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Liu S, Li X. Experimental study on the effect of cold soaking with liquid nitrogen on the coal chemical and microstructural characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:36080-36097. [PMID: 36542286 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the chemical microstructure of coal samples is quantitatively analyzed experimentally before and after liquid nitrogen cold soaking, by using elemental analyzer, X-ray diffractometer, and Fourier infrared spectrometer, including the reverse side of chemical composition of elements, organic matter, and functional groups. It was found that with the increase of coal metamorphism, the contents of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elements gradually increase, while those of hydrogen and oxygen elements gradually decrease. In addition, as the degree of metamorphism increases, the graphitization phenomenon of coal becomes weaker, the interlayer spacing of aromatic rings (d002) increases, the structure of coal crystal nucleus is loose, its order is weakened, the crystal volume becomes smaller, and the void structure unit increases. The FTIR spectra of each coal sample could be divided into four absorption bands, i.e., the aromatic structure, oxygen-containing functional group, aliphatic group, and hydroxyl absorption band. After cold soaking of liquid nitrogen, the peak intensity areas of aromatic and aliphatic structures decrease, while those of oxygenated functional groups and hydroxyl groups increase, and the values of A(C = O)/A(C-O) increase and those of A(CH3)/A(CH2) decrease, mainly due to the gradual decrease of methylene side chains and increase of methylene straight chains. The present results are helpful to further reveal the mechanism of adsorption-resolution deformation of coal body due to cold immersion of liquid nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Liu
- Mine Disaster Prevention and Control-Ministry of State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of The Gas Disaster Detecting, Preventing and Emergency Controlling, Coal Technology and Engineering Group, Chongqing Research Institute, Chongqing, 400039, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Gas Geology and Gas Control, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454150, Henan, China
| | - Xuelong Li
- Mine Disaster Prevention and Control-Ministry of State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
- College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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2
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Xiao L, Li W, Li S, Chen J, Wang Y, Huang J, Nie X. Diphenolic Acid-Derived Hyperbranched Epoxy Thermosets with High Mechanical Strength and Toughness. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34142-34149. [PMID: 34926962 PMCID: PMC8675157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is a kind of widely used epoxy resin, but its thermosets normally show high brittleness and poor impact resistance due to the intrinsic rigid aromatic rings, which limit its application greatly. To avoid this drawback, we proposed a method to prepare a series of hyperbranched epoxies (HBEPs) with different molecular weights. After HBEPs were cured with methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), characterizations were carried out to evaluate the properties of the cured HBEP samples. Testing results indicate that the hyperbranched thermosets can achieve excellent mechanical strength and toughness (tensile strength: 89.2 MPa, bending strength: 129.6 MPa, elongation at break: 6.1%, toughness: 4.5 MJ m-3, and impact strength: 6.7 kJ m-2), which are superior to those of the thermosets of commercial DGEBA (tensile strength: 81.2 MPa, bending strength: 108.2 MPa, elongation at break: 3.0%, toughness: 1.5 MJ m-3, and impact strength: 4.2 kJ m-2). In addition, HBEP with the highest molecular weight and degree of branching shows the best comprehensive mechanical properties. All hyperbranched thermosets exhibit high glass-transition temperatures (T g) and thermostability, which further illustrates the potential application value of HBEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laihui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Jinrui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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3
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Cassin SR, Flynn S, Chambon P, Rannard SP. Quantification of branching within high molecular weight polymers with polyester backbones formed by transfer-dominated branching radical telomerisation (TBRT). RSC Adv 2021; 11:24374-24380. [PMID: 35479039 PMCID: PMC9036642 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New branched polymerisations offer previously inaccessible macromolecules and architectural understanding is important as it provides insight into the branching mechanism and enables the determination of structure-property relationships. Here we present a detailed inverse gated 13C NMR characterisation of materials derived from the very recently reported Transfer-dominated Branching Radical Telomerisation (TBRT) approach to quantify branching and provide an insight into cyclisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Cassin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Sean Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
- Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Crown Street L69 7ZD UK
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4
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Engelke J, Boye S, Tuten BT, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. Critical Assessment of the Application of Multidetection SEC and AF4 for the Separation of Single-Chain Nanoparticles. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1569-1575. [PMID: 35617058 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular chain collapse of linear precursors with systematic variation of molar mass and ligation group density (5, 15, and 30 mol %) into single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) was studied by two different separation approaches. The efficiency of size exclusion chromatography with quadruple detection (SEC-D4) was compared to asymmetrical field flow fractionation hyphenated to quintuple detection (AF4-D5) in organic solvent. The application of the unique combination of advanced detection to different separation principles opens up the opportunity to critically evaluate the determination of molar masses and different types of radii for an in-depth understanding of the structural properties affected by the internal folding process. This is achieved by a detailed comparison of assets, drawbacks, and limitations of these approaches based on the systematical screening of different chain lengths and sizes of the precursors and the SCNPs. Furthermore, an alternative strategy for quantitative determination of intramolecular ligation density by a combination of AF4 and UV detection is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Engelke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bryan T. Tuten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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5
