1
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Cong R, Hollis C, Bautista J, Hill T, Bailey K, Joseph K. Use graphene coated silica core shell particles to provide rapid, precise, and equivalent chemical composition distribution analysis for polyolefin materials by high temperature thermal gradient interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464393. [PMID: 37748353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
High temperature thermal gradient interaction chromatography (HT-TGIC) has been widely used to measure chemical composition distribution due to its applicability to separate crystalline and non-crystalline amorphous polyolefin materials. The compatibility of HT-TGIC with various detectors (infrared (IR), light scattering (LS), and viscometer) has also allowed a comprehensive analysis of molecular architecture of polyolefin and recycled plastics. The introduction of an easy-to-fabricate graphene coated onto non-porous silica particles as HT-TGIC column in 2020 showed a superior chromatographic performance over the traditional graphite column. A reduction in peak broadness (∼47 %) under identical experimental conditions was demonstrated in that research. This paper similarly uses a graphene column but with the focus on optimization of experimental parameters (concentration, and thermal cooling and heating rates etc.). Equivalent chemical composition distribution (CCD) data to that obtained by the incumbent graphite column over a wide range of polyolefins products was achieved, in addition to a shortened analysis time from 120 min down to 88 min per sample. The materials studied included semicrystalline linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), elastomers, terpolymers, model blends to mimic recycled plastics. The results also suggest that the elimination of substrate pores enable a better HT-TGIC separation. Coupling the ease and reproducibility of the graphene column fabrication process enables long term chromatographic robustness. This not only results in equivalent CCD data compared to the traditional graphite column but also a 27 % reduction in analysis time. These results demonstrate a substantial advancement of technology in the high throughput industrial laboratory setting where fast testing turnaround time is critical. In addition, simple fabrication with commercially available silica particles and graphene nanopowder provides a cost-effective approach to make HT-TGIC columns reproducibly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, United States.
| | - Cherry Hollis
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, United States
| | - Judith Bautista
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, United States
| | - Tim Hill
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, United States
| | - Kimberly Bailey
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, United States
| | - Keivette Joseph
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing, Dow Inc., 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Lake Jackson, TX 77566, United States
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2
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Cong R, Parrott A, Hollis C, Cheatham M, Hill T, Bailey K, Zhou Z, Bautista J, Balding P, Fan J. Quantification of Chemical Composition Distribution of Polyolefin Materials for Improved Accuracy and Speed. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Albert Parrott
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Cherry Hollis
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Michael Cheatham
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Tim Hill
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Kimberly Bailey
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Judith Bautista
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Paul Balding
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Jingwei Fan
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
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3
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Zhou Z, Eldred DV, Xia Y, Vasquez JK, Moreno A, Kuemmerle R, Anklin C, Zong X, Qiu X, Pesek S, Cong R, Fitzgibbons T. Quantitative Polymer Characterizations with NMR Cryoprobes through Spin Echo NMR Pulse Sequences. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | - Youlin Xia
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | | | - Aitor Moreno
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Fällanden CH-8117, Switzerland
| | | | - Clemens Anklin
- Bruker BioSpin Corp, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | | | | | - Stacy Pesek
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
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4
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Usanase G, Fraisse F, Taam M, Boyron O. Determination of Short Chain Branching in LLDPE by Rheology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisèle Usanase
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes and Materials (CP2M) Université de Lyon Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne 69100 France
| | | | - Manel Taam
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes and Materials (CP2M) Université de Lyon Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne 69100 France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerisation, Processes and Materials (CP2M) Université de Lyon Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne 69100 France
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5
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Zdovc B, Li H, Zhao J, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Influence of Microstructure on the Elution Behavior of Gradient Copolymers in Different Modes of Liquid Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7844-7852. [PMID: 35604324 PMCID: PMC9178556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of microstructure on the chromatographic behavior of gradient copolymers with different gradient strengths and block copolymer with completely segregated blocks by using gradient liquid adsorption chromatography (gLAC) and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) for one of the copolymer constituents. The copolymers consist of repeating units of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene phthalate) and have comparable average chemical composition and molar mass, and a narrow molar mass distribution to avoid as much as possible the influence of these parameters on the elution behavior of the copolymers. On both reversed stationary phases, the elution volume of gradient copolymers increases with the increasing strength of the gradient. The results indicate that for both modes of liquid interaction chromatography, it is important to consider the effect of microstructure on the elution behavior of the gradient copolymers in addition to the copolymer chemical composition and molar mass in the case of gLAC and the length of the chromatographically visible copolymer constituent in the case of LCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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Deshmukh S, Macko T, Arndt JH, Barton B, Bernardo R, van Doremaele G, Brüll R. Solvent Selection for Liquid Adsorption Chromatography of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Terpolymers by Combining Structure–Retention Relationships and Hansen Solubility Parameters. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrajeet Deshmukh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bastian Barton
