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Huang Z, Li A, Chen J, Luo Y. Syndiospecific Copolymerization of Styrene with para-Methoxystyrene Catalyzed by Functionalized Fluorenyl-Ligated Rare-Earth Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4322-4329. [PMID: 36853928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient catalysts for the copolymerization of nonpolar monomers with polar monomers remains a great challenging task in polymer synthesis. A one-pot reaction of anhydrous LnCl3 with pyridyl-methylene-functionalized octamethylfluorenyl lithium OctFlu-CH2PyLi in a 1:1 molar ratio, followed by alkylation with 2 equiv of LiCH2SiMe3 in THF afforded the fluorenyl-ligated rare-earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes (OctFlu-CH2Py)Ln(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) [Ln = Sc (1), Y (2)]. Both complexes were isolated as neutral species and were characterized by NMR spectrum and elemental analysis. Complex 2 was subjected to single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed that the whole modified fluorenyl ligand was coordinated to Y3+ in the η5/κ1 mode to form a constrained geometry configuration. In the presence of excess AliBu3, and on activation with 1 equiv of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] in toluene, complexes 1 and 2 became active for both styrene (St) and para-methoxystyrene (pMOS) polymerization, giving polymers with high syndiotacticity (rrrr > 99%) without solvent extraction. Moreover, the ternary catalyst system composed of complex 2/AliBu3/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] was highly effective for the syndiospecific copolymerization of styrene with pMOS, producing random copolymers with high molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The contents of pMOS in the copolymers could be easily tuned in a wide range (11-93 mol %) by simply changing the pMOS-to-St feed ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Huang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Aiyuan Li
- Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo 315800, P. R. China
| | - Jue Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yunjie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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2
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Mou ZH, Wang YJ. Soft N-Type Functionalized Fluorenyl Ligated Rare-Earth Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Performance for 2-Vinylpyridine. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422330016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Kosloski-Oh SC, Manjarrez Y, Boghossian TJ, Fieser ME. Controlled, one-pot synthesis of recyclable poly(1,3-diene)-polyester block copolymers, catalyzed by yttrium β-diketiminate complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9515-9524. [PMID: 36091888 PMCID: PMC9400486 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The one-pot synthesis of well-defined block copolymers of olefins/1,3-dienes and polar monomers, such as cyclic esters and acrylates has long been the focus of intense research. Cationic alkyl rare earth metal catalysts, activated by organoborates, have shown to be promising for the polymerization of isoprene or styrene and ε-caprolactone. In this study, we synthesize a series of yttrium bis(alkyl) complexes supported by simple β-diketiminate ancillary ligands. Subtle changes have been made to the β-diketiminate ligand framework to elucidate the effect of ligand structure on the rate and selectivity of olefin/1,3-diene and cyclic ester polymerization, with small ligand changes having a large impact on the resulting polymerizations. Generation of the active cationic species was easily streamlined by identification of appropriate catalyst : organoborate ratios, allowing for high catalyst efficiencies. Notably, we demonstrate the first cationic rare earth metal alkyl-initiated polymerization of δ-valerolactone and ε-decalactone as well as introduced five new block copolymer morphologies. In addition, selective degradation of the ester block in poly(isoprene-b-caprolactone) enabled recovery of the polyisoprene block with identical spectroscopic and thermal properties. Significantly, recopolymerization of the recovered poly(1,3-diene) with fresh ε-caprolactone reproduced the desired diblocks with nearly identical thermal and physical properties to those of virgin copolymer, illustrating a plausible recycling scheme for these materials. Ligand features that promote one-pot block copolymerization of 1,3-dienes and cyclic esters were realized with yttrium β-diketiminate complexes. Depolymerization and repolymerization of the polyester block introduced a plausible recycling strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Kosloski-Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Yvonne Manjarrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Taleen J. Boghossian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Megan E. Fieser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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4
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Wang Y, Zhou C, Cheng J. Binuclear Scandium Initiators for the Syndiospecific Triblock Copolymerization of Styrene with ε-Caprolactone. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
| | - Chulu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 5625, Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
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5
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Wang Y, Cheng J. Half-sandwich scandium dibenzyl complexes bearing penta- or tetra-arylcyclopentadienyl ligands: synthesis, structure and syndiospecific styrene polymerization activity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03852k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of half-sandwich scandium dibenzyl complexes has been synthesized via a reaction of KCp(Ar*)5 or KCpAr5 (Ar* = 3,5-tBu2–C6H3; Ar = 3,5-iPr2–C6H3) or KCp(Ar*)4H, KCpAr4H and KCpPh4H with the cationic scandium complex [Sc(p-CH2C6H4-Me)2(THF)x][BPh4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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6
