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Stiti A, Cenacchi Pereira AM, Lecommandoux S, Taton D. Group-Transfer Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (GTPISA) in Non-polar Media: An Organocatalyzed Route to Block Copolymer Nanoparticles at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305945. [PMID: 37403785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) enables the synthesis at large scale of a wide variety of functional nanoparticles. However, a large number of works are related to controlled radical polymerization (CRP) methods and are generally undertaken at elevated temperatures (>50 °C). Here is the first report on methacrylate-based nanoparticles fabricated by group transfer polymerization-induced self-assembly (GTPISA) in non-polar media (n-heptane). This GTPISA process is achieved at room temperature (RT) using 1-methoxy-1-(trimethylsiloxy)-2-methylprop-1-ene (MTS) and tetrabutylammonium bis-benzoate (TBABB) as initiator and organic catalyst, respectively. Under these conditions, well-defined metal-free and colorless diblock copolymers are produced with efficient crossover from the non-polar stabilizing poly(lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) block to the non-soluble poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) segment. The resulting PLMA-b-PBzMA block copolymers simultaneously self-assemble into nanostructures of various sizes and morphologies. GTPISA in non-polar solvent proceeds rapidly at RT and avoids the use of sulfur or halogenated compounds or metallic catalysts associated with the implementation of CRP methods, thus expanding the potential of PISA formulations for applications in non-polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Stiti
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche de Solaize, T, otalEnergies OneTech, Chemin du Canal-BP 22, 69360, Solaize, France
| | | | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac cedex, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac cedex, France
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2
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Xu L, Takagi Y, Fu X, Wang Y, Narumi A, Sato SI, Shen X, Kakuchi T. Hydrosilylation-Promoted Group Transfer Polymerization of Ethyl Sorbate: A Controlled/Living System Applied to the Synthesis of an α-End Functionalized Polymer and a Triblock Copolymer with a (Meth)acrylate Polymer. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Sun Y, Carpentier A, Zhang Y, Weng B, Ling Y, Maron L, Hong M. Stereospecific Polymerization of Bulky Methacrylates Using Organocatalyst in Strong Donating Solvent via Self-Controlled Mechanism. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ambre Carpentier
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biwei Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaoyao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Zaky MS, Guichard G, Taton D. Block Copolymer Synthesis by a Sequential Addition Strategy from the Organocatalytic Group Transfer Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate to the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200395. [PMID: 35868609 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sequential block copolymerization involving comonomers belonging to different classes, e.g., a vinyl-type monomer and a heterocycle, is a challenging task in macromolecular chemistry, as corresponding propagating species do not interconvert easily from one to the other by crossover reactions. Here, it is first evidenced that 1-methoxy 2-methyl 1-trimethylsilyloxypropene (MTS), i.e., a silyl ketene acetal (SKA)-containing initiator, can be used in presence of the P4 -t-Bu phosphazene organic base to control the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of racemic lactide (rac-LA). The elementary reaction, which rapidly transforms SKA groups into propagating alkoxides, can be leveraged to directly synthesize well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-polylactide (PMMA-b-PLA) block copolymers. This is achieved using P4 -t-Bu as the single organic catalyst and MTS as the initiator for the group transfer polymerization (GTP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA), followed by the ROP of rac-LA. Both polymerization methods are implemented under selective and controlled/living conditions at room temperature in THF. This sequential addition strategy further expands the scope of organic catalysis of polymerizations for macromolecular engineering of block copolymers involving propagating species of disparate reactivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samir Zaky
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, PESSAC cedex, 33607, France
| | - Gilles Guichard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac, F-33607, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), UMR 5629, Université de Bordeaux, INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, PESSAC cedex, 33607, France
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5
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Narumi A, Sato SI, Shen X, Kakuchi T. Precision synthesis for well-defined linear and/or architecturally controlled thermoresponsive poly(N-substituted acrylamide)s. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01449h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the progress in precision polymerizations of specific kinds of N-alkylacrylamides and N,N-dialkylacrylamides to produce polymers showing thermoresponsive properties in aqueous media, which representatively include the reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations...