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Raffaele Bernardo
- ARLANXEO Netherlands B.V., Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, Division Plastics, Group Material Analysis, Schlossgartenstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Pasch H, Ndiripo A, Bungu PSE. Multidimensional analytical protocols for the fractionation and analysis of complex polyolefins. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
- Polymer Separation Group Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V Hohe Strasse 6 Dresden 01069 Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry National University of Science and Technology Box AC939, Ascot Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - Paul Severin Eselem Bungu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch De Beers Street Stellenbosch 7602 South Africa
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8
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Badri A, Mehdiabadi S, Soares JBP. Quantifying the Effect of Polyethylene Molecular Weight, Comonomer Fraction, and Comonomer Type on High-Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Badri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Saeid Mehdiabadi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
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9
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Macko T, Arndt JH, Yu Y, Brüll R. Temperature gradient interaction chromatography of linear polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Cong R, Cheatham M, Hollis C, Hill T, Bailey K, Jackson K, Mekap D, Glad B, Tyler P, Zhou Z. Fabrication of Graphene-Coated Silica Particles for Polymer Chromatography to Quantify Chemical Composition Distribution of Polyolefin Materials. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Michael Cheatham
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Cherry Hollis
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Tim Hill
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Kimberly Bailey
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Keivette Jackson
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Dib Mekap
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Brayden Glad
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Phil Tyler
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Performance Plastics Characterization & Testing, Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
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11
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Ndiripo A, Ndlovu PZ, Albrecht A, Pasch H. Improving temperature gradient interaction chromatography of polyolefins by simultaneous use of different stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462416. [PMID: 34332317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) at high temperatures is a powerful method for the chemical composition separation of polyolefins. TGIC is a two-step process where the sample is crystallized on the stationary phase at low temperature followed by the elution of the sample components using a temperature gradient towards high temperatures. For TGIC typically a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) stationary phase is used. The separation mechanism is based on crystallization and adsorption/desorption phenomena and it has been shown that co-crystallization and co-adsorption may affect the separation. The present study reports on the simultaneous use of a non-adsorptive and an adsorptive stationary phase (column) in series to utilize both crystallization and adsorption for improved separation in TGIC. A silica column is used as the non-adsorptive support to allow for the crystallization of the polyolefin sample in the absence of an adsorptive force followed by the typical PGC column for adsorption/desorption. Accordingly, the loci of crystallization and adsorption/desorption are well separated from each other and can be adjusted independently. This novel column setup allows the sample to be introduced slowly onto the second (adsorptive) column eliminating possible co-adsorption and poor selectivity. Low molar mass polyethylene comprising of oligomers with approximately C30C130 was used to illustrate the importance of a non-adsorptive column for improved separation. Utilizing a non-adsorptive silica column allows for higher dynamic flow rates during crystallization, which improves separation. Shorter adsorptive columns are found to be more efficient in this experimental protocol as compared to standard TGIC experiments. Smaller PGC column sizes result in reduced longitudinal and Eddy diffusion and, hence, higher resolution of low and high molar mass polyolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, PO Box X1, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Center Macromolecular Structure Analysis, Leibniz-Institut für Polymer Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Department of Applied Chemistry National University of Science and Technology, Box Ac. 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
| | - Petronella Zabesuthu Ndlovu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, PO Box X1, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St. Peter-Strasse 25, Linz 4021, Austria
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, PO Box X1, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Abstract
AbstractThe application of temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) as an advanced technique for the characterisation of polymers is discussed, in comparison to other liquid chromatography techniques and in particular the ubiquitous size exclusion chromatography. Specifically, the use of reversed-phase TGIC for the interrogation of complex branched polymers and normal-phase TGIC for characterisation of high-molar mass end-functionalised polymers is highlighted.
