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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ding H, Duan C, Tong C. Simulations of polymer brushes with charged end monomers under external electric fields. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:034901. [PMID: 28109214 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Langevin dynamics simulations, the response of neutral polymer brushes with charged terminal monomers to external electric fields has been investigated. The external electric field is equivalent to the field generated by the opposite surface charges on two parallel electrodes. The effects of charge valence of terminal monomers on the structure of double layers and overall charge balance near the two electrodes were examined. Using the charge density distributions obtained from simulations, the total electric field normal to the electrodes was calculated by numerically solving the Poisson equation. Under external electric fields, the total electric field across the two electrodes is highly non-uniform and in certain regions within the brush, the total electric field nearly vanishes. The probability distribution of electric force acting on one charged terminal monomer was obtained from simulations and how it affects the probability density distribution of terminal monomers was analyzed. The response of polymer brushes with charged terminal monomers to a strongly stretching external electric field was compared with that of uniformly charged polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanda Ding
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chao Duan
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chaohui Tong
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Willott JD, Murdoch TJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. Physicochemical behaviour of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Léonforte F, Welling U, Müller M. Single-chain-in-mean-field simulations of weak polyelectrolyte brushes. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:224902. [PMID: 27984879 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural properties of brushes which are composed of weak acidic and basic polyelectrolytes are studied in the framework of a particle-based approach that implicitly accounts for the solvent quality. Using a semi-grandcanonical partition function in the framework of the Single-Chain-in-Mean-Field (SCMF) algorithm, the weak polyelectrolyte is conceived as a supramolecular mixture of polymers in different dissociation states, which are explicitly treated in the partition function and sampled by the SCMF procedure. One obtains a local expression for the equilibrium acid-base reaction responsible for the regulation of the charged groups that is also incorporated to the SCMF sampling. Coupled to a simultaneous treatment of the electrostatics, the approach is shown to capture the main features of weak polyelectrolyte brushes as a function of the bulk pH in the solution, the salt concentration, and the grafting density. Results are compared to experimental and theoretical works from the literature using coarse-grained representations of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) polymer-based brushes. As the Born self-energy of ions can be straightforwardly included in the numerical approach, we also study its effect on the local charge regulation mechanism of the brush. We find that its effect becomes significant when the brush is dense and exposed to high salt concentrations. The numerical methodology is then applied (1) to the study of the kinetics of collapse/swelling of a P2VP brush and (2) to the ability of an applied voltage to induce collapse/swelling of a PAA brush in a pH range close to the pKa value of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Léonforte
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - U Welling
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Response of bi-disperse polyelectrolyte brushes to external electric fields — A numerical self-consistent field theory study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tong C. Numerical self-consistent field theory study of the response of strong polyelectrolyte brushes to external electric fields. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:054903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4927814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Tong
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Kłos JS, Sommer JU. Simulations of a Grafted Dendritic Polyelectrolyte in Electric Fields. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Kłos
- Leibniz Institute
of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - J.-U. Sommer
- Leibniz Institute
of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical
Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Tong C. Numerical study of weak polybase brushes grafted on neutral or charged spherical surface by the self-consistent field theory. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:15301-15308. [PMID: 25459349 DOI: 10.1021/la503526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The self-consistent field theory (SCFT) is employed to numerically study the response of weak polybase type polymer chains grafted on a sphere to electric fields generated by the uniform positive or negative charges on the grafting substrate in the planar polyelectrolyte brush limit. Also the effect of curvature of the grafting sphere on the brush height of weak polybase brushes in the absence of surface charges is investigated. The numerical study reveals interesting and nontrivial dependence of the brush height on the radius of the grafting substrate. Consistent with experimental results, in the parameter range of the surface charge density examined, the brush height is found to be independent of the applied electric field at intermediate and high grafting densities. At relatively low grafting density, the applied negative surface charge which is termed as negative bias in this study results in a reduction of the brush height. At rather low grafting density, the positive bias corresponding to applied positive surface charges can lead to a slight increase in the brush height. The underlining mechanism governing the response of weak polybase brushes to the applied electric field is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Tong
- Department of Physics, Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211, China
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Kobayashi M, Ishihara K, Takahara A. Neutron reflectivity study of the swollen structure of polyzwitterion and polyeletrolyte brushes in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1673-86. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.952992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Drummond C. Electric-field-induced friction reduction and control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:154302. [PMID: 23102313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.154302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Friction is always present when surfaces in contact are set in motion. In this work I describe how a precise, active control of the global friction is possible by adjusting the local molecular conformation of a polyelectrolyte coating via the application of an alternating electric field. The intensity of the applied field determines the degree of interpenetration between polymer brushes in contact, regulating chain stretching while sliding, which is the process at the origin of the global friction. The dynamics of the problem is controlled by the relaxation times of the polyelectrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Drummond
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UPR 8641, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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Mitamura K, Yamada NL, Sagehashi H, Torikai N, Arita H, Terada M, Kobayashi M, Sato S, Seto H, Goko S, Furusaka M, Oda T, Hino M, Jinnai H, Takahara A. Novel neutron reflectometer SOFIA at J-PARC/MLF for in-situ soft-interface characterization. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Weir MP, Heriot SY, Martin SJ, Parnell AJ, Holt SA, Webster JRP, Jones RAL. Voltage-induced swelling and deswelling of weak polybase brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11000-7. [PMID: 21793596 DOI: 10.1021/la201343w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated a novel method of remotely switching the conformation of a weak polybase brush using an applied voltage. Surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes exhibit rich responsive behavior and show great promise as "smart surfaces", but existing switching methods involve physically or chemically changing the solution in contact with the brush. In this study, high grafting density poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes were grown from silicon surfaces using atom transfer radical polymerization. Optical ellipsometry and neutron reflectivity were used to measure changes in the profiles of the brushes in response to DC voltages applied between the brush substrate and a parallel electrode some distance away in the surrounding liquid (water or D(2)O). Positive voltages were shown to cause swelling, while negative voltages in some cases caused deswelling. Neutron reflectometry experiments were carried out on the INTER reflectometer (ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK) allowing time-resolved measurements of polymer brush structure. The PDMAEMA brushes were shown to have a polymer volume fraction profile described by a Gaussian-terminated parabola both in the equilibrium and in the partially swollen states. At very high positive voltages (in this study, positive bias means positive voltage to the brush-bearing substrate), the brush chains were shown to be stretched to an extent comparable to their contour length, before being physically removed from the interface. Voltage-induced swelling was shown to exhibit a wider range of brush swelling states in comparison to pH switching, with the additional advantages that the stimulus is remotely controlled and may be fully automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Weir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom.
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