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Shyam A, Pradhan AK, Mondal P. A Density Functional Theory Study on Et-BAC-Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Addition of p-Chlorobenzaldehyde to p-Quinone Methide for the Synthesis of α,α '-Diarylated Ketones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9040-9054. [PMID: 34126745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Umpolung-based organocatalysis has made a remarkable breakthrough in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. Among a plethora of umpolung catalysts, bis(amino)cyclopropenylidenes (BACs) have emerged as efficient organocatalysts with potential applications in synthesizing numerous essential organic moieties. In this study, a plausible mechanism for bis(diethylamino)cyclopropenylidene (Et-BAC)-catalyzed synthesis of α,α'-diarylated ketones has been established using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The proposed catalytic cycle of the studied reaction initiates with the nucleophilic interaction of Et-BAC with p-chlorobenzaldehyde to form a zwitterionic intermediate, which is then transformed to a reactive Breslow intermediate. The Breslow intermediate further undergoes a chemoselective and stereoselective 1,6-conjugate addition reaction with p-quinone methide to form a new C-C bond connection. Finally, the generated adduct undergoes a proton shift reaction with the assistance of both 8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) and protonated DBU to yield the desired product. Conceptual DFT-derived reactivity indices and frontier molecular orbital theory analysis have been successfully utilized to unravel the role of Et-BAC in this studied reaction. In addition to Et-BAC, DBU and protonated DBU also play a very important role in lowering the activation energy barrier of proton transfer steps. This investigation will help in the rational designing of simple nonheterocyclic carbene-mediated novel organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Shyam
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Amit K Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Paritosh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar 788011, Assam, India
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Jia Q, Yan ZC, Li Y, Liu J, Ding Y, Liu Y, Li J, Chen Y. Synthesis of well-defined di- and triblock acrylic copolymers consisting of hard poly(dicyclopentanyl acrylate) and soft poly(alkyl acrylate) segments by organocatalyzed group transfer polymerization and their glass transition behavior. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined acrylic block copolymers with hard poly(dicyclopentanyl acrylate) and soft poly(n-alkylacrylate) blocks prepared by GTP are observed to undergo microphase separation by rheometry except for the crystallizable poly(n-dodecyl acrylate) series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Jia
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Zhi-Chao Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Yanan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Yuansheng Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yujian Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yougen Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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9
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Lima CGS, Pauli FP, Costa DCS, de Souza AS, Forezi LSM, Ferreira VF, de Carvalho da Silva F. para
-Quinone Methides as Acceptors in 1,6-Nucleophilic Conjugate Addition Reactions for the Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Molecules. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G. S. Lima
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Fernanda P. Pauli
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Dora C. S. Costa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Acácio S. de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Luana S. M. Forezi
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica; Universidade Federal Fluminense; 24241-000 Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica; Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Campus do Valonguinho 24020-150 Niterói RJ Brazil
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10
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Li J, Kikuchi S, Sato SI, Chen Y, Xu L, Song B, Duan Q, Wang Y, Kakuchi T, Shen X. Core-First Synthesis and Thermoresponsive Property of Three-, Four-, and Six-Arm Star-Shaped Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide)s and Their Block Copolymers with Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | | | | | - Yougen Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Bo Song
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Qian Duan
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiande Shen
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
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11
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Chen Y, Jia Q, Ding Y, Sato SI, Xu L, Zang C, Shen X, Kakuchi T. B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Group Transfer Polymerization of Acrylates Using Hydrosilane: Polymerization Mechanism, Applicable Monomers, and Synthesis of Well-Defined Acrylate Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yougen Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Qun Jia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yuansheng Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | | | - Liang Xu
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chunyu Zang
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiande Shen
- Research Center for Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Jilin 130022, China
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12
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Bakkali-Hassani C, Coutouly C, Gleede T, Vignolle J, Wurm FR, Carlotti S, Taton D. Selective Initiation from Unprotected Aminoalcohols for the N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Organocatalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of 2-Methyl-N-tosyl Aziridine: Telechelic and Block Copolymer Synthesis. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bakkali-Hassani
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Clément Coutouly