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13
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Zhou Z, Anklin C, Kuemmerle R, Cong R, Qiu X, DeCesare J, Kapur MB, Patel R. Very Sensitive 13C NMR Method for the Detection and Quantification of Long-Chain Branches in Ethylene–Hexene Linear Low-Density Polyethylene. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Clemens Anklin
- Bruker BioSpin Corp, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, Fällanden CH-8117, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Johnny DeCesare
- Bruker BioSpin Corp, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | | | - Rajen Patel
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
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14
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Zhou Z, Anklin C, Cong R, Qiu X, Kuemmerle R. Long-Chain Branch Detection and Quantification in Ethylene–Hexene LLDPE with 13C NMR. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Core R&D Analytical Science: Macromolecular Characterization, Dow, 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, ECB/1B182, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Clemens Anklin
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Core R&D Analytical Science: Macromolecular Characterization, Dow, 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, ECB/1B182, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Xiaohua Qiu
- Core R&D Analytical Science: Macromolecular Characterization, Dow, 230 Abner Jackson Pkwy, ECB/1B182, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
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Zhou Z, Kuemmerle R, Rau N, Eldred D, Moreno A, Czarniecki B, Qiu X, Cong R, Gies AP, Fan L, Auyeung E, Beezer DB, Dau H, Harth E. Polyolefin Analyses with a 10 mm Multinuclear NMR Cryoprobe. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15596-15603. [PMID: 33169611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyolefins are important and broadly used materials. Their molecular microstructures have direct impact on macroscopic properties and dictate end-use applications. 13C NMR is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize polyolefin microstructures, such as long-chain branching (LCB), but it suffers from low sensitivity. Although the 13C sensitivity of polyolefin samples can be increased by about 5.5 times with a cryoprobe, when compared with a conventional broadband observe (BBO) probe, further sensitivity enhancement is in high demand for studying increasingly complex polyolefin microstructures. Toward this goal, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and refocused insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer (RINEPT) are explored. The use of hard, regular, and new short adiabatic 180° 13C pulses in DEPT and RINEPT is investigated. It is found that RINEPTs perform better than DEPTs and a sensitivity enhancement of 3.1 can be achieved with RINEPTs. The results of RINEPTs are further analyzed with statistics software JMP and recommendations for optimal usage of RINEPTs are suggested. An example of analyzing saturated chain ends in an ethylene-octene copolymer sample with a hard 180° 13C RINEPT pulse is demonstrated. It is shown that the experimental time can be further reduced in half because of faster proton relaxation, where the total experimental time is about 580 times shorter when compared to using a conventional method and a 10 mm BBO probe. A naturally abundant nitrogen-containing polyolefin is analyzed using 1H-15N HMBC and, to our knowledge, is the first 1H-15N HMBC presented in the field of polyolefin characterization. The relative amount of similar nitrogen-containing structures is quantified by two-dimensional integration of 1H-15N HMBC. Two pragmatic technical challenges related to using high-sensitivity NMR cryoprobes are also addressed: (1) A new 1H decoupling sequence Bi_Waltz_65_256pl is proposed to address decoupling artifacts in 13C{1H} NMR spectra which contain a strong 13C signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). (2) A simple pulse sequence that affords zero-slope spectral baselines and quantitative results is presented to address acoustic ringing that is often associated with high-sensitivity cryoprobe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Rau
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | - Aitor Moreno
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Czarniecki
- Bruker Switzerland AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Qiu
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | | | - Leslie Fan
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | - Dain B Beezer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Zhou Z, Paradkar R, Cong R, Qiu X, Fan L, Kuemmerle R, Moreno A, Czarniecki B. Analyses of Short Chain Branches in Polyolefins with Improved 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8350-8355. [PMID: 32391686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyolefin microstructures, for example, short chain branching (SCB) and short chain branch distribution (SCBD), have a direct impact on properties and thus ultimately influence end-use applications. The 1H NMR approach to analyze SCB and SCBD is particularly useful when only a limited amount of sample is available, for example, polyolefin film layers or the fractions from polyolefin separation techniques, such as gel permeation chromatography (GPC), crystallization elution fractionation (CEF), high temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC), and thermal gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC). In this paper, we discuss the best approach to find a good decoupling frequency and propose an improved 1H pulse sequence with homonuclear decoupling for better measuring SCB. With this new pulse it is possible to reach a S/N of 10 (level of quantification) for the methyl signal from SCB in an ethylene-hexene copolymer (EH, 3.6 mol % H) in 3.5 min with 0.5 μg of sample. We also show an easy method to calculate SCB/1000C and demonstrate the proper use of heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) to measure SCB in a complicated system. A very quick approach to examine the presence of a small amount of LDPE in a polyolefin sample is also suggested, which can reduce NMR acquisition time from a couple of days to a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | | | - Xiaohua Qiu
