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Roumpos K, Fontaine S, Pfohl T, Prucker O, Rühe J, Reiter G. Measurements of periodically perturbed dewetting force fields and their consequences on the symmetry of the resulting patterns. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13149. [PMID: 34162940 PMCID: PMC8222397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the origin of breaking the symmetry for moving circular contact lines of dewetting polymer films suspended on a periodic array of pillars. There, dewetting force fields driving polymer flow were perturbed by elastic micro-pillars arranged in a regular square pattern. Elastic restoring forces of deformed pillars locally balance driving capillary forces and broke the circular symmetry of expanding dewetting holes. The observed envelope of the dewetting holes reflected the symmetry of the underlying pattern, even at sizes much larger than the characteristic period of the pillar array, demonstrating that periodic perturbations in a driving force field can establish a well-defined pattern of lower symmetry. For the presented system, we succeeded in squaring the circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Roumpos
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Fontaine
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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Mulama AA, Chandran S, Roumpos K, Oduor AO, Reiter G. Dewetting Rheology for Determining Viscoelastic Properties of Nonequilibrated Thin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austine A. Mulama
- Physikalisches Institut, Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, PO Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Sivasurender Chandran
- Physikalisches Institut, Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Roumpos
- Physikalisches Institut, Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Andrew O. Oduor
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, PO Box 333-40105, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Fakultät für Mathematik und Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bio-inspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg 79110, Germany
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Sherehiy A, Rathfon JM, Abe H, Chowdhury SS, Cohn RW. Shape Transformation Photolithography: Self-Assembled Arrays of Suspended MEMS Structures from Patterned Polymer Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18489-18498. [PMID: 31458421 PMCID: PMC6644290 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Suspended micromechanical structures are typically formed by dissolving underlying spacer material. However, capillary force-induced collapse during solvent removal can damage soft structures. If instead capillary forces are directed in the plane, they can drive liquid polymeric bridges to directly transform into suspended fibers. The various capillary force-directed methods for fabricating arrays of suspended fibers have suffered from either low manufacturing rates or an inability to produce arbitrary patterns. Shape transformation photolithography (STP) demonstrated herein is a method of producing arbitrarily patterned arrays of suspended fibers that are potentially capable of high fabrication rates. In STP, holes are prepatterned in a polymer nanofilm supported on a micropillar array, and then the film is heated above its glass transition temperature. First, the holes expand by dewetting and then capillary forces drive thinning of the polymer channels defined by the holes. Prepatterning overcomes the energy barrier for hole nucleation and ensures that all fibers form at the same time and with similar diameters. Arrays of fibers and fiber lattice networks are formed from dyed polystyrene films that are patterned with nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. The exposure threshold for forming holes is 10.5 mJ/cm2 for single pulses and 3.3 mJ/cm2 per pulse for repetitive pulsing, which is only about 3× larger than the dose available from current 193 nm wafer-stepping projection printers that are used in device manufacture. With the increased absorption of polystyrene at 193 nm and with additional proposed material modifications to the thin film, it may even be possible to employ STP in production wafer steppers at economically feasible manufacturing rates of over 50 wafers/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Sherehiy
- ElectroOptics
Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Rathfon
- ElectroOptics
Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Hiroya Abe
- ElectroOptics
Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku
University, Aramaki 6-6-11-604, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Sri Sukanta Chowdhury
- ElectroOptics
Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Robert W. Cohn
- ElectroOptics
Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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Ilton M, DiMaria C, Dalnoki-Veress K. Direct Measurement of the Critical Pore Size in a Model Membrane. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:257801. [PMID: 28036217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.257801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study pore nucleation in a model membrane system, a freestanding polymer film. Nucleated pores smaller than a critical size close, while pores larger than the critical size grow. Holes of varying size were purposefully prepared in liquid polymer films, and their evolution in time was monitored using optical and atomic force microscopy to extract a critical radius. The critical radius scales linearly with film thickness for a homopolymer film. The results agree with a simple model which takes into account the energy cost due to surface area at the edge of the pore. The energy cost at the edge of the pore is experimentally varied by using a lamellar-forming diblock copolymer membrane. The underlying molecular architecture causes increased frustration at the pore edge resulting in an enhanced cost of pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Christian DiMaria
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Kari Dalnoki-Veress
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Théorique, UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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Volynskii AL, Yarysheva AY, Rukhlya EG, Efimov AV, Yarysheva LM, Bakeev NF. Strain-induced softening of glassy and crystalline polymers. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n10abeh004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Probing Properties of Polymers in Thin Films Via Dewetting. GLASS TRANSITION, DYNAMICS AND HETEROGENEITY OF POLYMER THIN FILMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Rathfon JM, Cohn RW, Crosby AJ, Rothstein JP, Tew GN. Confinement Effects on Chain Entanglement in Free-Standing Polystyrene Ultrathin Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1026324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Rathfon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Robert W. Cohn
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Rothstein
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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