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Pan Y, Li W, Wei NN, So YM, Lai X, Li Y, Jiang K, He G. Highly active rare-earth metal catalysts for heteroselective ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9079-9088. [PMID: 31017172 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth metal complexes usually exhibit high activities in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide, yet only a few scandium complexes have shown satisfactory activity. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of chiral anilido-oxazoline-supported scandium and yttrium complexes that exhibit high activity in the ROP of racemic lactide (rac-LA). Complexes La-f-Ln(CH2SiMe3)2THF (La-f = 2-(2,6-R2PhN)-phenyl-4-(S)-R'-oxazoline; for 1a-f: L = La-f, Ln = Sc; for 2a-d: L = La-d, Ln = Y) were synthesized via the convenient one-pot reaction of Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 (Ln = Sc, Y) with the corresponding proligands. The crystal structures of 1a, 1d, 1e, and 1f were isostructural, adopting a distorted trigonal bipyramidal configuration. Sc complexes 1 showed outstanding activity in the ROP of rac-LA with heteroselectivity. TOFs of up to 720 h-1 and 2910 h-1 were obtained in THF at room temperature and toluene at 60 °C, respectively. To our knowledge, these are the highest activities reported for Sc systems. Y complexes 2 showed higher activity and heteroselectivity than the Sc complexes, with TOFs of up to 1176 h-1 in THF at room temperature. Compared with the ortho-substituent on the anilido moiety, the bulky substituent at the chiral center of the oxazoline ring had a greater effect on controlling the heteroselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
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7
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Huang J, Liu Z, Cui D, Liu X. Precisely Controlled Polymerization of Styrene and Conjugated Dienes by Group 3 Single-Site Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Zhaohe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Branch; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Xinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P.R. China
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8
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Guo F, Jiao N, Jiang L, Li Y, Hou Z. Scandium-Catalyzed Syndiospecific Polymerization of Halide-Substituted Styrenes and Their Copolymerization with Styrene. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Na Jiao
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa,
Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Engineering of Syndiotactic and Isotactic Polystyrene-Based Copolymers via Stereoselective Catalytic Polymerization. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040594. [PMID: 28387742 PMCID: PMC6154576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution presents an updated overview of the different copolymers containing stereoregular polystyrene blocks. Special emphasis is placed on syndiospecific and isospecific copolymerization of styrene with co-monomers (ethylene and α-olefins, conjugated and non-conjugated dienes, styrene derivatives, etc.). The catalytic systems involved are described and the polymerization mechanisms are discussed. Alternative approaches (simultaneous, living, chain-transfer and graft copolymerization) and the resulting detailed structures and characteristics of the copolymers are also reported.
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10
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Tan R, Guo F, Li Y. Copolymerization of propylene with styrene and ethylene by a THF-containing half-sandwich scandium catalyst: efficient synthesis of polyolefins with a controllable styrene content. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel family of multi-block propylene–styrene copolymers with syndiotactic styrene–styrene blocks and random propylene–ethylene–styrene terpolymers with a broad composition range were obtained by using (C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(CH2SiMe3)2(THF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Fang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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11
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Yamamoto A, Nishiura M, Oyamada J, Koshino H, Hou Z. Scandium-Catalyzed Syndiospecific Chain-Transfer Polymerization of Styrene Using Anisoles as a Chain Transfer Agent. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamamoto
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255
Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Juzo Oyamada
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255
Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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12
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Highly Active and Isospecific Styrene Polymerization Catalyzed by Zirconium Complexes Bearing Aryl-substituted [OSSO]-Type Bis(phenolate) Ligands. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8020031. [PMID: 30979125 PMCID: PMC6432521 DOI: 10.3390/polym8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[OSSO]-type dibenzyl zirconium(IV) complexes 9 and 10 possessing aryl substituents ortho to the phenoxide moieties (ortho substituents, phenyl and 2,6-dimethylphenyl (Dmp)) were synthesized and characterized. Upon activation with dMAO (dried methylaluminoxane), complex 9 was found to promote highly isospecific styrene polymerizations ([mm] = 97.5%–99%) with high molecular weights Mw up to 181,000 g·mmol−1. When the Dmp-substituted pre-catalyst 10/dMAO system was used, the highest activity, over 7700 g·mmol(10)−1·h−1, was recorded involving the formation of precisely isospecific polystyrenes of [mm] more than 99%.