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Leslie Fan
- Dow, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Aitor Moreno
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, CH-8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
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17
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Yu Y, McKenna TFL, Boisson C, Lacerda Miranda MS, Martins O. Engineering Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) through Modulating the Active Species by Alkylaluminum. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Timothy F. L. McKenna
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire Chimie, Catalyse, Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Olavo Martins
- Braskem SA, Global Catalysis, I&T E&P, 95853-000 Triunfo, Brazil
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18
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. In-depth characterization of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) through hyphenated chromatographic techniques. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ndiripo A, Albrecht A, Pasch H. Improving chromatographic separation of polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases: effects of adsorption promoting solvent and column length. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17942-17950. [PMID: 35517227 PMCID: PMC9053593 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatographic separation of complex polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases is strongly influenced by the composition of the mobile phase. Of particular interest is the effect of the chemical structure of the adsorption promoting solvent as this component of the mobile phase determines the adsorption–desorption behavior of the polyolefin molecules. In a systematic study, alkyl alcohols and linear alkanes are used as adsorption promoting solvents and the effect of the molecules' carbon chain length on chromatographic resolution is investigated. As representative examples, solvent gradient interaction chromatography experiments on polypropylene stereoisomers and ethylene-co-1-octene copolymers are presented. In a further study, the effect of increasing chromatographic column length on the solvent gradient separation of ethylene-co-1-octene copolymers is investigated. In summary, it is shown that the polypropylene stereoisomers are retained in 1-octanol as well as in n-decane and n-dodecane, allowing for identification of the individual stereoisomers in complex blends. For ethylene-co-1-octene copolymers it is shown that separation improves with increasing carbon chain length of the adsorption promoting solvent. Maximum resolution is obtained when a column length of 300 mm is used with 1-dodecanol as the adsorption promoting solvent. The chromatographic separation of complex polyolefins on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases is strongly influenced by the composition of the mobile phase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH St. Peter-Strasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
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20
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Unraveling Multiple Distributions in Chain Walking Polyethylene Using Advanced Liquid Chromatography. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Ndiripo A, Albrecht A, Pasch H. Advanced Liquid Chromatography of Polyolefins Using Simultaneous Solvent and Temperature Gradients. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7325-7333. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, P. O. Box X1,7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, St. Peter-Strasse 25, Linz 4021, Austria
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, P. O. Box X1,7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Abstract
Interaction polymer chromatography (IPC) is an umbrella term covering a large variety of primarily enthalpically-dominated macromolecular separation methods. These include temperature-gradient interaction chromatography, interactive gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC), barrier methods, etc. Also included are methods such as liquid chromatography at the critical conditions and GPEC in traditional precipitation-redissolution mode. IPC techniques are employed to determine the chemical composition distribution of copolymers, to separate multicomponent polymeric samples according to their chemical constituents, to determine the tacticity and end-group distribution of polymers, and to determine the chemical composition and molar mass distributions of select blocks in block copolymers. These are all properties which greatly affect the processing and end-use behavior of macromolecules. While extremely powerful, IPC methods are rarely employed outside academic and select industrial laboratories. This is generally because most published methods are "bespoke" ones, applicable only to the particular polymer being examined; as such, potential practitioners are faced with a lack of inductive information regarding how to develop IPC separations in non-empirical fashion. The aim of the present review is to distill from the literature and the author's experience the necessary fundamental macromolecular and chromatographic information so that those interested in doing so may develop IPC methods for their particular analytes of interest, regardless of what these analytes may be, with as little trial-and-error as possible. While much remains to be determined in this area, especially, for most techniques, as regards the role of temperature and how to fine-tune this critical parameter, and while a need for IPC columns designed specifically for large-molecule separations remains apparent, it is hoped that the present review will help place IPC methods in the hands of a more general, yet simultaneously more applied audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Striegel
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8390, USA
