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Wakolo SW, Tryk DA, Nishiyama H, Miyatake K, Iiyama A, Inukai J. Various states of water species in an anion exchange membrane characterized by Raman spectroscopy under controlled temperature and humidity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1658-1670. [PMID: 38009441 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03660j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) hold the key to future mass commercialisation of fuel cell technology, even though currently, AEMFCs perform less optimally than proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Unlike PEMFCs, AEMFCs have demonstrated the capability to operate independently of Pt group metal-based catalysts. Water characterization inside the membrane is one factor that significantly influences the performance of AEMFCs. In this paper, different water species inside an anion exchange membrane (AEM), QPAF-4, developed at the University of Yamanashi, were studied for the first time using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Spectra of pure water, alkaline solutions, and calculations based on density functional theory were used to identify the water species in the AEM. The OH stretching band was deconvoluted into nine unique Gaussian bands. All the hydrogen-bonded OH species increased steadily with increasing humidity, while the CH and non-H-bonded OH remained relatively constant. These results confirm the viability of micro-Raman spectroscopy in studying the various water-related species in AEMs. The availability of this technique is an essential prerequisite in improving the ionic conductivity and effectively solving the persisting durability challenge facing AEMFCs, thus hastening the possibility of mass commercialisation of fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Wekesa Wakolo
- Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Donald A Tryk
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Nishiyama
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Iiyama
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
| | - Junji Inukai
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 6-43 Miyamae, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0021, Japan.
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
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Hieu DTT, Hao LH, Long TH, Van Tien V, Cuong NT, Van Man T, Loan TTH, Tap TD. Investigation of chemical degradation and water states in the graft‐type polymer electrolyte membranes. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Hoang Long
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Vo Van Tien
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Center for Nuclear Technologies Viet Nam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Van Man
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Truong Thi Hong Loan
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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3
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Signorini V, Giacinti Baschetti M, Pizzi D, Merlo L. Hydrogen sulfide mix gas permeation in Aquivion® perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer membranes for natural gas sweetening. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Primachenko ON, Marinenko EA, Odinokov AS, Kononova SV, Kulvelis YV, Lebedev VT. State of the art and prospects in the development of proton‐conducting perfluorinated membranes with short side chains: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N. Primachenko
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Elena A. Marinenko
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey S. Odinokov
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
- Russian Research Center of Applied Chemistry Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Kononova
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Yuri V. Kulvelis
- Neutron research department Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” Gatchina Russia
| | - Vasily T. Lebedev
- Neutron research department Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” Gatchina Russia
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Lova P, Megahd H, Comoretto D. All-polymer Planar Photonic Crystals as an Innovative Tool for the Analysis of Air. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility to evaluate the molecular diffusivity in polymer thin films used for packaging and device encapsulation directly in-situ would represent a paradigm changer in the assesment of barrier properties and of air quality. Indeed, employing the packaging itself as a smart sensor could lead to waste reduction and mitigate food poisoning effects. In this work, we demonstrate a new technique that exploits simple UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy to identify the kinetic of diffusion of small molecules in the vapor phase through polymer thin films and polymer multilayered structures. The new method allows then to assess the presence of the analyte in air and its diffusion coefficient in agreement with gravimetric data reported in literature.
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Lova P, Manfredi G, Bastianini C, Mennucci C, Buatier de Mongeot F, Servida A, Comoretto D. Flory-Huggins Photonic Sensors for the Optical Assessment of Molecular Diffusion Coefficients in Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16872-16880. [PMID: 30990014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lack of cost-effective systems for the assessment of air pollutants is a concern for health and safety in urban and industrial areas. The use of polymer thin films as label-free colorimetric sensors featuring specific interactions with pollutants would then represent a paradigm shift in environmental monitoring and packaging technologies, allowing to assess air quality, formation of byproducts in closed environment, and the barrier properties of the polymers. To this end, all-polymer distributed Bragg reflectors represent a promising approach toward a reliable and cost-effective transduction of chemical stimuli and effective colorimetric label-free selective detectors. We show selectivity attained by specific interactions between the polymer and analytes. Such interactions drive the analyte intercalation through the polymer structure and its kinetics, converting it in a dynamic optical response which is at the basis of the Flory-Huggins photonic sensors. The multivariate analyses of the response kinetics also allow distinguishing binary mixtures. Additionally, we demonstrate that such optical responses can be used to esteem the diffusion coefficients of small molecules within polymer media via simple UV-vis spectroscopy retrieving data comparable to those obtained with state-of-the-art gravimetric procedures. Last, we assess the figures of merit of the sensors in terms of lower detection limit, sensitivity, and reversibility, demonstrating that such devices can pave the way to an innovative, simple, and low-cost detection method integrable to in situ assessment of barrier polymers used for the encapsulation of optoelectronic devices, food packaging, and goods storage in general.