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Geisler M, Smith WC, Plüschke L, Mundil R, Merna J, Williams SKR, Lederer A. Topology Analysis of Chain Walking Polymerized Polyethylene: An Alternative Approach for the Branching Characterization by Thermal FFF. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Geisler
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - William C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Laura Plüschke
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Mundil
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Albena Lederer
- Polymer Separation Group, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Smith WC, Geisler M, Lederer A, Williams SKR. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation for Characterization of Architecture in Hyperbranched Aromatic-Aliphatic Polyesters with Controlled Branching. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12344-12351. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William C. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Dockhorn R, Plüschke L, Geisler M, Zessin J, Lindner P, Mundil R, Merna J, Sommer JU, Lederer A. Polyolefins Formed by Chain Walking Catalysis-A Matter of Branching Density Only? J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15586-15596. [PMID: 31438682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed chain walking (CW) catalysis is an elegant approach to produce materials with controllable structure and properties. However, there is still a lack in understanding of how the reaction mechanism influences the macromolecular structures. In this study, a series of dendritic polyethylenes (PE) synthesized by Pd-α-diimine-complex through CW catalysis (CWPE) is investigated by means of theory and experiment. Thereby, the exceptional ability of in situ tailoring polymer structure by varying synthesis parameters was exploited to tune the branching architecture, which allowed us to establish a precise relationship between synthesis, structure, and solution properties. The systematically produced polymers were characterized by state-of-the-art multidetector separation and neutron scattering experiments as well as atomic force microscopy to access molecular properties of CWPE. On a global scale, the CWPE appear in a worm-like conformation independently on the synthesis conditions. However, severe differences in their contraction factors suggested that CWPE differ substantially in topology. These observations were verified by NMR studies that showed that CWPE possess a constant total number of branches but varying branching distribution. Small angle neutron scattering experiments gave access to structural characteristics from global to segmental scale and revealed the unique heterogeneity of CWPE, which is predominantly based on differences in their dendritic side chains. The experimental data were compared to theoretical CW structures modeled with different reaction-to-walking probabilities. Simple theoretical arguments predict a crossover from dendritic to linear topologies yielding a structural range from purely linear to dendritic chain growth. Yet, comparison of theoretical and empirical scattering curves gave the first evidence that a transition state to worm-like topologies is actually experimentally accessible. This crossover regime is characterized by linear global features and dendritic local substructures contrary to randomly hyperbranched systems. Instead, the obtained CWPE systems have characteristics of disordered dendritic bottle brushes and can be adjusted by the walking rate/reaction probability of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Dockhorn
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Laura Plüschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Martin Geisler
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Johanna Zessin
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Peter Lindner
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Robert Mundil
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Hohe Strasse 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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8
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Enhancement the Photocatalytic and Biological Activity of Nano-sized ZnO Using Hyperbranched Polyester. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-01067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Jeon IY, Noh HJ, Baek JB. Hyperbranched Macromolecules: From Synthesis to Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E657. [PMID: 29538327 PMCID: PMC6017023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched macromolecules (HMs, also called hyperbranched polymers) are highly branched three-dimensional (3D) structures in which all bonds converge to a focal point or core, and which have a multiplicity of reactive chain-ends. This review summarizes major types of synthetic strategies exploited to produce HMs, including the step-growth polycondensation, the self-condensing vinyl polymerization and ring opening polymerization. Compared to linear analogues, the globular and dendritic architectures of HMs endow new characteristics, such as abundant functional groups, intramolecular cavities, low viscosity, and high solubility. After discussing the general concepts, synthesis, and properties, various applications of HMs are also covered. HMs continue being materials for topical interest, and thus this review offers both concise summary for those new to the topic and for those with more experience in the field of HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Yup Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Jun Noh
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Korea.