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Tassilo Gleede
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joan Vignolle
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stéphane Carlotti
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac Cedex, France
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Hu L, Zhao W, He J, Zhang Y. Silyl Ketene Acetals/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis Pair-Catalyzed Living Group Transfer Polymerization of Renewable Cyclic Acrylic Monomers. Molecules 2018; 23:E665. [PMID: 29543743 PMCID: PMC6017534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reveals the silyl ketene acetal (SKA)/B(C₆F₅)₃ Lewis pair-catalyzed room-temperature group transfer polymerization (GTP) of polar acrylic monomers, including methyl linear methacrylate (MMA), and the biorenewable cyclic monomers γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MMBL) and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MBL) as well. The in situ NMR monitored reaction of SKA with B(C₆F₅)₃ indicated the formation of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs), although it is sluggish for MMA polymerization, such a FLP system exhibits highly activity and living GTP of MMBL and MBL. Detailed investigations, including the characterization of key reaction intermediates, polymerization kinetics and polymer structures have led to a polymerization mechanism, in which the polymerization is initiated with an intermolecular Michael addition of the ester enolate group of SKA to the vinyl group of B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer, while the silyl group is transferred to the carbonyl group of the B(C₆F₅)₃-activated monomer to generate the single-monomer-addition species or the active propagating species; the coordinated B(C₆F₅)₃ is released to the incoming monomer, followed by repeated intermolecular Michael additions in the subsequent propagation cycle. Such neutral SKA analogues are the real active species for the polymerization and are retained in the whole process as confirmed by experimental data and the chain-end analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). Moreover, using this method, we have successfully synthesized well-defined PMMBL-b-PMBL, PMMBL-b-PMBL-b-PMMBL and random copolymers with the predicated molecular weights (Mn) and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wuchao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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15
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Recyclable and scalable organocatalytic transesterification of polysaccharides in a mixed solvent of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and dimethyl sulfoxide. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Chemoselective Lewis pair polymerization of renewable multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:20170003. [PMID: 28739962 PMCID: PMC5540837 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones, γ-vinyl-γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γVMMBL) and γ-allyl-γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (γAMMBL), have been synthesized from biorenewable ethyl levulinate and effectively polymerized by Lewis pairs consisting of an organic N-heterocyclic carbene Lewis base and a strong organo-Lewis acid E(C6F5)3 (E = Al, B). This Lewis pair polymerization is quantitatively chemoselective, proceeds exclusively via polyaddition across the conjugated α-methylene double bond without participation of the γ-vinyl or γ-allyl double bond, and produces high-molecular-weight functionalized polymers with unimodal molecular-weight distributions. The Al-based Lewis pair produces a polymer with approximately 5.5 times higher molecular weight than that produced by the B-based Lewis pair. The resulting vinyl-functionalized polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and stable at room temperature, and can be thermally cured into crosslinked materials.This article is part of the themed issue 'Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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17
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Goswami P, Singh G, Vijaya Anand R. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Addition of Me3Si-CN to para-Quinone Methides and Fuchsones: Access to α-Arylated Nitriles. Org Lett 2017; 19:1982-1985. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Goswami
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab - 140306, India
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18
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Nzahou Ottou W, Conde-Mendizabal E, Pascual A, Wirotius AL, Bourichon D, Vignolle J, Robert F, Landais Y, Sotiropoulos JM, Miqueu K, Taton D. Organic Lewis Pairs Based on Phosphine and Electrophilic Silane for the Direct and Controlled Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Nzahou Ottou
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Egoitz Conde-Mendizabal
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Ana Pascual
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Anne-Laure Wirotius
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Damien Bourichon
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- Université
de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- Université
de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de PAU & des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS, UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, IPREM UMR 5254, 64000 PAU, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université
de Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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19
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Chen J, Gowda RR, He J, Zhang Y, Chen EYX. Controlled or High-Speed Group Transfer Polymerization by Silyl Ketene Acetals without Catalyst. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ravikumar R. Gowda
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Jianghua He
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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20
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Abstract