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8
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Commercial perfluorosulfonic acid membranes for vanadium redox flow battery: Effect of ion-exchange capacity and membrane internal structure. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Barique MA, Tsuchida E, Ohira A, Tashiro K. Effect of Elevated Temperatures on the States of Water and Their Correlation with the Proton Conductivity of Nafion. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:349-360. [PMID: 31457896 PMCID: PMC6641407 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we report the effects of elevated temperatures, from 80 to 100 °C, on the changes in the states of water and ion-water channels and their correlation with the proton conductivity of Nafion NR212, which was investigated using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. Experimentally, three types of water aggregates, protonated water (H+(H2O) n ), nonprotonated hydrogen (H)-bonded water (H2O···H2O), and non-H-bonded water, were found in Nafion, and the existence of those three types of water was confirmed through ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the proton conductivity of Nafion increased for up to 80 °C, but from 80 to 100 °C, the conductivity did not increase; rather, all of those elevated temperatures showed identical conductivity values. The proton conductivities at lower relative humidities (RHs) (up to 50%) remained nearly identical for all elevated temperatures (80, 90, and 100 °C); however, from 60% RH (over λ = 4), the conductivity remarkably jumped for all elevated temperatures. The results indicated that the amount of randomly arranged water gradually increased and created more H-bonded water networks in Nafion at above 60% RH. From the deconvolution of the O-H bending band, it was found that the volume fraction f i (i=each deconvoluted band) of H-bonded water for elevated temperatures (>80-100 °C) increased remarkably higher than for 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Barique
- Fuel
Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center TRA, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Main Building, 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsuchida
- Research
Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology, Tsukuba
Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohira
- Fuel
Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center TRA, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Main Building, 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
- Research
Institute for Energy Conservation, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kohji Tashiro
- Toyota
Technological Institute, 2-12-1, Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
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10
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Kristensen MB, Catalano J, Haldrup S, Bělský P, Tomáš M, Bentien A. Tuning the ion channel network of perfluorosulfonated membranes via a facile sacrificial porogen approach. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Olivieri L, Aboukeila H, Giacinti Baschetti M, Pizzi D, Merlo L, Sarti GC. Humid permeation of CO2 and hydrocarbons in Aquivion® perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer membranes, experimental and modeling. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Dražević E, Košutić K, Svalina M, Catalano J. Permeability of uncharged organic molecules in reverse osmosis desalination membranes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:13-22. [PMID: 28292676 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are primarily designed for removal of salts i.e. for desalination of brackish and seawater, but they have also found applications in removal of organic molecules. While it is clear that steric exclusion is the dominant removal mechanism, the fundamental explanation for how and why the separation occurs remains elusive. Until recently there was no strong microscopic evidences elucidating the structure of the active polyamide layers of RO membranes, and thus they have been conceived as "black boxes"; or as an array of straight capillaries with a distribution of radii; or as polymers with a small amount of polymer free domains. The knowledge of diffusion and sorption coefficients is a prerequisite for understanding the intrinsic permeability of any organic solute in any polymer. At the same time, it is technically challenging to accurately measure these two fundamental parameters in very thin (20-300 nm) water-swollen active layers. In this work we have measured partition and diffusion coefficients and RO permeabilities of ten organic solutes in water-swollen active layers of two types of RO membranes, low (SWC4+) and high flux (XLE). We deduced from our results and recent microscopic studies that the solute flux of organic molecules in polyamide layer of RO membranes occurs in two domains, dense polymer (the key barrier layer) and the water filled domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Dražević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangoevej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Krešimir Košutić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulicev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Svalina
- Pliva Croatia TAPI, Prilaz Baruna Filipovica 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jacopo Catalano
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangoevej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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13