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13
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Leng X, Wei Z, Ren Y, Bian Y, Wang Q, Li Y. Copolymerization of l-lactide/trimethylene carbonate by organocatalysis: controlled synthesis of comb-like graft copolymers with side chains with different topologies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of comb-like graft copolymers of lcP(LLA-co-TMC) from an organocatalyst/PB–OH system: including lcP(TMC-b-LLA), lcP(LLA-grad-TMC) and lcP(LLA-ran-TMC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Yingying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Yufei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Qinyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Department of Polymer Materials
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
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14
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Nishiura M, Guo F, Hou Z. Half-sandwich rare-earth-catalyzed olefin polymerization, carbometalation, and hydroarylation. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26214733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for new catalysts for more efficient, selective chemical transformations and for the synthesis of new functional materials has been a long-standing research subject in both academia and industry. To develop new generations of catalysts that are superior or complementary to the existing ones, exploring the potential of untapped elements is an important strategy. Rare-earth elements, including scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides (La-Lu), constitute one important frontier in the periodic table. Rare-earth elements possess unique chemical and physical properties that are different from those of main-group and late-transition metals. The development of rare-earth-based catalysts by taking the advantage of these unique properties is of great interest and importance. The most stable oxidation state of rare-earth metals is 3+, which is difficult to change under many reaction conditions. The oxidative addition and reductive elimination processes often observed in catalytic cycles involving late transition metals are generally difficult in the case of rare-earth complexes. The 18-electron rule that is applicable to late-transition-metal complexes does not fit rare-earth complexes, whose structures are mainly governed by the sterics (rather than the electron numbers) of the ligands. In the lanthanide series (La-Lu), the ionic radius gradually decreases with increasing atomic number because of the influence of the 4f electrons, which show poor shielding of nuclear charge. Rare-earth metal ions generally show strong Lewis acidity and oxophilicity. Rare-earth metal alkyl and hydride species are highly reactive, showing both nucleophilicity and basicity. The combination of these features, such as the strong nucleophilicity and moderate basicity of the alkyl and hydride species and the high stability, strong Lewis acidity, and unsaturated C-C bond affinity of the 3+ metal ions, can make rare-earth metals unique candidates for the formation of excellent single-site catalysts. This Account is intended to give an overview of our recent studies on organo rare-earth catalysis, in particular the synthesis and application of half-sandwich rare-earth alkyl complexes bearing monocyclopentadienyl ligands for olefin polymerization, carbometalation, and hydroarylation. Treatment of half-sandwich rare-earth dialkyl complexes having the general formula CpMR2 with an equimolar amount of an appropriate borate compound such as [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] can generate the corresponding cationic monoalkyl species, which serve as excellent single-site catalysts for the polymerization and copolymerization of a wide range of olefin monomers such as ethylene, 1-hexene, styrene, conjugated and nonconjugated dienes, and cyclic olefins. The cationic half-sandwich rare-earth alkyl complexes can also catalyze the regio- and stereoselective alkylative alumination of alkenes and alkynes through insertion of the unsaturated C-C bond into the metal-alkyl bond followed by transmetalation between the resulting new alkyl or alkenyl species and an alkylaluminum compound. Moreover, a combination of deprotonative C-H bond activation of appropriate organic compounds such as anisoles and pyridines by the rare-earth alkyl species and insertion of alkenes into the resulting new metal-carbon bond can lead to catalytic C-H bond alkylation of the organic substrates. Most of these transformations are unique to the rare-earth catalysts with selectivity and functional group tolerance different from those of late-transition-metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fang Guo
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
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15
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Guo F, Nishiura M, Li Y, Hou Z. Cyclocopolymerization of 1,6‐heptadiene with styrene catalyzed by a half‐sandwich scandium dialkyl complex bearing a phosphine oxide side arm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116012 China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWako Saitama351‐0198 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWako Saitama351‐0198 Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science2‐1 HirosawaWako Saitama351‐0198 Japan
| | - Yang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116012 China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116012 China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN2‐1 HirosawaWako Saitama351‐0198 Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research GroupRIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science2‐1 HirosawaWako Saitama351‐0198 Japan
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16
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Synthesis, characterization, and styrene polymerization catalysis of pyridyl-functionalized indenyl rare earth metal bis(silylamide) complexes. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Guo F, Nishiura M, Li Y, Hou Z. Copolymerization of Isoprene and Nonconjugated α,ω-Dienes by Half-Sandwich Scandium Catalysts with and without a Coordinative Side Arm. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2471-82. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Wang F, Wang S, Zhu X, Zhou S, Miao H, Gu X, Wei Y, Yuan Q. Novel Lanthanide Amides Incorporating Neutral Pyrrole Ligand in a Constrained Geometry Architecture: Synthesis, Characterization, Reaction, and Catalytic Activity. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400409x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenhua Wang
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
- College of Biological and Chemical
Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
| | - Shaowu Wang
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
- State Key Laboratory
of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiancui Zhu
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
| | - Shuangliu Zhou
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
| | - Hui Miao
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Gu
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
| | - Yun Wei
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
| | - Qingbing Yuan
- Laboratory of Functionalized
Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based
Materials, Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.