In contrast to the conventional group transfer polymerization (GTP) using a catalyst of either an anionic nucleophile or a transition-metal compound, the organocatalyzed GTP has to a great extent improved the living characteristics of the polymerization from the viewpoints of synthesizing structurally well-defined acrylic polymers and constructing defect-free polymer architectures. In this article, we describe the organocatalyzed GTP from a relatively personal perspective to provide our colleagues with a perspicuous and systematic overview on its recent progress as well as a reply to the curiosity of how excellently the organocatalysts have performed in this field. The stated perspectives of this review mainly cover five aspects, in terms of the assessment of the livingness of the polymerization, limit and scope of applicable monomers, mechanistic studies, control of the polymer structure, and a new GTP methodology involving the use of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and hydrosilane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougen Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study Shenzhen University, Nanshan District Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China. .,Frontier Chemistry Center Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Frontier Chemistry Center Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.,Research Center for Polymer Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Changchun University of Science and Technology, Weixing Road 7989, Changchun Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
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21
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Gowda RR, Chen EYX. Organocatalytic and Chemoselective Polymerization of Multivinyl-Functionalized γ-Butyrolactones. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:772-776. [PMID: 35614656 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Achieving complete chemoselectivity in the polymerization of multivinyl polar monomers is an important yet challenging task, currently achievable only by metal- or metalloid-mediated polymerization processes but in a noncatalytic fashion. Now this work shows that organic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts effect rapid, chemoselective, and catalytic polymerization of multivinyl-functionalized γ-butyrolactones, particularly γ-vinyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (VMBL). Thus, the NHC-catalyzed polymerization of VMBL not only is quantitatively chemoselective, proceeding exclusively via polyaddition across the conjugated α-methylene double bond while leaving the γ-vinyl double bond intact, but also requires only an exceptionally low catalyst loading of 50 ppm, thus, exhibiting a remarkably high catalyst turnover frequency of 80000 h-1 and producing on average 33.6 polymer chains of Mn = 73.8 kg/mol per NHC molecule. The resulting PVMBL can be either thermally cured into cross-linked materials or postfunctionalized with the thiol-ene "click" reaction to achieve complete conversion of the pendant vinyl group on every repeat unit into the corresponding thioether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar R. Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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22
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Hong M, Tang X, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Proton-Transfer Polymerization by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Monomer and Catalyst Scopes and Mechanism for Converting Dimethacrylates into Unsaturated Polyesters. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2021-35. [PMID: 26779897 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents a full account of experimental and theoretical/computational investigations into the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed proton-transfer polymerization (HTP) that converts common dimethacrylates (DMAs) containing no protic groups into unsaturated polyesters. This new HTP proceeds through the step-growth propagation cycles via enamine intermediates, consisting of the proposed conjugate addition-proton transfer-NHC release fundamental steps. This study examines the monomer and catalyst scopes as well as the fundamental steps involved in the overall HTP mechanism. DMAs having six different types of linkages connecting the two methacrylates have been polymerized into the corresponding unsaturated polyesters. The most intriguing unsaturated polyester of the series is that based on the biomass-derived furfuryl dimethacrylate, which showed a unique self-curing ability. Four MeO- and Cl-substituted TPT (1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene) derivatives as methanol insertion products, (Rx)TPT(MeO/H) (R = MeO, Cl; x = 2, 3), and two free carbenes (catalysts), (OMe2)TPT and (OMe3)TPT, have been synthesized, while (OMe2)TPT(MeO/H) and (OMe2)TPT have also been structurally characterized. The structure/reactivity relationship study revealed that (OMe2)TPT, being both a strong nucleophile and a good leaving group, exhibits the highest HTP activity and also produced the polyester with the highest Mn, while the Cl-substituted TPT derivatives are least active and efficient. Computational studies have provided mechanistic insights into the tail-to-tail dimerization coupling step as a suitable model for the propagation cycle of the HTP. The extensive energy profile was mapped out, and the experimentally observed unicity of the TPT-based catalysts was satisfactorily explained with the thermodynamic formation of key spirocyclic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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23
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24
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Zhang J, Xu J, Xu Y, Sun H, Shen Q, Zhang Y. Mixed NHC/Phosphine Ni(II) Complexes: Synthesis and Their Applications as Versatile Catalysts for Selective Cross-Couplings of ArMgX with Aryl Chlorides, Fluorides, and Methyl Ethers. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Organic
Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Organic
Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Organic
Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Organic
Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Organic
Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Organic
Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Wang Y, Du GF, Xing F, Huang KW, Dai B, He L. N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Catalysed Diastereoselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama/Michael Reaction of 2-(Trimethylsilyloxy)furan and Enones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fen Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region P. R. China
- Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region P. R. China
| | - Fen Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region P. R. China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Division of Chemical and Life Sciences & Engineering and Catalysis Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region P. R. China
| | - Lin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shihezi University; Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region P. R. China
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26
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He L, Guo H, Wang Y, Du GF, Dai B. N-heterocyclic carbene-mediated transformations of silicon reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Takada K, Ito T, Kitano K, Tsuchida S, Takagi Y, Chen Y, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Synthesis of Homopolymers, Diblock Copolymers, and Multiblock Polymers by Organocatalyzed Group Transfer Polymerization of Various Acrylate Monomers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502298v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takada
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kodai Kitano
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsuchida
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Takagi
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yougen Chen
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry,
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Frontier Chemistry
Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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28
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Chen Y, Takada K, Kubota N, Eric OT, Ito T, Isono T, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Synthesis of end-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) by organocatalyzed group transfer polymerization using functional silyl ketene acetals and α-phenylacrylates. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01564a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The α and ω-end-functionalization of PMMA by organocatalyzed GTP was achieved using functional silyl ketene acetals and α-phenylacrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougen Chen
- Frontier Chemistry Center
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Naoya Kubota
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Ofosu-Twum Eric
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Frontier Chemistry Center
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
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29
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Kikuchi S, Chen Y, Kitano K, Takada K, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Organic acids as efficient catalysts for group transfer polymerization of N,N-disubstituted acrylamide with silyl ketene acetal: polymerization mechanism and synthesis of diblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The GTP of N,N-disubstituted acrylamide using organic acid and silyl ketene acetal was intensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
- Japan
| | - Yougen Chen
- Frontier Chemistry Center
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Kodai Kitano
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
- Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
- Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628
- Japan
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Frontier Chemistry Center
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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30
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Chen Y, Kitano K, Tsuchida S, Kikuchi S, Takada K, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. B(C6F5)3-catalyzed group transfer polymerization of alkyl methacrylates with dimethylphenylsilane through in situ formation of silyl ketene acetal by B(C6F5)3-catalyzed 1,4-hydrosilylation of methacrylate monomer. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00294j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The B(C6F5)3-catalyzed GTP of alkyl methacrylates using hydrosilane has been studied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougen Chen
- Frontier Chemistry Center
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Kodai Kitano
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Shinji Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Seiya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Frontier Chemistry Center
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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31
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Du GF, Xing F, Gu CZ, Dai B, He L. N-heterocyclic carbene-catalysed pentafluorophenylation of aldehydes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes have been utilized as highly efficient organocatalysts to catalyse multifluorophenylation of aldehydes with fluorinated aryltrimethylsilanes to afford the corresponding adducts in 49–99% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Fen Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University. Tianjin 300072
- China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
| | - Fen Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- China
| | - Lin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- China
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32
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Hong M, Chen EYX. Proton-Transfer Polymerization (HTP): Converting Methacrylates to Polyesters by an N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Hong M, Chen EYX. Proton-Transfer Polymerization (HTP): Converting Methacrylates to Polyesters by an N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11900-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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34