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Karam A, De Oliveira Vigier K, Marinkovic S, Estrine B, Oldani C, Jérôme F. High Catalytic Performance of Aquivion PFSA, a Reusable Solid Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer, in the Biphasic Glycosylation of Glucose with Fatty Alcohols. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Karam
- Institut de Chimie
des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, ENSIP,
TSA 41105 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Karine De Oliveira Vigier
- Institut de Chimie
des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, ENSIP,
TSA 41105 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Sinisa Marinkovic
- ARD-Agro-industrie Recherches et Développements, Green Chemistry Department, Route de Bazancourt, F-51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Boris Estrine
- ARD-Agro-industrie Recherches et Développements, Green Chemistry Department, Route de Bazancourt, F-51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Claudio Oldani
- Solvay Speciality Polymers, Viale Lombardia 20, 20021 Bollate, Milan, Italy
| | - François Jérôme
- Institut de Chimie
des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, CNRS/Université de Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré, ENSIP,
TSA 41105 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Sulfonated poly(arylene thioether sulfone) cation exchange membranes with improved permselectivity/ion conductivity trade-off. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Liu X, Gao H, Chen X, Hu Y, Pei S, Li H, Zhang Y. Synthesis of perfluorinated ionomers and their anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Haldrup S, Catalano J, Hinge M, Jensen GV, Pedersen JS, Bentien A. Tailoring Membrane Nanostructure and Charge Density for High Electrokinetic Energy Conversion Efficiency. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2415-23. [PMID: 26771258 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The electrokinetic energy conversion (EKEC) of hydraulic work directly into electrical energy has been investigated in charged polymeric membranes with different pore charge densities and characteristic diameters of the nanoporous network. The membranes were synthesized from blends of nitrocellulose and sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and were comprehensively characterized with respect to structure, composition, and transport properties. It is shown that the SPS can be used as a sacrificial pore generation medium to tune the pore size and membrane porosity, which in turn highly affects the transport properties of the membranes. Furthermore, it is shown that very high EKEC efficiencies (>35%) are encountered in a rather narrow window of the properties of the nanoporous membrane network, that is, with pore diameters of ca. 10 nm and pore charge densities of 4.6 × 10(2) to 1.5 × 10(3) mol SO3(-) m(-3) for dilute solutions (0.03 M LiCl). The high absolute value of the efficiency combined with the determination of the optimal membrane morphology makes membrane-based EKEC devices a step closer to practical applications and high-performance membrane design less empirical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Haldrup
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University , Hangoevej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jacopo Catalano
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University , Hangoevej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mogens Hinge
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University , Hangoevej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Grethe V Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan S Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Bentien
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University , Hangoevej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Vandiver MA, Caire BR, Pandey TP, Li Y, Seifert S, Kusoglu A, Knauss DM, Herring AM, Liberatore MW. Effect of hydration on the mechanical properties and ion conduction in a polyethylene-b-poly(vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium) anion exchange membrane. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Effect of relative humidity and temperature on gas transport in Matrimid®: Experimental study and modeling. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Fechete R, Demco DE, Zhu X, Tillmann W, Möller M. Water states and dynamics in perfluorinated ionomer membranes by 1H one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, relaxometry, and diffusometry. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Li J, Pan M, Tang H. Understanding short-side-chain perfluorinated sulfonic acid and its application for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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22
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Sakai H, Tokumasu T. Reaction Analysis for Deprotonation of the Sulfonic Group of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Molecules at Low Hydration Levels. J Phys Chem A 2013; 118:275-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409781s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Sakai
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokumasu
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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23
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Xiao P, Li J, Tang H, Wang Z, Pan M. Physically stable and high performance Aquivion/ePTFE composite membrane for high temperature fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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