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23
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Boyron O, Taam M, Boisson C. Chemical Composition of Hexene‐Based Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene by Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boyron
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1CPE LyonCNRS UMR 5265Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2) Equipe LCPP, Batiment 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Manel Taam
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1CPE LyonCNRS UMR 5265Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2) Equipe LCPP, Batiment 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1CPE LyonCNRS UMR 5265Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2) Equipe LCPP, Batiment 308F, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69616 Villeurbanne France
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24
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Kot D, Macko T, Arndt JH, Brüll R. Porous graphite as platform for the separation and characterization of synthetic polymers – an overview. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:360038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Frijns-Bruls T, Ortin A, Weusten J, Geladé E. Studies on the use of filter-based IR detector for short-chain branching characterization of polyolefin copolymers with high temperature size exclusion chromatography. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Boyron O, Marre T, Delauzun A, Cozic R, Boisson C. An Advanced Technique for Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene Composition Determination: TGA–IST16–GC–MS Coupling. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boyron
- Université de Lyon Univ. Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Equipe CPP, Bat 308F 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Tiffany Marre
- SRA Instruments 210 rue des Sources 69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Alain Delauzun
- SRA Instruments 210 rue des Sources 69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Ronan Cozic
- SRA Instruments 210 rue des Sources 69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université de Lyon Univ. Lyon 1 CPE Lyon CNRS UMR 5265 Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Equipe CPP, Bat 308F 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
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27
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Studying the bivariate tacticity distribution of poly-1-octene using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with NMR. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Arndt JH, Brüll R, Macko T, Garg P, Tacx J. High performance liquid chromatography of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) – Comparison of different solvent systems. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Brunel F, Boyron O, Clement A, Boisson C. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ethylene/Hexene Copolymer Adsorption onto Graphene: New Insight into Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Brunel
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Boyron
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Arnaud Clement
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Chemistry, CatalysisPolymers and Processes (C2P2) UMR 5265, CNRS, CPE Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 43 Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918 F‐69615 Villeurbanne France
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30
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Characterization of the chemical composition distribution of polyolefin plastomers/elastomers (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) and comparison to theoretical predictions. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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32
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidized Waxes by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7626-7634. [PMID: 29807432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report addresses the comprehensive analysis of oxidized/functionalized polyethylene waxes according to chemical composition and molar mass by selective chromatographic methods. For the first time, tailored high-temperature interaction chromatography in solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) modes are used for the chemical composition separation of these materials. Separation protocols are developed using three model wax samples with different degrees of oxidation. For the chromatographic separations polar silica gel is used as the stationary phase. Solvent gradients of decane and cyclohexanone are used in HT-SGIC at 110 °C to separate the bulk waxes into several heterogeneous fractions according to polarity and the type of functionality. Column temperature and gradient manipulation are shown to influence chromatographic resolution and retention. The HT-SGIC investigations are complemented by HT-TGIC separations where a solvent mixture of decane and cyclohexanone is used as the mobile phase in isocratic mode. It is shown that HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC provide different types of separation, however, both are predominantly based on differences in functionality. To provide comprehensive information on chemical composition (functionality) and molar mass, HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC are coupled to HT-SEC, using ortho-dichlorobenzene as the second dimension mobile phase. Clear differences between oxidized and nonoxidized waxes are detected in HT-2D-LC providing comprehensive information on the molecular heterogeneity of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
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33
