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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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Pichavant L, Guillermain C, Harakat D, Coqueret X. Photo-initiated copolymerization of allyl and vinyl ethers with dialkyl fumarates: A mechanistic investigation by ESI mass spectrometry. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Moghadam N, Srinivasan S, Grady MC, Rappe AM, Soroush M. Theoretical Study of Chain Transfer to Solvent Reactions of Alkyl Acrylates. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5474-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5020669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Moghadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sriraj Srinivasan
- Arkema Inc., 900 First Avenue, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michael C. Grady
- DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19898, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Masoud Soroush
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Solak Erdem N, Alawani N, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of polysorbate 85, a nonionic surfactant, by liquid chromatography vs. ion mobility separation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ren WM, Wang YM, Zhang R, Jiang JY, Lu XB. Mechanistic Aspects of Metal Valence Change in SalenCo(III)OAc-Catalyzed Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Epoxides. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4801-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of
Fine Chemicals, College of
Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 linggong road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of
Fine Chemicals, College of
Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 linggong road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of
Fine Chemicals, College of
Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 linggong road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing-Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of
Fine Chemicals, College of
Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 linggong road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of
Fine Chemicals, College of
Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 linggong road, Dalian 116024, China
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
| | - Christopher L. Hendrickson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
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Scionti V, Katzenmeyer BC, Solak N, Li X, Wesdemiotis C. Interfacing multistage mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography or ion mobility separation for synthetic polymer analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:113-137. [PMID: 22641724 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are naturally mixtures of homologs, even in pure form. More complexity is introduced by the presence of different comonomers, end groups and/or macromolecular architectures. The analysis of such systems is substantially facilitated by interfacing mass spectrometry (MS), which disperses based on mass, with an additional level of separation involving either interactive liquid chromatography (LC) or ion mobility (IM) spectrometry, both of which are readily coupled online with electrospray ionization and MS detection. IM-MS separates in the gas phase, post-ionization and, therefore, is ideally suitable for labile and reactive polymers. Its usefulness is illustrated with the characterization of non-covalent siloxane-saccharide complexes, metallosupramolecular assemblies and an air- and moisture-sensitive inorganic polymer, poly(dichlorophosphazene). Conversely, LC-MS which separates in solution phase, before ionization, is most effective for the analysis of polymeric mixtures whose components differ in polarity. Interactive LC conditions can be optimized to disperse by the content of hydrophobic units, as is demonstrated for amphiphilic polyether copolymers and sugar-based nonionic surfactant blends. Both LC-MS and IM-MS can be extended into a third dimension by tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) studies on select oligomers, in order to obtain insight into individual end groups and isomeric architectures, comonomer sequences and degree of substitution, for example, by hydrophobic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Scionti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Unity Scientific LLC, 117 Old State Rd., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and United States National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Barry Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ray Chrisman
- Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mel Koch
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Song J, van Velde JW, Vertommen LLT, Smith DF, Heeren RMA, van den Brink OF. End-Group Analysis of Methacrylic (Co)polymers by LC-ESI-MS2. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junkan Song
- Research, Development and Innovation, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. van Velde
- Research, Development and Innovation, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Donald F. Smith
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Song J, Grün CH, Heeren RMA, Janssen HG, van den Brink OF. High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry on Poly(methyl methacrylate). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:10168-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Song J, Grün CH, Heeren RMA, Janssen HG, van den Brink OF. High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry on Poly(methyl methacrylate). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Song J, Memboeuf A, Heeren R, Vékey K, van den Brink OF. Discrimination between charge-catalyzed and charge-independent fragmentation processes of cationized poly(n-butyl acrylate). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3214-3216. [PMID: 20941770 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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