1
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Bera PK, Medvedev GA, Caruthers JM, Ediger MD. Structural Relaxation Time of a Polymer Glass during Deformation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:208101. [PMID: 38829058 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.208101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In order to determine the structural relaxation time of a polymer glass during deformation, a strain rate switching experiment is performed in the steady-state plastic flow regime. A lightly cross-linked poly(methylmethacrylate) glass was utilized and, simultaneously, the segmental motion in the glass was quantified using an optical probe reorientation method. After the strain rate switch, a nonmonotonic stress response is observed, consistent with previous work. The correlation time for segmental motion, in contrast, monotonically evolves toward a new steady state, providing an unambiguous measurement of the structural relaxation time during deformation, which is found to be approximately equal to the segmental correlation time. The Chen-Schweizer model qualitatively predicts the changes in the segmental correlation time and the observed nonmonotonic stress response. In addition, our experiments are reasonably consistent with the material time assumption used in polymer deformation modeling; in this approach, the response of a polymer glass to a large deformation is described by combining a linear-response model with a time-dependent segmental correlation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Bera
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | - Mark D Ediger
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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2
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Hu W. Personal Perspective on Strain-Induced Polymer Crystallization. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:822-827. [PMID: 36683336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Semicrystalline polymer materials are commonly strong yet tough after processed through fiber spinning, film stretching (or blowing), and plastic molding (or foaming), which are fundamentally related with strain-induced crystallization. This paper provides a personal perspective on thermodynamics and kinetics aspects of strain-induced polymer crystallization, mainly based on the author's recent research experience. The thermodynamic studies include homopolymers, random copolymers, solution polymers, and blend polymers. The kinetic studies cover three sequential crystallization stages, i.e., crystal nucleation, crystal growth, and postgrowth. The thermodynamic driving forces join with the kinetic barriers to determine the crystal nucleation mechanisms and the structure evolution at the molecular level, which yield unique polymer crystal morphologies from lamellar crystals to shish-kebab crystals and eventually fibril crystals. The resulting semicrystalline structures were discussed with their implications for the mechanical properties of products. Some future studies were briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Hu
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
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3
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Razavi M, Xing E, Ediger MD. Overaging with Stress in Polymer Glasses? Faster Segmental Dynamics despite Larger Yield Stress! Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Enran Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Niu D, Xu P, Li J, Yang W, Liu T, Ma P. Strong, ductile and durable Poly(glycolic acid)-based films by constructing crystalline orientation, entanglement network and rigid amorphous fraction. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Xing E, Bennin T, Razavi M, Ediger MD. Segmental Dynamics in the Strain-Hardening Regime for Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glasses with and without Melt Stretching. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enran Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Trevor Bennin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Masoud Razavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mark D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin − Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Mirzahossein E, Grzelka M, Pan Z, Demirkurt B, Habibi M, Brouwer AM, Bonn D. Molecular rotors to probe the local viscosity of a polymer glass. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:174901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0087572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the local viscosity of a polymer glass around its glass transition temperature using environment-sensitive fluorescent molecular rotors embedded in the polymer matrix. The rotors' fluorescence depends on the local viscosity, and measuring the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the probe therefore allows to measure the local free volume in the polymer glass when going through the glass transition. This also allows us to study the local viscosity and free volume when the polymer film is put under an external stress. We find that the film does not flow homogeneously, but undergoes shear banding that is visible as a spatially varying free volume and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Grzelka
- University of Amsterdam Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Netherlands
| | - Zhongcheng Pan
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Netherlands
| | - Begüm Demirkurt
- University of Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Habibi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, 6708WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- University of Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Yang E, Riggleman RA. Role of Local Structure in the Enhanced Dynamics of Deformed Glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:097801. [PMID: 35302792 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.097801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
External stress can accelerate molecular mobility of amorphous solids by several orders of magnitude. The changes in mobility are commonly interpreted through the Eyring model, which invokes an empirical activation volume. Here, we analyze constant-stress molecular dynamics simulations and propose a structure-dependent Eyring model, connecting activation volume to a machine-learned field, softness. We show that stress has a heterogeneous effect on the mobility that depends on local structure through softness. The barrier impeding relaxation reduces more for well-packed particles, which explains the narrower distribution of relaxation time observed under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert A Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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8
