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Xu X, Zhao W, Wang L, Lin J, Du L. Efficient exploration of compositional space for high-performance copolymers via Bayesian optimization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10203-10211. [PMID: 37772116 PMCID: PMC10530742 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional approach employed in copolymer compositional design, which relies on trial-and-error, faces low-efficiency and high-cost obstacles when attempting to simultaneously improve multiple conflicting properties. For example, designing co-cured polycyanurates that exhibit both moisture and thermal resistance, along with high modulus, is a long-term challenge because of the intrinsic trade-offs between these properties. In this work, to surmount these barriers, we developed a Bayesian optimization (BO)-guided method to expedite the discovery of co-cured polycyanurates exhibiting low water uptake, coupled with higher glass transition temperature and Young's modulus. By virtue of the knowledge of molecular simulations, benchmarking studies were carried out to develop an effective BO-guided method. Propelled by the developed method, several copolymers with improved comprehensive properties were obtained experimentally in a few iterations. This work provides guidance for efficiently designing other high-performance copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wenlin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Lei Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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2
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Eisele DM, Visaveliya N, Kelestemur S, Khatoon F, Xu J, Leo K, St. Peter L, Chan C, Mikhailova T, Bexheti V, Kapadia A, Carbery WP, Ng K, Maity P. Microfluidic-Supported Synthesis of Anisotropic Polyvinyl Methacrylate Nanoparticles via Interfacial Agents. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For polymer particles, recent studies emphasized that the particle shape—not size—plays the dominant role in novel applications in fields ranging from nanotechnology, biomedicine, to photonics, which has intensified the quest...
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3
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Moore LMJ, Redeker ND, Browning AR, Sanders JM, Ghiassi KB. Polycyanurates via Molecular Dynamics: In Situ Crosslinking from Di(Cyanate Ester) Resins and Model Validation through Comparison to Experiment. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levi M. J. Moore
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | - Neil D. Redeker
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Exquadrum, Incorporated, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
| | | | | | - Kamran B. Ghiassi
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Aerospace Systems Directorate, Edwards Air Force Base, California 93524, United States
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4
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5
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Throckmorton JA, Feldman G, Palmese GR, Guenthner AJ, Lamison KR, Redeker ND, Ruth PN. Hydrolytic degradation kinetics of bisphenol E cyanate ester resin and composite. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Guenthner AJ, Harvey BG, Chafin AP, Davis MC, Zavala JJ, Lamison KR, Reams JT, Ghiassi KB, Mabry JM. Effect of Segmental Configuration on Properties of n-Propyl-Bridged Polycyanurate Networks. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin G. Harvey
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Andrew P. Chafin
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Matthew C. Davis
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
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7
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Lin CH, Chou YC, Wang MW, Jeng RJ. A study on the co-reaction of benzoxazine and triazine through a triazine-containing benzoxazine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23760b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the co-reaction of benzoxazine and triazine, a triazine-containing benzoxazine (P-tta) was prepared through nucleophilic substitution of 4-(2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-3(4H)-yl)phenol (P-ap) with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Meng Wei Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Ru Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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8
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Lin CH, Wang MW, Chou YW, Chang HC, Juang TY, Su WC. Synthesis of a phosphinated tetracyanate ester and its miscible blend with 4,4′-oxydianiline/phenol-based benzoxazine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13885f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphinated tetracyanate ester (4) was prepared and applied to copolymerize with a 4,4′-oxydianiline/phenol-based benzoxazine (P-oda) to enhance the properties of P-oda thermoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Meng Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Yu Wei Chou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Hou Chien Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
| | - Tzong Yuan Juang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi
- Taiwan
| | - Wen Chiung Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chung Shan Institute and Technology
- Tauyuan
- Taiwan
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9
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Wang Y, Kou K, Wu G, Feng A, Zhuo L. The effect of bis allyl benzoxazine on the thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of bismaleimide–cyanate blend polymers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07606d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance polymer composite was fabricated using Bz-allyl/BMI/BADCy resin, in which the BMI/BADCy resin was modified with Bz-allyl to improve its dielectric, thermal and mechanical properties and the cross-linking degree after curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi’an 710129
| | - Kaichang Kou
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi’an 710129
| | - Guanglei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi’an 710129
| | - Ailing Feng
- Institute of Physics & Optoelectronics Technology
- Baoji University of Arts and Sciences
- Baoji 721016
- P. R. China
| | - Longhai Zhuo
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry
- Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology
- School of Science
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi’an 710129
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10