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10
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Schubert C, Schömer M, Steube M, Decker S, Friedrich C, Frey H. Systematic Variation of the Degree of Branching (DB) of Polyglycerol via Oxyanionic Copolymerization of Glycidol with a Protected Glycidyl Ether and Its Impact on Rheological Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schubert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF); Albert-Ludwig-University; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Martina Schömer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Marvin Steube
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefan Decker
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF); Albert-Ludwig-University; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Friedrich
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF); Albert-Ludwig-University; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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11
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Acebo C, Ramis X, Serra A. Improved epoxy thermosets by the use of poly(ethyleneimine) derivatives. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Epoxy resins are commonly used as thermosetting materials due to their excellent mechanical properties, high adhesion to many substrates and good heat and chemical resistances. This type of thermosets is intensively used in a wide range of fields, where they act as fiber-reinforced materials, general-purpose adhesives, high-performance coatings and encapsulating materials. These materials are formed by the chemical reaction of multifunctional epoxy monomers forming a polymer network produced through an irreversible way. In this article the improvement of the characteristics of epoxy thermosets using different hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) derivatives will be explained.
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12
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Schubert C, Osterwinter C, Tonhauser C, Schömer M, Wilms D, Frey H, Friedrich C. Can Hyperbranched Polymers Entangle? Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Entanglement Transition and Thermorheological Properties of Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Melts. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schubert
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF), and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carina Osterwinter
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF), and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Tonhauser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Schömer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Wilms
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Friedrich
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF), and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Dolgushev M, Liu H, Zhang Z. Extended Vicsek fractals: Laplacian spectra and their applications. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:052501. [PMID: 27967151 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extended Vicsek fractals (EVF) are the structures constructed by introducing linear spacers into traditional Vicsek fractals. Here we study the Laplacian spectra of the EVF. In particularly, the recurrence relations for the Laplacian spectra allow us to obtain an analytic expression for the sum of all inverse nonvanishing Laplacian eigenvalues. This quantity characterizes the large-scale properties, such as the gyration radius of the polymeric structures, or the global mean-first passage time for the random walk processes. Introduction of the linear spacers leads to local heterogeneities, which reveal themselves, for example, in the dynamics of EVF under external forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dolgushev
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Hongxiao Liu
- School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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14
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Al Samman M, Radke W. Two-dimensional chromatographic separation of branched polyesters according to degree of branching and molar mass. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Shi Y, Cao X, Luo S, Wang X, Graff RW, Hu D, Guo R, Gao H. Investigate the Glass Transition Temperature of Hyperbranched Copolymers with Segmented Monomer Sequence. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shuangjiang Luo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Robert W. Graff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Daqiao Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ruilan Guo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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16
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Filippov A, Kozlov A, Tarabukina E, Obrezkova M, Muzafarov A. Solution properties of comb-like polymers consisting of dimethylsiloxane monomer units. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Filippov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Bol'shoi pr. 31 (VO) St Petersburg 199004 Russia
| | - Arkadij Kozlov
- St Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Elena Tarabukina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Bol'shoi pr. 31 (VO) St Petersburg 199004 Russia
| | - Marina Obrezkova
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Aziz Muzafarov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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17
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Shiravand F, Ascione L, Persico P, Carfagna C, Brocks T, Cioffi MOH, Puglisi C, Samperi F, Ambrogi V. A novel hybrid linear-hyperbranched poly(butylene adipate) copolymer as an epoxy resin modifier with toughening effect. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shiravand
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMAPI); University of Naples ‘Federico II’; Piazzale V. Tecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Laura Ascione