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Brüll R. Separation of Branched Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Structures by Solvent Gradient at Near-Critical Conditions and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5422-5429. [PMID: 29600700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Branching is a molecular metric that strongly influences the application properties of polymers. Consequently, detailed information on the microstructure is required to gain a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships. In the present case, we employ high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize the branching in a poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC). To this end, a method was developed based on a mobile phase gradient in a very narrow range (±1.4 vol %) around the point of adsorption (98.9/1.1 vol % chloroform/methyl tert-butyl ether), which we refer to as solvent gradient at near-critical conditions. Application of such gentle gradient enabled separation of PC according to end-groups. The separation mechanism was confirmed by collecting fractions of a separated sample and subsequently analyzing these by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Hyphenating the developed gradient method with size-exclusion chromatography as the second dimension (2D-LC) enabled separation of linear and branched PC chains and determination of the molar mass distribution of the fractions. A reversed elution order was observed for branched species in 2D-LC, meaning that low molar mass chains exhibited higher elution volumes in the first dimension than higher molar masses. This finding was explained by influences of end-groups as well as the architecture of the branched polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Apel
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Moyses
- SABIC, 1600 Industrial Boulevard , Sugar Land , Texas 77478 , United States
| | - Stijn Rommens
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wold
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
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34
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Prasongsuksakul S, Anantawaraskul S, Soares JBP. Mathematical Modeling of Multiple High Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography (m-HT-TGIC) for Ethylene/1-Olefin Copolymer Blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwakorn Prasongsuksakul
- Faculty of Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Center of Excellence on Petrochemicals and Materials Technology; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Siripon Anantawaraskul
- Faculty of Engineering; Department of Chemical Engineering; Center of Excellence on Petrochemicals and Materials Technology; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
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35
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Santonja-Blasco L, Rungswang W, Alamo RG. Characterization and Morphological Distribution of Ethylene Content in Impact Propylene Copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santonja-Blasco
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department; FAMU/FSU College of Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee FL 32310-6046 USA
| | - Wonchalerm Rungswang
- SCG Chemicals Co., Ltd; Siam Cement Group (SCG); 10 I-1 Road, Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate Muang District Rayong Province 21150 Thailand
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department; FAMU/FSU College of Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer St. Tallahassee FL 32310-6046 USA
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36
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Touloupidis V, Albrecht A, Soares JBP. A Methodology for Estimating Kinetic Parameters and Reactivity Ratios of Multi-site Type Catalysts Using Polymerization, Fractionation, and Spectroscopic Techniques. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Touloupidis
- Modeling & Simulation Department; Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St.-Peter-Straße 25 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Advanced Analytical Labs; Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St.-Peter-Straße 25 4021 Linz Austria
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
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37
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Ndiripo A, Albrecht A, Monrabal B, Wang J, Pasch H. Chemical Composition Fractionation of Olefin Plastomers/Elastomers by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700703. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St. Peter-Strasse 25 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Benjamin Monrabal
- Polymer Char; Valencia Technology Park; Gustave Eiffel 8 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St. Peter-Strasse 25 4021 Linz Austria
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa
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38
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Liu Y, Phiri MJ, Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Chemical composition separation of a propylene–ethylene random copolymer by high temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1522:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Zhou Z, Baugh D, Fontaine PP, He Y, Shi Z, Mukhopadhyay S, Cong R, Winniford B, Miller M. Long-Chain Branch Measurement in Substantially Linear Ethylene Polymers by 13C NMR with Halogenated Naphthalenes as Solvents. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Dan Baugh
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Philip P. Fontaine
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Yiyong He
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Zhi Shi
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Sukrit Mukhopadhyay
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Bill Winniford
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Matt Miller
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
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40
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Santonja-Blasco L, Rungswang W, Alamo RG. Influence of Chain Microstructure on Liquid–Liquid Phase Structure and Crystallization of Dual Reactor Ziegler–Natta Made Impact Propylene–Ethylene Copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santonja-Blasco
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering Department, FAMU/FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
