1
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Aguirre M, Ballard N, Gonzalez E, Hamzehlou S, Sardon H, Calderon M, Paulis M, Tomovska R, Dupin D, Bean RH, Long TE, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2579-2607. [PMID: 37066026 PMCID: PMC10101531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Aguirre
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Gonzalez
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Paulis
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Damien Dupin
- CIDETEC,
Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, P° Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ren H. Bean
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Biodesign
Institute, Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing
(SM3), School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT,
Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque
Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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2
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Berry DBG, Clegg I, Codina A, Lyall CL, Lowe JP, Hintermair U. Convenient and accurate insight into solution-phase equilibria from FlowNMR titrations. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solution phase titrations are made easy by multi-nuclear FlowNMR spectroscopy with automated, continuous titre addition to give accurate insights into Brønsted acid/base, hydrogen bonding, Lewis acid/base and metal/ligand binding equilibria under native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ian Clegg
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, CV4 9GH Coventry, UK
| | - Anna Codina
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, CV4 9GH Coventry, UK
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
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3
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Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses small permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields and therefore offers the advantages of operational simplicity and reasonable cost, presenting a viable alternative to high-field NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the use of benchtop NMR spectroscopy for rapid in-field analysis, e.g., for quality control or forensic science purposes, has attracted considerable attention. As benchtop NMR spectrometers are sufficiently compact to be operated in a fume hood, they can be efficiently used for real-time reaction and process monitoring. This review introduces the recent applications of benchtop NMR spectroscopy in diverse fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, process and reaction monitoring, metabolomics, and polymer materials.
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4
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Rudszuck T, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Perspectives in process analytics using low field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106897. [PMID: 33518174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low field NMR is a powerful analytical tool which creates an enormous added value in process analytics. Based on specific applications in process analytics and perspectives for low field NMR in form of spectroscopy, relaxation, diffusion, and imaging in quality control, diverse applications and technical realizations like spectrometers, time domain NMR, mobile NMR sensors and MRI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Engler-Bunte Institut, Water Science and Technology, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Czajka A, Armes SP. Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies during Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1474-1484. [PMID: 33443414 PMCID: PMC7880565 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The persulfate-initiated aqueous emulsion polymerization of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) is studied by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at 60 °C using a stirrable reaction cell. TFEMA was preferred to styrene because it offers much greater X-ray scattering contrast relative to water, which is essential for sufficient temporal resolution. The evolution in particle size is monitored by both in situ SAXS and ex situ DLS in the absence or presence of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). Post-mortem SAXS studies confirmed the formation of well-defined spherical latexes, with volume-average diameters of 353 ± 9 nm and 68 ± 4 nm being obtained for the surfactant-free and SDS formulations, respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopy studies of the equivalent laboratory-scale formulations indicated TFEMA conversions of 99% within 80 min and 93% within 60 min for the surfactant-free and SDS formulations, respectively. Comparable polymerization kinetics are observed for the in situ SAXS experiments and the laboratory-scale syntheses, with nucleation occurring after approximately 6 min in each case. After nucleation, scattering patterns are fitted using a hard sphere scattering model to determine the evolution in particle growth for both formulations. Moreover, in situ SAXS enables identification of the three main intervals (I, II, and III) that are observed during aqueous emulsion polymerization in the presence of surfactant. These intervals are consistent with those indicated by solution conductivity and optical microscopy studies. Significant differences between the surfactant-free and SDS formulations are observed, providing useful insights into the mechanism of emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Czajka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
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6
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Maschmeyer T, Prieto PL, Grunert S, Hein JE. Exploration of continuous-flow benchtop NMR acquisition parameters and considerations for reaction monitoring. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1234-1248. [PMID: 32870524 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on fundamental data acquisition parameter selection for a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system with continuous flow, applicable for reaction monitoring. The effect of flow rate on the mixing behaviors within a flow cell was observed, along with an exponential decay relationship between flow rate and the apparent spin-lattice relaxation time (T1*) of benzaldehyde. We also monitored sensitivity (as determined by signal-to-noise ratios; SNRs) under various flow rates, analyte concentrations, and temperatures of the analyte flask. Results suggest that a maximum SNR can be achieved with low to medium flow rates and higher analyte concentrations. This was consistent with data collected with parameters that promote either slow or fast data acquisition. We further consider the effect of these conditions on the analyte's residence time, T1*, and magnetic field inhomogeneity that is a product of continuous flow. Altogether, our results demonstrate how fundamental acquisition parameters can be manipulated to achieve optimal data acquisition in continuous-flow NMR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Maschmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paloma L Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shad Grunert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Minkler MJ, Kim JM, Shinde VV, Beckingham BS. Low-field 1 H NMR spectroscopy: Factors impacting signal-to-noise ratio and experimental time in the context of mixed microstructure polyisoprenes. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1168-1176. [PMID: 32266728 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost, high-accuracy characterization of polymeric materials is critical for satisfying societal demand for high-quality materials with ultra-specific requirements. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy presents an opportunity to replace costlier or destructive methods while utilizing nondeuterated solvents. Many factors play key roles in the ability of low-field NMR spectroscopy to accurately analyze polymer systems. Sample characteristics such as polymer concentration, composition, and molecular weight all directly affect the capability of low-field spectrometers to accurately determine polymer microstructure compositions. In addition to inherent sample properties affecting instrumental accuracy, many choices concerning instrumental parameters (including number of scans, relaxation delay, spectral width, and points per scan) must be made that impact the quality of the resulting NMR spectra. In this work, we benchmark the capability of a 60-MHz low-field NMR spectrometer for analyzing polymer materials using mixed microstructure polyisoprenes as a model polymer system of interest. The aforementioned critical sample and instrumental variables are varied, and we report on the ability to quantitatively characterize polyisoprene microstructure to within 1-2% of a higher field NMR spectrometer (400 MHz). We anticipate our findings to be generally applicable to other low-field spectrometers of similar field strength and other polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Minkler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinita V Shinde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Bryan S Beckingham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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8
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Kinetics of RAFT polymerization and copolymerization of vinyl monomers by size exclusion chromatography. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Knox ST, Warren NJ. Enabling technologies in polymer synthesis: accessing a new design space for advanced polymer materials. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how developments in laboratory technologies can push the boundaries of what is achievable using existing polymer synthesis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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10
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Rubens M, Van Herck J, Junkers T. Automated Polymer Synthesis Platform for Integrated Conversion Targeting Based on Inline Benchtop NMR. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1437-1441. [PMID: 35651185 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An automated polymer synthesis platform based on an inline low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is developed. Flow chemistry and automated inline analyses are an excellent combination for automated kinetic screening and for self-optimizing reactions with programmable conversion targeting. By monitoring monomer conversion over a continuous range of reactor residence times, the platform is able to construct kinetic profiles of polymerizations in an accurate and efficient way. The machine-assisted self-optimization routine allows the reaction to be stopped at any given preselected conversion, giving rise to unprecedented reproducibility in polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Rubens
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joren Van Herck
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group, School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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11
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Brotherton EE, Hatton FL, Cockram AA, Derry MJ, Czajka A, Cornel EJ, Topham PD, Mykhaylyk OO, Armes SP. In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies During Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13664-13675. [PMID: 31364361 PMCID: PMC6716212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) is a powerful platform technology for the rational and efficient synthesis of a wide range of block copolymer nano-objects (e.g., spheres, worms or vesicles) in various media. In situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization have previously provided detailed structural information during self-assembly (see M. J. Derry et al., Chem. Sci. 2016 , 7 , 5078 - 5090 ). However, conducting the analogous in situ SAXS studies during RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerizations poses a formidable technical challenge because the inherently heterogeneous nature of such PISA formulations requires efficient stirring to generate sufficiently small monomer droplets. In the present study, the RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization of 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate (MOEMA) has been explored for the first time. Chain extension of a relatively short non-ionic poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) precursor block leads to the formation of sterically-stabilized PGMA-PMOEMA spheres, worms or vesicles, depending on the precise reaction conditions. Construction of a suitable phase diagram enables each of these three morphologies to be reproducibly targeted at copolymer concentrations ranging from 10 to 30% w/w solids. High MOEMA conversions are achieved within 2 h at 70 °C, which makes this new PISA formulation well-suited for in situ SAXS studies using a new reaction cell. This bespoke cell enables efficient stirring and hence allows in situ monitoring during RAFT emulsion polymerization for the first time. For example, the onset of micellization and subsequent evolution in particle size can be studied when preparing PGMA29-PMOEMA30 spheres at 10% w/w solids. When targeting PGMA29-PMOEMA70 vesicles under the same conditions, both the micellar nucleation event and the subsequent evolution in the diblock copolymer morphology from spheres to worms to vesicles are observed. These new insights significantly enhance our understanding of the PISA mechanism during RAFT aqueous emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Brotherton
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona L. Hatton
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Amy A. Cockram
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Czajka
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Erik J. Cornel
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of
Materials Research, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Oleksandr O. Mykhaylyk
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building,
Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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12
