(CO)2 and Mn(CO)5, via an associative mechanism with concomitant oxidation of the metal center. In these adducts, TEMPO thus behaves as an anionic ligand, characterized by a pyramidal geometry about the nitrogen center. Density functional theory calculations are used to facilitate interpretation of the spectra and to further explore the structures of the TEMPO adducts. To our knowledge, this study represents the first direct characterization of the mechanism of the reaction of TEMPO with coordinatively unsaturated organometallic complexes, providing valuable insight into its reactions with commonly encountered reaction intermediates. The similar reactivity of TEMPO toward each of the species studied suggests that these results can be considered representative of TEMPO's reactivity toward all low-valent transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Lomont
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley 94720, California, USA
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16
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Guo Y, Tysoe ME, Zetterlund PB. Rate enhanced nitroxide-mediated miniemulsion polymerization: effect of nitroxide water solubility. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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18
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Emulsifier-free, organotellurium-mediated living radical emulsion polymerization (emulsion TERP): Effect of monomer hydrophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Sugihara Y, Zetterlund PB. Synergistic Effects of Compartmentalization and Nitroxide Exit/Entry in Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:692-696. [PMID: 35607089 DOI: 10.1021/mz3001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modeling and simulations of compartmentalization effects in tandem with nitroxide exit and entry have been performed for the nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) of styrene in an aqueous dispersed system employing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) at 125 °C. It is demonstrated that, even for a relatively water-insoluble nitroxide like TEMPO, exit and entry can strongly influence the polymerization kinetics in submicrometer-size droplets/particles. In such systems, the polymerization is expected to proceed at a markedly higher rate than the corresponding bulk system at the expense of control/livingness. Depending on the deactivator water solubility, these findings will apply qualitatively to all controlled/living radical polymerization systems governed by the persistent radical effect [e.g., NMP and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sugihara
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Guo Y, Zetterlund PB. Rate-Enhanced Nitroxide-Mediated Miniemulsion Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:748-752. [PMID: 35607097 DOI: 10.1021/mz300213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is presented whereby nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) is conducted in an aqueous heterogeneous system at an initial polymerization rate an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding bulk system, accompanied by an improvement in the level of control over the molecular weight distribution. NMP of styrene mediated by N-tert-butyl-N-[1-diethylphosphono-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)] nitroxide (SG1) at 90 °C was performed in a miniemulsion with exceptionally small particles of number-average diameter ∼10 nm, generated by ultrasonication combined with in situ surfactant formation. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of compartmentalization, nitroxide partitioning (exit/entry), and a rate-enhancing effect of oleic acid. These findings illustrate that it is possible to significantly improve the performance of an NMP process by the exploitation of intrinsic effects of heterogeneous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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21
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Katzer J, Pauer W, Moritz HU, Wulkow M. Thermal Polymerization of Styrene, Part 2 - (Mini)emulsion Polymerization. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Miniemulsion polymerization based on in situ surfactant formation without high-energy homogenization: effects of organic acid and counter ion. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Cheng S, Ting SRS, Lucien FP, Zetterlund PB. Size-Tunable Nanoparticle Synthesis by RAFT Polymerization in CO2-Induced Miniemulsions. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202744f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Cheng
- Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - S. R. Simon Ting
- Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Frank P. Lucien
- Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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24
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Bentein L, D’hooge D, Reyniers MF, Marin G. Kinetic modeling of miniemulsion nitroxide mediated polymerization of styrene: Effect of particle diameter and nitroxide partitioning up to high conversion. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Zhou Y, Qiu L, Deng Z, Texter J, Yan F. Low-Temperature AGET ATRP of Methyl Methacrylate in Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201545x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxia Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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26
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Zetterlund PB. Compartmentalization Effects on Bimolecular Termination in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Nanoreactors. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Kitayama Y, Moribe H, Minami H, Okubo M. Emulsifier-free, organotellurium-mediated living radical emulsion polymerization of Styrene: Initial stage of polymerization. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tebben L, Studer A. Nitroxides: applications in synthesis and in polymer chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5034-68. [PMID: 21538729 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Tebben
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Zetterlund PB. Controlled/living radical polymerization in nanoreactors: compartmentalization effects. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00247j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ting SRS, Min EH, Zetterlund PB. Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization in Miniemulsion Based on In Situ Surfactant Generation. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene has been implemented in aqueous miniemulsion based on the in situ surfactant generation approach using oleic acid and potassium hydroxide in the absence of high energy mixing. The best results were obtained using the RAFT agent 3-benzylsulfanyl thiocarbonyl sufanylpropionic acid (BSPAC), most likely as a result of the presence of a carboxylic acid functionality in the RAFT agent that renders it surface active and thus imparts increased colloidal stability. Stable final miniemulsions were obtained with no coagulum with particle diameters less than 200 nm. The results demonstrate that the RAFT miniemulsion polymerization of styrene employing the low energy in situ surfactant method is challenging, but that a system that proceeds predominantly by a miniemulsion mechanism can be achieved under carefully selected conditions.