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Xu T, Nie C, Peng F, Sheng J, Li L. Bond Orientation-Assisted Enthalpic Stress in Polymer Glasses: A Simulation Study on Elastic Yielding. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cui Nie
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fan Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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9
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Hem J, Crauste-Thibierge C, Clément F, Long DR, Ciliberto S. Simultaneous memory effects in the stress and in the dielectric susceptibility of a stretched polymer glass. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:L040502. [PMID: 34005906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.l040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental evidence that a polymer stretched at constant strain rate λ[over ̇] presents complex memory effects after λ[over ̇] is set to zero at a specific strain λ_{w} for a duration t_{w}, ranging from 100s to 2.2×10^{5}s. When the strain rate is resumed, both the stress and the dielectric constant relax to the unperturbed state nonmonotonically. The relaxations depend on the observable, on λ_{w} and on t_{w}. Relaxation master curves are obtained by scaling the time and the amplitudes by ln(t_{w}). The dielectric evolution also captures the distribution of the relaxation times, so the results impose strong constraints on the relaxation models of polymers under stress and they can be useful for a better understanding of memory effects in other disorder materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hem
- Univ of Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - C Crauste-Thibierge
- Univ of Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - F Clément
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay, UMR 5268, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex, France
| | - D R Long
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, CNRS/Solvay, UMR 5268, 69192 Saint Fons Cedex, France
| | - S Ciliberto
- Univ of Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672, F-69342 Lyon, France
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10
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Wang Z, Hsu C, Wang X. Topographical transition of submicron pillar array of azo molecular glass induced by circularly polarized light. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7327. [PMID: 33795776 PMCID: PMC8016868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-aligned submicron patterns on surfaces have attracted wide attention from scientific curiosity to practical applications. Understanding their formation and transition is highly desirable for efficient manufacture of the patterns for many usages. Here, we report a unique observation on self-organized topographical transition of submicron pillar array of an azo molecular glass, induced by irradiation with circularly polarized light. During gradual erasure of the patterns upon exposure to the light, which is a property of this material, a new set of pillars unexpectedly emerge with new one in middle of each triangle cell of the original array. The highly regular pillar array with triple area density is formed and finally stabilized in the process, as revealed by thorough investigation reported here. This unusual observation and its rationalization will be of benefit for deep understanding of the light–matter interaction and can be expected to be applied in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chungen Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Li X, Huang H, Wu B, Liao C, Wang X. Comparative study of photoinduced surface-relief-gratings on azo polymer and azo molecular glass films. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34766-34778. [PMID: 35494780 PMCID: PMC9042686 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced surface-relief-gratings (SRGs) on azo polymer and azo molecular glass films, caused by trans–cis isomerization of azo chromophores, have attracted wide interest for their intriguing nature and many possible applications in recent years. Understanding the mechanical properties of SRGs at the nanoscale is critically important for elucidating their formation mechanism and exploring their applications. In this work, a representative azo polymer (BP-AZ-CA) and a typical azo molecular glass (IAC-4) were comparatively studied for the first time concerning their properties related to SRG formation through a variety of methods. The results indicate that when inscribing SRGs on the films, IAC-4 shows a much higher efficiency for forming SRGs relative to that of BP-AZ-CA. The overall average moduli of SRGs measured by nanomechanical mapping techniques are obviously smaller compared with the moduli of the corresponding films of both materials. The moduli at different regions of SRGs are periodically varied along the grating vector direction for both BP-AZ-CA and IAC-4 gratings. The moduli at the trough regions of SRGs are always larger than those of the crests, while the moduli at the hillsides are the smallest. Distinct from BP-AZ-CA, even the moduli at the trough regions of IAC-4 SRG are smaller compared with that of the original film, and the ratio between the trough and crest moduli is significantly larger for IAC-4. These results provide deep understanding of the SRG formation mechanism and reveal the clear distinction between these two types of glassy materials for their SRG-forming behavior, which are important for future applications. A representative azo polymer (BP-AZ-CA) and a typical azo molecular glass (IAC-4) were studied for their surface-relief-grating formation behavior to provide a deep understanding of the clear distinction between these two types of glassy material.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chuyi Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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12