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Rudszuck T, Förster E, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Low-field NMR for quality control on oils. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:777-793. [PMID: 30790362 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil is a prominent, but multifaceted material class with a wide variety of applications. Technical oils, crude oils as well as edibles are main subclasses. In this review, the question is addressed how low-field NMR can contribute in oil characterization as an analytical tool, mainly with respect to quality control. Prerequisite in the development of a quality control application, however, is a detailed understanding of the oils and of the measurement. Low-field NMR is known as a rich methodical toolbox that was and is explored and further developed to address questions about oils, their quality, and usability as raw materials, during production and formulation as well as in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Förster
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte Institute, Water Science and Technology, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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13
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Abdiaj I, Horn CR, Alcazar J. Scalability of Visible-Light-Induced Nickel Negishi Reactions: A Combination of Flow Photochemistry, Use of Solid Reagents, and In-Line NMR Monitoring. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4748-4753. [PMID: 30336017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scale up of light-induced nickel-catalyzed Negishi reactions is reported herein, with output rates reaching multigram quantities per hour. This level of throughput is suitable to support preclinical medicinal chemistry programs in late lead optimization, where tens of grams to hundreds of grams of final product is needed. Adjusting reaction times and concentrations was critical in achieving this robust output. This example demonstrates how visible photochemistry and use of solid metal reagent can be used and how the progress of the reaction can be followed by in-line NMR monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Abdiaj
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research and Development , Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Clemens R Horn
- Corning S.A.S , Corning European Technology Center , 7 bis avenue de Valvins , CS 70156 Samois sur Seine, Avon , 77215 Cedex , France
| | - Jesus Alcazar
- Lead Discovery, Janssen Research and Development , Janssen-Cilag, S.A. , Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
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14
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Knox ST, Parkinson S, Stone R, Warren NJ. Benchtop flow-NMR for rapid online monitoring of RAFT and free radical polymerisation in batch and continuous reactors. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A “Benchtop” NMR spectrometer is used for detailed monitoring of controlled and free radical polymerisations performed in batch and continuous reactors both offline and in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Knox
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Sam Parkinson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Raphael Stone
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
| | - Nicholas J. Warren
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- West Yorkshire
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15
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Schotten C, Howard JL, Jenkins RL, Codina A, Browne DL. A continuous flow-batch hybrid reactor for commodity chemical synthesis enabled by inline NMR and temperature monitoring. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Blümich B, Singh K. Desktop NMR and Its Applications From Materials Science To Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:6996-7010. [PMID: 29230908 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is an indispensable method of analysis in chemistry, which until recently suffered from high demands for space, high costs for acquisition and maintenance, and operational complexity. This has changed with the introduction of compact NMR spectrometers suitable for small-molecule analysis on the chemical workbench. These spectrometers contain permanent magnets giving rise to proton NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz. The enabling technology is to make small permanent magnets with homogeneous fields. Tabletop instruments with inhomogeneous fields have been in use for over 40 years for characterizing food and hydrogen-containing materials by relaxation and diffusion measurements. Related NMR instruments measure these parameters in the stray field outside the magnet. They are used to inspect the borehole walls of oil wells and to test objects nondestructively. The state-of-the-art of NMR spectroscopy, imaging and relaxometry with compact instruments is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Blümich B, Singh K. NMR mit Tischgeräten und deren Anwendungen von der Materialwissenschaft bis zur organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris J. Haven
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec); Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group; Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec); Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek Building D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC division IMOMEC; Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
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19
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20
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21
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22
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Räntzsch V, Wilhelm M, Guthausen G. Hyphenated low-field NMR techniques: combining NMR with NIR, GPC/SEC and rheometry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:494-501. [PMID: 25854997 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyphenated low-field NMR techniques are promising characterization methods for online process analytics and comprehensive offline studies of soft materials. By combining different analytical methods with low-field NMR, information on chemical and physical properties can be correlated with molecular dynamics and complementary chemical information. In this review, we present three hyphenated low-field NMR techniques: a combination of near-infrared spectroscopy and time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) relaxometry, online (1) H-NMR spectroscopy measured directly after size exclusion chromatographic (SEC, also known as GPC) separation and a combination of rheometry and TD-NMR relaxometry for highly viscous materials. Case studies are reviewed that underline the possibilities and challenges of the different hyphenated low-field NMR methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Räntzsch
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Pro2NMR, Institute for Biological Interfaces and Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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23
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Archambault CM, Leadbeater NE. A benchtop NMR spectrometer as a tool for monitoring mesoscale continuous-flow organic synthesis: equipment interface and assessment in four organic transformations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An approach is reported for monitoring continuous-flow reactions by means of a low-field benchtop NMR spectrometer.