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMAPI); University of Naples ‘Federico II’; Piazzale V. Tecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
| | - Paola Persico
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies (ISMAC) - CNR; Via E. Bassini 15 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Cosimo Carfagna
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR; Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples Italy
| | - Thatiane Brocks
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, 333 Avenida Dr Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 12516-410 Guaratinguetá Brazil
| | - Maria Odila Hilário Cioffi
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista; Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, 333 Avenida Dr Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 12516-410 Guaratinguetá Brazil
| | - Concetto Puglisi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) UOS Catania - CNR; Via Paolo Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Filippo Samperi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) UOS Catania - CNR; Via Paolo Gaifami 18 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMAPI); University of Naples ‘Federico II’; Piazzale V. Tecchio 80 80125 Naples Italy
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18
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Lederer A, Burchard W, Hartmann T, Haataja JS, Houbenov N, Janke A, Friedel P, Schweins R, Lindner P. Dendronisierte hochverzweigte Makromoleküle: weiche Materie mit einer neuartigen Segmentverteilung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Lederer A, Burchard W, Hartmann T, Haataja JS, Houbenov N, Janke A, Friedel P, Schweins R, Lindner P. Dendronized Hyperbranched Macromolecules: Soft Matter with a Novel Type of Segmental Distribution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12578-83. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Saeed HAM, Wang Y. Synthesis and characterization of A2 + B3 type hyperbranched aromatic-aliphatic polyester with carboxyl end groups. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427213100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Lederer A, Burchard W, Khalyavina A, Lindner P, Schweins R. Gilt das universelle Gesetz für verzweigte Polymere? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Lederer A, Burchard W, Khalyavina A, Lindner P, Schweins R. Is the Universal Law Valid for Branched Polymers? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4659-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Tojo Y, Arakwa Y, Watanabe J, Konishi GI. Synthesis of high refractive index and low-birefringence acrylate polymers with a tetraphenylethane skeleton in the side chain. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Lederer A, Hartmann T, Komber H. Sphere-Like Fourth Generation Pseudo-Dendrimers with a Hyperbranched Core. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1440-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Burchard W, Khalyavina A, Lindner P, Schweins R, Friedel P, Wiemann M, Lederer A. SANS Investigation of Global and Segmental Structures of Hyperbranched Aliphatic–Aromatic Polyesters. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300031g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Burchard
- Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. Khalyavina
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Hohe Strasse 6, D-1069 Dresden,
Germany
| | - P. Lindner
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - R. Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P. Friedel
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Hohe Strasse 6, D-1069 Dresden,
Germany
| | - M. Wiemann
- Insitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31a, 70104
Freiburg. Germany
| | - A. Lederer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Hohe Strasse 6, D-1069 Dresden,
Germany
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26
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Däbritz F, Lederer A, Komber H, Voit B. Synthesis and characterization of two classes of hyperstar polymers bearing hyperbranched cores grafted with linear arms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.25972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Khalyavina A, Häußler L, Lederer A. Effect of the degree of branching on the glass transition temperature of polyesters. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of well-defined hyperbranched polymers bio-based on multifunctional phenolic acids and their structure–thermal property relationships. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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30
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Samperi F, Battiato S, Puglisi C, Scamporrino A, Ambrogi V, Ascione L, Carfagna C. Combined techniques for the characterization of linear-hyperbranched hybrid poly(butylene adipate) copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Morell M, Voit B, Ramis X, Serra À, Lederer A. Synthesis, characterization, and rheological properties of multiarm stars with poly(glycidol) core and poly(methyl methacrylate) arms by AGET ATRP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Fischer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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33
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Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Two-Dimensional Size/Branch Length Distributions of a Branched Polymer. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101349t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vilaplana
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Hartley Teakle Building, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences and School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Hartley Teakle Building, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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