| | - Wonchalerm Rungswang
- Siam
Cement Group (SCG), SCG Chemicals Co., Ltd., 10 I-1 Road, Map Ta Phut Industrial
Estate, Map Ta Phut, Rayong
Province 21150, Thailand
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- Chemical
and Biomedical Engineering Department, FAMU/FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, United States
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41
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Niu Q, Zou C, Liu X, Wang R, He A. Isothermal crystallization fractionation and fraction characterization of trans-1,4-poly(isoprene-co-butadiene). POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Al-Khazaal AZ, Soares JBP. Joint Effect of Poly(ethyhlene-co-1-octene) Chain Length and 1-Octene Fraction on High-Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaal Z. Al-Khazaal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
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43
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Separating effective high density polyethylene segments from olefin block copolymers using high temperature liquid chromatography with a preloaded discrete adsorption promoting solvent barrier. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Zhou Z, Janco M, Cong R, Lee D, Shan CLP, Boopalachandran P, Shi Z, Miller MD, Winniford B, Huang T, Herceg E, Salazar I, Pangburn T, Sandlin A, Fan L, Wu J. Simultaneous measurement of the molecular weight distribution and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene content across the molecular weight distribution of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer via a new size exclusion chromatography-ultraviolet-refractive index method. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhou
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - M. Janco
- Dow Chemical Company; Collegeville Pennsylvania 19426
| | - R. Cong
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - D. Lee
- Dow Chemical Company; Midland Michigan 48667
| | | | | | - Z. Shi
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | | | | | - T. Huang
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - E. Herceg
- Dow Chemical Company; Union Kentucky 41091
| | - I. Salazar
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - T. Pangburn
- Dow Chemical Company; Midland Michigan 48667
| | - A. Sandlin
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - L. Fan
- Dow Chemical Company; Freeport Texas 77541
| | - J. Wu
- Dow Chemical Company; Collegeville Pennsylvania 19426
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45
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Albrecht A, Jayaratne K, Jeremic L, Sumerin V, Pakkanen A. Describing and quantifying the chemical composition distribution in unimodal and multimodal ZN-polyethylene using CRYSTAF. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Albrecht
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St. Peter-Strasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
| | | | - Ljiljana Jeremic
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; St. Peter-Strasse 25 Linz 4021 Austria
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46
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Zhou Z, Miller MD, Lee D, Cong R, Klinker C, Huang T, Li Pi Shan C, Winniford B, deGroot AW, Fan L, Karjala T, Beshah K. NMR Study of the Separation Mechanism of Polyethylene–Octene Block Copolymer by HT-LC with Graphite. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhou
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - M. D. Miller
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - D. Lee
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - R. Cong
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - C. Klinker
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - T. Huang
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - C. Li Pi Shan
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - B. Winniford
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - A. W. deGroot
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - L. Fan
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - T. Karjala
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - K. Beshah
- The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
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47
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Inwong N, Anantawaraskul S, Soares JBP, Al- Khazaal AZ. High Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography (HT-TGIC) of Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymers: Model Development and Validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantiya Inwong
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Siripon Anantawaraskul
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Faculty of Engineering; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
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48
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Monrabal B. Separation of Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers by Crystallization and Adsorption Mechanisms. A Journey Inside the Analytical Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Al-Khazaal AZ, Soares JBP. Effect of Column Type on Polyolefin Fractionation by High-Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaal Z. Al-Khazaal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 3G1
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2V4
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50
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Inwong N, Anantawaraskul S, Soares JBP, Al-Khazaal AZ. High Temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography (HT-TGIC) for Blends of Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymers: A Mathematical Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantiya Inwong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Siripon Anantawaraskul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - João B. P. Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Abdulaal Z. Al-Khazaal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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