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Takada K, Fuchise K, Kubota N, Ito T, Chen Y, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Synthesis of α-, ω-, and α,ω-End-Functionalized Poly(n-butyl acrylate)s by Organocatalytic Group Transfer Polymerization Using Functional Initiator and Terminator. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501106e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takada
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keita Fuchise
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Naoya Kubota
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yougen Chen
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular
Chemistry, ‡Graduate School
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, and §Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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35
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Lindner R, Lejkowski ML, Lavy S, Deglmann P, Wiss KT, Zarbakhsh S, Meyer L, Limbach M. Ring-Opening Polymerization and Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Arde P, Reddy V, Vijaya Anand R. NHC catalysed trimethylsilylation of terminal alkynes and indoles with Ruppert's reagent under solvent free conditions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08727e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient organo-catalytic protocol for the trimethylsilylation of terminal alkynes and N-silylation of indoles employing Ruppert's reagent as a trimethylsilyl source have been developed under solvent and fluoride free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panjab Arde
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali, India
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali, India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali, India
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Kikuchi S, Chen Y, Fuchise K, Takada K, Kitakado J, Sato SI, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Thermoresponsive properties of 3-, 4-, 6-, and 12-armed star-shaped poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]s prepared by core-first group transfer polymerization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00290c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermoresponsive behavior of a variety of star-shaped poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]s was intensively investigated by evaluating the effect of mass concentration in aqueous solution, molecular weight, or arm number of the polymers on their cloud points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yougen Chen
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keita Fuchise
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Junsuke Kitakado
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Sato
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toyoji Kakuchi
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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38
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Zhang Y, Schmitt M, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Organocatalytic conjugate-addition polymerization of linear and cyclic acrylic monomers by N-heterocyclic carbenes: mechanisms of chain initiation, propagation, and termination. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17925-42. [PMID: 24245532 DOI: 10.1021/ja4088677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents a full account of experimental and theoretical/computational investigations into the mechanisms of chain initiation, propagation, and termination of the recently discovered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated organocatalytic conjugate-addition polymerization of acrylic monomers. The current study specifically focuses on three commonly used NHCs of vastly different nucleophilicity, 1,3-di-tert-butylimidazolin-2-ylidene (I(t)Bu), 1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene (IMes), and 1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene (TPT), and two representative acrylic monomers, the linear methyl methacrylate (MMA) and its cyclic analog, biomass-derived renewable γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MMBL). For MMA, there exhibits an exquisite selectivity of the NHC structure for the three types of reactions it promotes: enamine formation (single-monomer addition) by IMes, dimerization (tail-to-tail) by TPT, and polymerization by I(t)Bu. For MMBL, all three NHCs promote no dimerization but polymerization, with the polymerization activity being highly sensitive to the NHC structure and the solvent polarity. Thus, I(t)Bu is the most active catalyst of the series and converts quantitatively 1000-3000 equiv of MMBL in 1 min or 10,000 equiv in 5 min at room temperature to MMBL-based bioplastics with a narrow range of molecular weights of M(n) = 70-85 kg/mol, regardless of the [MMBL]/[I(t)Bu] ratio employed. The I(t)Bu-catalyzed MMBL polymerization reaches an exceptionally high turnover frequency up to 122 s(-1) and a high initiator efficiency value up to 1600%. Unique chain-termination mechanisms have been revealed, accounting for the production of relative high-molecular-weight linear polymers and the catalytic nature of this NHC-mediated conjugate-addition polymerization. Computational studies have provided mechanistic insights into reactivity and selectivity between two competing pathways for each NHC-monomer zwitterionic adduct, namely enamine formation/dimerization through proton transfer vs polymerization through conjugate addition, and mapped out extensive energy profiles for chain initiation, propagation, and termination steps, thereby satisfactorily explaining the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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Fèvre M, Pinaud J, Gnanou Y, Vignolle J, Taton D. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organocatalysts and structural components in metal-free polymer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2142-72. [PMID: 23288304 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has witnessed tremendous development in the past two decades: NHCs have not only become versatile ligands for transition metals, but have also emerged as powerful organic catalysts in molecular chemistry and, more recently, in metal-free polymer synthesis. To understand the success of NHCs, this review first presents the electronic properties of NHCs, their main synthetic methods, their handling, and their reactivity. Their ability to activate key functional groups (e.g. aldehydes, esters, heterocycles, silyl ketene acetals, alcohols) is then discussed in the context of molecular chemistry. Focus has been placed on the activation of substrates finding analogies with monomers (e.g. bis-aldehydes, multi-isocyanates, cyclic esters, epoxides, N-carboxyanhydrides, etc.) and/or initiators (e.g. hydroxy- or trimethylsilyl-containing reagents) employed in such "organopolymerisation" reactions utilizing NHCs. A variety of metal-free polymers, including aliphatic polyesters and polyethers, poly(α-peptoid)s, poly(meth)acrylates, polyurethanes, or polysiloxanes can be obtained in this way. The last section covers the use of NHCs as structural components of the polymer chain. Indeed, NHC-based photoinitiators, chain transfer agents or functionalizing agents, as well as bifunctional NHC monomer substrates, can also serve for metal-free polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maréva Fèvre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, F-33607 Pessac cedex, France
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40
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Fèvre M, Vignolle J, Taton D. Azolium hydrogen carbonates and azolium carboxylates as organic pre-catalysts for N-heterocyclic carbene-catalysed group transfer and ring-opening polymerisations. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20915b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Fuchise K, Chen Y, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Recent progress in organocatalytic group transfer polymerization. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00278k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fevre M, Vignolle J, Heroguez V, Taton D. Tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TTMPP) as Potent Organocatalyst for Group Transfer Polymerization of Alkyl (Meth)acrylates. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301412z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maréva Fevre
- Université Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- Université Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Valérie Heroguez
- Université Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
- CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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43
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Takada K, Fuchise K, Chen Y, Satoh T, Kakuchi T. Controlled polymerization of methyl acrylate for high-molecular-weight polymers by pentafluorophenylbis(triflyl)methane-promoted group transfer polymerization using triisopropylsilyl ketene acetal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Coutelier O, El Ezzi M, Destarac M, Bonnette F, Kato T, Baceiredo A, Sivasankarapillai G, Gnanou Y, Taton D. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalysed synthesis of polyurethanes. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Zhao Q, Curran DP, Malacria M, Fensterbank L, Goddard JP, Lacôte E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Styryl and Propargylic Alcohols with Dihydrosilanes. Chemistry 2011; 17:9911-4. [PMID: 21796697 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Zhao
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7201)-FR 2769, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 place Jussieu, C. 229, 75005 Paris, France
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46
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Pafiti KS, Philippou Z, Loizou E, Porcar L, Patrickios CS. End-Linked Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl Methacrylate]–Poly(methacrylic acid) Polyampholyte Conetworks: Synthesis by Sequential RAFT Polymerization and Swelling and SANS Characterization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200668v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S. Pafiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Zelina Philippou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Loizou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institute Max von Laue−Paul Langevin, BP 156, F-38042, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Costas S. Patrickios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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47
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Kakuchi T, Chen Y, Kitakado J, Mori K, Fuchise K, Satoh T. Organic Superbase as an Efficient Catalyst for Group Transfer Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200720p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoji Kakuchi
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yougen Chen
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Junsuke Kitakado
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kota Mori
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Keita Fuchise
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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48
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Mehta VP, Sharma AK, Modha SG, Sharma S, Meganathan T, Parmar VS, Van der Eycken E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Aroylation of 3,5-Dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2920-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200155n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P. Mehta
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ajendra kumar Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sachin G. Modha
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sweta Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 100007, India
| | - Thirumal Meganathan
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 100007, India
| | - Virinder Singh Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 100007, India
| | - Erik Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Raynaud J, Liu N, Fèvre M, Gnanou Y, Taton D. No matter the order of monomer addition for the synthesis of well-defined block copolymers by sequential group transfer polymerization using N-heterocyclic carbenes as catalysts. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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