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24
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Hall AMR, Chouler JC, Codina A, Gierth PT, Lowe JP, Hintermair U. Practical aspects of real-time reaction monitoring using multi-nuclear high resolution FlowNMR spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FlowNMR spectroscopy is an excellent technique for non-invasive real-time reaction monitoring under relevant conditions that avoids many of the limitations that bedevil other reaction monitoring techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. R. Hall
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Jonathan C. Chouler
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | | | | | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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25
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Sans V, Porwol L, Dragone V, Cronin L. A self optimizing synthetic organic reactor system using real-time in-line NMR spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2015; 6:1258-1264. [PMID: 29560211 PMCID: PMC5811122 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A configurable platform for synthetic chemistry incorporating an in-line benchtop NMR that is capable of monitoring and controlling organic reactions in real-time is presented. The platform is controlled via a modular LabView software control system for the hardware, NMR, data analysis and feedback optimization. Using this platform we report the real-time advanced structural characterization of reaction mixtures, including 19F, 13C, DEPT, 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY, HSQC and 19F-COSY) for the first time. Finally, the potential of this technique is demonstrated through the optimization of a catalytic organic reaction in real-time, showing its applicability to self-optimizing systems using criteria such as stereoselectivity, multi-nuclear measurements or 2D correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sans
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
| | - Luzian Porwol
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
| | - Vincenza Dragone
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
| | - Leroy Cronin
- WestCHEM , School of Chemistry , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK . ; http://www.croninlab.com
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26
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Danieli E, Perlo J, Duchateau ALL, Verzijl GKM, Litvinov VM, Blümich B, Casanova F. On-Line Monitoring of Chemical Reactions by using Bench-Top Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3060-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Zalesskiy SS, Danieli E, Blümich B, Ananikov VP. Miniaturization of NMR systems: desktop spectrometers, microcoil spectroscopy, and "NMR on a chip" for chemistry, biochemistry, and industry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5641-94. [PMID: 24779750 DOI: 10.1021/cr400063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Zalesskiy
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, 119991, Russia
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28
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Colnago LA, Andrade FD, Souza AA, Azeredo RBV, Lima AA, Cerioni LM, Osán TM, Pusiol DJ. Why is Inline NMR Rarely Used as Industrial Sensor? Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201300380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Mitchell J, Gladden LF, Chandrasekera TC, Fordham EJ. Low-field permanent magnets for industrial process and quality control. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 76:1-60. [PMID: 24360243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review we focus on the technology associated with low-field NMR. We present the current state-of-the-art in low-field NMR hardware and experiments, considering general magnet designs, rf performance, data processing and interpretation. We provide guidance on obtaining the optimum results from these instruments, along with an introduction for those new to low-field NMR. The applications of lowfield NMR are now many and diverse. Furthermore, niche applications have spawned unique magnet designs to accommodate the extremes of operating environment or sample geometry. Trying to capture all the applications, methods, and hardware encompassed by low-field NMR would be a daunting task and likely of little interest to researchers or industrialists working in specific subject areas. Instead we discuss only a few applications to highlight uses of the hardware and experiments in an industrial environment. For details on more particular methods and applications, we provide citations to specialized review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mitchell
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom; Schlumberger Gould Research, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EL, United Kingdom
| | - L F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom.
| | - T C Chandrasekera
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - E J Fordham
- Schlumberger Gould Research, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EL, United Kingdom
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Cudaj M, Guthausen G, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Online Coupling of Size-Exclusion Chromatography and Low-Field 1
H NMR Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Cudaj M, Cudaj J, Hofe T, Luy B, Wilhelm M, Guthausen G. Polystyrene Solutions: Characterization of Molecular Motional Modes by Spectrally Resolved Low- and High-Field NMR Relaxation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Dalitz F, Maiwald M, Guthausen G. Considerations on the design of flow cells in by-pass systems for process analytical applications and its influence on the flow profile using NMR and CFD. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Duewel M, Vogel N, Weiss CK, Landfester K, Spiess HW, Münnemann K. Online Monitoring of Styrene Polymerization in Miniemulsion by Hyperpolarized 129Xenon NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202605n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Duewel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Clemens K. Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Spiess
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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34
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Dalitz F, Cudaj M, Maiwald M, Guthausen G. Process and reaction monitoring by low-field NMR spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 60:52-70. [PMID: 22293399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Dalitz
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, SRG10-2, KIT, Adenauerring 20 b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Unity Scientific LLC, 117 Old State Rd., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and United States National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Barry Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ray Chrisman
- Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mel Koch
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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36
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Cudaj M, Guthausen G, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. SEC-MR-NMR: Online Coupling of Size Exclusion Chromatography and Medium Resolution NMR Spectroscopy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:665-70. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Küster SK, Danieli E, Blümich B, Casanova F. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy under the fume hood. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13172-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21180c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Cudaj M, Guthausen G, Kamlowski A, Maier D, Hofe T, Wilhelm M. Ein Spektrometer für die spektral aufgelöste Niederfeld-NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/nadc.201075952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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