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Grigoriadi K, Wübbenhorst M, Breemen LCA, Putzeys T, Gennaro A, Anderson PD, Hütter M. Transient dynamics of cold‐rolled and subsequently thermally rejuvenated atactic‐polystyrene using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalouda Grigoriadi
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | | | - Lambèrt C. A. Breemen
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Patrick D. Anderson
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Markus Hütter
- Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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13
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Boonsomwong K, Genix AC, Chauveau E, Fromental JM, Dieudonné-George P, Sirisinha C, Oberdisse J. Rejuvenating the structure and rheological properties of silica nanocomposites based on natural rubber. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Arechederra GK, McCoy JD, Kropka JM. Interplay between chemical and physical aging in diethanolamine cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) epoxy. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Ricci J, Bennin T, Xing E, Ediger MD. Linear Stress Relaxation and Probe Reorientation: Comparison of the Segmental Dynamics of Two Glassy Polymers during Physical Aging. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Trevor Bennin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Enran Xing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Gao XR, Li Y, Huang HD, Xu JZ, Xu L, Ji X, Zhong GJ, Li ZM. Extensional Stress-Induced Orientation and Crystallization can Regulate the Balance of Toughness and Stiffness of Polylactide Films: Interplay of Oriented Amorphous Chains and Crystallites. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Pacułt J, Rams-Baron M, Chrząszcz B, Jachowicz R, Paluch M. Effect of Polymer Chain Length on the Physical Stability of Amorphous Drug-Polymer Blends at Ambient Pressure. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2807-2815. [PMID: 29791165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rational selection of polymers for amorphous drug stabilization is necessary for further successful development of solid dispersion technology. In this paper, we investigate the effect of polymer chain length on the inhibition of amorphous drug recrystallization. To consider this problem, we prepared a drug-polymer blend (in 10:1 drug to polymer ratio) containing bicalutamide (BIC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with different chain lengths K10, K30, and K90. We applied broadband dielectric spectroscopy to compare the molecular dynamics of investigated samples and thoroughly recognize their crystallization tendencies from supercooled liquid state. Despite the lack of differences in molecular dynamics, we noticed significant changes in their crystallization rates. To rationalize such behavior, we performed positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements. The results showed that the value of free volume was the highest for blend with PVP K90, which at the same time was characterized by the greatest tendency to crystallize. We postulate that the polymer chain, depending on its length, can have different configurations in the space, leading to better or worse sample stabilization. Our results highlight how important is detailed understanding of physical properties of polymers for judicious selection of the best stabilization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pacułt
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
| | - Marzena Rams-Baron
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
| | - Beata Chrząszcz
- Institute of Material Science , University of Silesia 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
| | - Renata Jachowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Jagiellonian University , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Kraków , Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics , University of Silesia , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A , 41-500 Chorzow , Poland
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18
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19
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Burroughs MJ, Christie D, Gray LAG, Chowdhury M, Priestley RD. 21st Century Advances in Fluorescence Techniques to Characterize Glass‐Forming Polymers at the Nanoscale. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Burroughs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Dane Christie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Laura A. G. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Rodney D. Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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20
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Hebert K, Ediger MD. Reversing Strain Deformation Probes Mechanisms for Enhanced Segmental Mobility of Polymer Glasses. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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21
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Zhang Q, Zhang R, Meng L, Lin Y, Chen X, Li X, Zhang W, Li L. Biaxial stretch-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) above glass transition temperature: The necessary of chain mobility. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Li X, Wang SQ. Mapping Brittle and Ductile Behaviors of Polymeric Glasses under Large Extension. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1110-1113. [PMID: 35614813 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have carried out a series of tensile extension tests on the two most common polymer glasses to describe their generic mechanical responses as a function of deformation rate at different temperatures. The essentially defect-free polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) both show remarkable re-entrant failure: being ductile at intermediate rates and showing diminishing toughness at both higher and lower rates. We draw phase diagrams to map out the relationship between brittle-like and yield-like states in terms of temperature, rate, and stress. A coherent understanding of the rich phenomenology requires us to describe in more detail the interplay between the chain network and the primary structure bonded by intersegmental van der Waals forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Morton Institutes of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Shi-Qing Wang
- Morton Institutes of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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23