R. China
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19
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Li X, Wang X, Tong X, Zhang H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Wang X, Nishiura M, He H, Lin Z, Zhang S, Hou Z. Aluminum Effects in the Syndiospecific Copolymerization of Styrene with Ethylene by Cationic Fluorenyl Scandium Alkyl Catalysts. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om3011036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun
Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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20
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Nishii K, Kang X, Nishiura M, Luo Y, Hou Z. Regio- and stereospecific living polymerization and copolymerization of (E)-1,3-pentadiene with 1,3-butadiene by half-sandwich scandium catalysts. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9030-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Guerin W, Helou M, Carpentier JF, Slawinski M, Brusson JM, Guillaume SM. Macromolecular engineering viaring-opening polymerization (1):l-lactide/trimethylene carbonate block copolymers as thermoplastic elastomers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20859h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Li Z, Liu R, Mai B, Feng S, Wu Q, Liang G, Gao H, Zhu F. Synthesis and self-assembly of isotactic polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene glycol). Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20814h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Nishiura M. Regio- and Stereoselective Chemical Transformations by Rare Earth Alkyl Catalysts. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Luo G, Luo Y, Qu J, Hou Z. Mechanistic Investigation on Scandium-Catalyzed C–H Addition of Pyridines to Olefins. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300147y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical
Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical
Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical
Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical
Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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25
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Pan Y, Rong W, Jian Z, Cui D. Ligands Dominate Highly Syndioselective Polymerization of Styrene by Using Constrained-geometry-configuration Rare-earth Metal Precursors. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039,
China
| | - Weifeng Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039,
China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039,
China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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26
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Jian Z, Cui D, Hou Z. Rare-Earth-Metal-Hydrocarbyl Complexes Bearing Linked Cyclopentadienyl or Fluorenyl Ligands: Synthesis, Catalyzed Styrene Polymerization, and Structure-Reactivity Relationship. Chemistry 2012; 18:2674-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Kang X, Song Y, Luo Y, Li G, Hou Z, Qu J. Computational Studies on Isospecific Polymerization of 1-Hexene Catalyzed by Cationic Rare Earth Metal Alkyl Complex Bearing a C3iPr-trisox Ligand. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202414k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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28
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Cheng J, Hou Z. Rare-earth dialkyl and dihydride complexes bearing monoanionic ancillary ligands. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Pan L, Zhang K, Nishiura M, Hou Z. Chain-Shuttling Polymerization at Two Different Scandium Sites: Regio- and Stereospecific “One-Pot” Block Copolymerization of Styrene, Isoprene, and Butadiene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Pan L, Zhang K, Nishiura M, Hou Z. Chain-Shuttling Polymerization at Two Different Scandium Sites: Regio- and Stereospecific “One-Pot” Block Copolymerization of Styrene, Isoprene, and Butadiene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12012-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Guan BT, Hou Z. Rare-Earth-Catalyzed C–H Bond Addition of Pyridines to Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18086-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208129t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Tao Guan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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32
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Guo F, Nishiura M, Koshino H, Hou Z. Scandium-Catalyzed Cyclocopolymerization of 1,5-Hexadiene with Styrene and Ethylene: Efficient Synthesis of Cyclopolyolefins Containing Syndiotactic Styrene–Styrene Sequences and Methylene-1,3-cyclopentane Units. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201271r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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33
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Annunziata L, Sarazin Y, Duc M, Carpentier JF. Well-defined syndiotactic polystyrene-b-atactic polystyrene stereoblock polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:751-7. [PMID: 21452250 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New well-defined syndiotactic polystyrene-atactic polystyrene (sPS-b-aPS) stereoblock polymers were synthesized in a two-step process using a combination of "pseudo-living" Ziegler-Natta and atom transfer radical polymerizations. Under specific conditions, the one-pot termination with N-bromosuccinimide of syndioselective styrene polymerization catalyzed by Cp*Ti(CH(2) Ph)(3) /B(C(6) F(5) )(3) /Al(n-Oct)(3) (1:1:1) provided sPS-Br polymers almost perfectly (97%) end-capped with bromine atoms. These sPS-Br were used as macroinitiators in the ATRP of styrene affording sPS-b-aPS with a broad range of compositions. Characterizations by (1) H and (13) C NMR spectroscopy, HT-GPC and DSC confirmed the formation and identity of the new materials. Preliminary studies on the crystallization behavior under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions showed that these sPS-b-aPS stereoblock polymers crystallize faster than the corresponding blends made of sPS and aPS with a similar composition; this effect is amplified at high contents (80%) of aPS in the stereoblock materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Annunziata
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Organométalliques et Catalyse, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, France
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34
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Guo F, Nishiura M, Koshino H, Hou Z. Cycloterpolymerization of 1,6-Heptadiene with Ethylene and Styrene Catalyzed by a THF-Free Half-Sandwich Scandium Complex. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200441w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and Advanced Catalyst Research Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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35
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Zhang J, Zhou X. Selective insertions of unsaturated organic molecules into the Ln–N or N–H bonds of biscyclopentadienyl lanthanide complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9637-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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