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Zetterlund PB. Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization in nanoreactors: Factors influencing compartmentalization effects on bimolecular termination. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jeng J, Chiu WY. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-mediated living mini-emulsion polymerization of styrene under ambient pressure in a semi-batch process: effect of ascorbic acid. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zetterlund PB. Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization of Butyl Acrylate Using TEMPO: Improvement of Control Exploiting Nanoreactors? MACROMOL REACT ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Guo Y, Liu J, Zetterlund PB. Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion On the Basis of in Situ Surfactant Formation without Use of Homogenization Device. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Chen Z, Yan F, Qiu L, Lu J, Zhou Y, Chen J, Tang Y, Texter J. Sustainable polymerizations in recoverable microemulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3803-3806. [PMID: 20170175 DOI: 10.1021/la100502x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Free radical and atom-transfer radical polymerizations were conducted in monomer/ionic liquid microemulsions. After the polymerization and isolation of the resultant polymers, the mixture of the catalyst and ionic liquids (surfactant and continuous phase) can be recovered and reused, thereby dramatically improving the environmental sustainability of such chemical processing. The addition of monomer to recovered ionic liquid mixtures regenerates transparent, stable microemulsions that are ready for the next polymerization cycle upon addition of initiator. The method combines the advantages of IL recycling and microemulsion polymerization and minimizes environmental disposable effects from surfactants and heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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Zetterlund PB. Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization in Nanoreactors: Can Dilution or Increased Nitroxide Concentration Provide Benefits Similar to Compartmentalization? Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of a nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization system can lead to improved levels of both control and livingness, but at the cost of a reduced polymerization rate. Improved control is a result of the confined space effect on deactivation, whereas improved livingness stems from the segregation effect on bimolecular termination. Modelling and simulations have been carried out for the systems styrene/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) and styrene/2,2,5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-azahexane-3-oxy (TIPNO) using the respective nitroxide-based polystyrene macroinitaitors (alkoxyamines) at 125°C to elucidate whether similar benefits can be obtained in the corresponding bulk polymerizations by merely diluting the systems or by addition of extra free nitroxide. The results have shown that neither approach leads to simultaneous improvement in control and livingness relative to the corresponding bulk systems, thus accentuating the merits of compartmentalization in nanoreactors.
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Zetterlund PB. Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems: Compartmentalization and Nitroxide Partitioning. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Effects of the oil–water interface on network formation in nanogel synthesis using nitroxide-mediated radical copolymerization of styrene/divinylbenzene in miniemulsion. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smeets NMB, Heuts JPA, Meuldijk J, Cunningham MF, van Herk AM. Evidence of Compartmentalization in Catalytic Chain Transfer Mediated Emulsion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9007829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels M. B. Smeets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Dupuis Hall, 19 Division St., Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Meuldijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Dupuis Hall, 19 Division St., Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Alex M. van Herk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Zetterlund PB, Wakamatsu J, Okubo M. Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization of Styrene in Aqueous Microemulsion: Initiator Efficiency, Compartmentalization, and Nitroxide Phase Transfer. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9012829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B. Zetterlund
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Junpei Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Okubo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Network formation in nitroxide-mediated radical copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in miniemulsion: Effect of macroinitiator hydrophilicity. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zetterlund PB, Saka Y, Okubo M. Gelation and Hollow Particle Formation in Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and Divinylbenzene in Miniemulsion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Oh JK. Recent advances in controlled/living radical polymerization in emulsion and dispersion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kwon Oh
- The Dow Chemical Co., Dow Coating Solutions R&D, Midland, Michigan 48674
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Zetterlund PB, Kagawa Y, Okubo M. Controlled/living radical polymerization in dispersed systems. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3747-94. [PMID: 18729519 DOI: 10.1021/cr800242x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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TEMPO-mediated radical polymerization of styrene in aqueous miniemulsion: Macroinitiator concentration effects. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zetterlund PB, Alam MN, Okubo M. Use of Fluorescence-Labelled Macroinitiator to Investigate Nucleation Mechanism in Nitroxide-Mediated Crosslinking Polymerization in Aqueous Miniemulsion. Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2007220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Alam MN, Zetterlund PB, Okubo M. Quantification of spontaneous initiation in radical polymerization of styrene in aqueous miniemulsion at high temperature. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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