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Hebert K, Bending B, Ricci J, Ediger MD. Effect of Temperature on Postyield Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glasses: Thermally Activated Transitions Are Important. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Benjamin Bending
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Josh Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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24
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Dinkgreve M, Paredes J, Michels MAJ, Bonn D. Universal rescaling of flow curves for yield-stress fluids close to jamming. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:012305. [PMID: 26274160 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.012305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental flow curves of four different yield-stress fluids with different interparticle interactions are studied near the jamming concentration. By appropriate scaling with the distance to jamming all rheology data can be collapsed onto master curves below and above jamming that meet in the shear-thinning regime and satisfy the Herschel-Bulkley and Cross equations, respectively. In spite of differing interactions in the different systems, master curves characterized by universal scaling exponents are found for the four systems. A two-state microscopic theory of heterogeneous dynamics is presented to rationalize the observed transition from Herschel-Bulkley to Cross behavior and to connect the rheological exponents to microscopic exponents for the divergence of the length and time scales of the heterogeneous dynamics. The experimental data and the microscopic theory are compared with much of the available literature data for yield-stress systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dinkgreve
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Paredes
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M A J Michels
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1018 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Huang T, Miura M, Nobukawa S, Yamaguchi M. Chain Packing and Its Anomalous Effect on Mechanical Toughness for Poly(lactic acid). Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1660-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Huang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Motohiro Miura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Shogo Nobukawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
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26
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Zhang X, Hu H, Guo M. Relaxation of a hydrophilic polymer induced by moisture desorption through the glass transition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3186-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04966g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The relaxation of a hydrophilic polymer induced by relative humidity down-jump through the glass transition contains multiple stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics
| | - Hongjiu Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering
| | - Manxia Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200072
- China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering
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27
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Cugini AV, Lesser AJ. Aspects of physical aging, mechanical rejuvenation, and thermal annealing in a new copolyester. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela V. Cugini
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
| | - Alan J. Lesser
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwang Cheng
- Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Shi-Qing Wang
- Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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29
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Gray LAG, Roth CB. Stability of polymer glasses vitrified under stress. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1572-1578. [PMID: 24652005 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52113c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
How stress or strain imparts mobility to glasses is a scientific issue linking ideas of jamming and the glass transition across colloids, granular materials, polymers, and molecular glasses. Here, we address for the first time how stress applied during vitrification, formation of the glassy state by a temperature quench, affects the subsequent stability of the glassy state, even after the stress has been removed. Using entangled polymers that are easily manipulated mechanically above the glass transition temperature, we find that the resulting polymer glasses become less stable, exhibiting a higher physical aging rate, when stress is applied while rapidly cooling the polymer films. The data show an initial plateau value at low stress, before transitioning rapidly to a higher aging rate at larger stress. These results are suggestive of the glassy system being left trapped in a less stable, higher energy state with faster physical aging rate when stressed above some minimum value during vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A G Gray
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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30
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31
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Fielding SM, Moorcroft RL, Larson RG, Cates ME. Modeling the relaxation of polymer glasses under shear and elongational loads. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4769253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Cheng S, Wang SQ. Elastic yielding in cold drawn polymer glasses well below the glass transition temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:065506. [PMID: 23432274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.065506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports elastic-driven internal yielding in strained ductile polymer glasses. After cold drawing of two different polymer glasses to neck at room temperature, we show that the samples display considerable retractive stress when warmed up above the storage temperature but still considerably below their glass transition temperatures. We conclude that the elastic yielding arises from the distortion of backbones leading to intra-segmental tension in the chain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwang Cheng
- Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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33
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Chung YG, Lacks DJ. Atomic Mobility in a Polymer Glass after Shear and Thermal Cycles. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14201-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchul G. Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
| | - Daniel J. Lacks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
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34
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Senden DJA, van Dommelen JAW, Govaert LE. Physical aging and deformation kinetics of polycarbonate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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36
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Kalfus J, Detwiler A, Lesser AJ. Probing Segmental Dynamics of Polymer Glasses during Tensile Deformation with Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kalfus
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Andrew Detwiler
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Alan J. Lesser
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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37
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Ayenew Z, Paudel A, Van den Mooter G. Can compression induce demixing in amorphous solid dispersions? A case study of naproxen–PVP K25. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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38
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White TJ. Light to work transduction and shape memory in glassy, photoresponsive macromolecular systems: Trends and opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Lacks DJ. Sheared polymer glass and the question of mechanical rejuvenation. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:124907. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3698473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Smessaert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road,
Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jörg Rottler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road,
Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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41
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Gray LAG, Yoon SW, Pahner WA, Davidheiser JE, Roth CB. Importance of Quench Conditions on the Subsequent Physical Aging Rate of Glassy Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202493n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. G. Gray
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Suk W. Yoon
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William A. Pahner
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Connie B. Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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42
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Fielding SM, Larson RG, Cates ME. Simple model for the deformation-induced relaxation of glassy polymers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:048301. [PMID: 22400893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.048301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glassy polymers show "strain hardening": at constant extensional load, their flow first accelerates, then arrests. Recent experiments have found this to be accompanied by a striking and unexplained dip in the segmental relaxation time. Here we explain such behavior by combining a minimal model of flow-induced liquefaction of a glass with a description of the stress carried by strained polymers, creating a nonfactorable interplay between aging and strain-induced rejuvenation. Under constant load, liquefaction of segmental motion permits strong flow that creates polymer-borne stress. This slows the deformation enough for the segmental modes to revitrify, causing strain hardening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fielding
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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43
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Chen K, Schweizer KS. Theory of Yielding, Strain Softening, and Steady Plastic Flow in Polymer Glasses under Constant Strain Rate Deformation. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200436w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science, University of Illinois, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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44
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45
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Chen K, Schweizer KS. Theory of aging, rejuvenation, and the nonequilibrium steady state in deformed polymer glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:041804. [PMID: 21230305 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.041804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear Langevin equation theory of segmental relaxation, elasticity, and mechanical response of polymer glasses is extended to describe the coupled effects of physical aging, mechanical rejuvenation, and thermal history. The key structural variable is the amplitude of density fluctuations, and segmental dynamics proceeds via stress-modified activated barrier hopping on a dynamic free-energy profile. Mechanically generated disorder (rejuvenation) is quantified by a dissipative work argument and increases the amplitude of density fluctuations, thereby speeding up relaxation beyond that induced by the landscape tilting mechanism. The theory makes testable predictions for the time evolution and nonequilibrium steady state of the alpha relaxation time, density fluctuation amplitude, elastic modulus, and other properties. Model calculations reveal a rich dependence of these quantities on preaging time, applied stress, and temperature that reflects the highly nonlinear competition between physical aging and mechanical disordering. Thermal history is "erased" in the long-time limit, although the nonequilibrium steady state is not the literal "fully rejuvenated" freshly quenched glass. The present work provides the conceptual foundation for a quantitative treatment of the nonlinear mechanical response of polymer glasses under a variety of deformation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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