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Guenthner AJ, Wright ME, Chafin AP, Reams JT, Lamison KR, Ford MD, Kirby SPJ, Zavala JJ, Mabry JM. Mechanisms of Decreased Moisture Uptake in Ortho-Methylated Di(cyanate ester) Networks. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E. Wright
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Andrew P. Chafin
- Weapons
Division, Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California 93555, United States
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11
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Corley CA, Guenthner AJ, Sahagun CM, Lamison KR, Reams JT, Hassan MK, Morgan SE, Iacono ST, Mabry JM. Di(cyanate Ester) Networks Based on Alternative Fluorinated Bisphenols with Extremely Low Water Uptake. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:105-109. [PMID: 35651119 DOI: 10.1021/mz400520s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new polycyanurate network exhibiting extremely low moisture uptake has been produced via the treatment of perfluorocyclobutane-containing Bisphenol T with cyanogen bromide and subsequent thermal cyclotrimerization. The water uptake, at 0.56 ± 0.10% after immersion in water at 85 °C for 96 h, represents some of the most promising moisture resistance observed to date in polycyanurate networks. This excellent performance derives from a near optimal value of the glass transition at 190 °C at full cure. Superior dielectric loss characteristics compared to commercial polycyanurate networks based on Bisphenol E were also observed. Polycyanurate networks derived from this new monomer appear particularly well-suited for applications such as radomes and spacecrafts where polycyanurates are already widely recognized as providing outstanding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Corley
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Andrew J. Guenthner
- Aerospace
Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | - Christopher M Sahagun
- National
Research Council/Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | | | - Josiah T. Reams
- ERC
Incorporated, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | - Mohammad K. Hassan
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39046-5050, United States
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- School
of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39046-5050, United States
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department
of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Joseph M. Mabry
- Aerospace
Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
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12
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Hubbard JW, Orange F, Guinel MJF, Guenthner AJ, Mabry JM, Sahagun CM, Rinaldi C. Curing of a bisphenol E based cyanate ester using magnetic nanoparticles as an internal heat source through induction heating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11329-11335. [PMID: 24111852 DOI: 10.1021/am4035575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the control of cyclotrimerization forming a polycyanurate polymer using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in an alternating-current (ac) field as an internal heat source, starting from a commercially available monomer. Magnetic nanoparticles were dispersed in the monomer and catalytic system using sonication, and the mixture was subjected to an alternating magnetic field, causing the magnetic nanoparticles to dissipate the energy of the magnetic field in the form of heat. Internal heating of the particle/monomer/catalyst system was sufficient to start and sustain the polymerization reaction, producing a cyanate ester network with conversion that compared favorably to polymerization through heating in a conventional laboratory oven. The two heating methods gave similar differential scanning calorimetry temperature profiles, conversion rates, and glass transition temperatures when using the same temperature profile. The ability of magnetic nanoparticles in an ac field to drive the curing reaction should allow for other reactions forming high-temperature thermosetting polymers and for innovative ways to process such polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W Hubbard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez , Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000 Puerto Rico
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13
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Guenthner AJ, Reams JT, Lamison KR, Ramirez SM, Swanson DD, Yandek GR, Sahagun CM, Davis MC, Mabry JM. Synergistic physical properties of cocured networks formed from di- and tricyanate esters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:8772-8783. [PMID: 23932017 DOI: 10.1021/am402640p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The co-cyclotrimerization of two tricyanate ester monomers, Primaset PT-30 and 1,2,3-tris(4-cyanato)propane (FlexCy) in equal parts by weight with Primaset LECy, a liquid dicyanate ester, was investigated for the purpose of exploring synergistic performance benefits. The monomer mixtures formed stable, homogeneous blends that remained in the supercooled liquid state for long periods at room temperature, thereby providing many of the processing advantages of LECy in combination with significantly higher glass transition temperatures (315-360 °C at full cure) due to the presence of the tricyanate-derived segments in the conetwork. Interestingly, the glass transition temperatures of the conetworks after cure at 210 °C, at full cure, and after immersion in 85 °C water for 96 h were all higher than predicted by the Flory-Fox equation, most significantly for the samples immersed in hot water. Conetworks comprising equal parts by weight of PT-30 and LECy retained a "wet" glass transition temperature near 270 °C. The onset of thermochemical degradation for conetworks was dominated by that of the thermally less stable component, while char yields after the initial degradation step were close to values predicted by a linear rule of mixtures. Values for moisture uptake and density in the conetworks also showed behavior that was not clearly different from a linear rule of mixtures. An analysis of the flexural properties of catalyzed versions of these conetworks revealed that, when cured under the same conditions, conetworks containing 50 wt % PT-30 and 50 wt % LECy exhibited higher modulus than networks containing only LECy while conetworks containing 50 wt % FlexCy and 50 wt % LECy exhibited a lower modulus but significantly higher flexural strength and strain to failure. Thus, in the case of "FlexCy", LECy was copolymerized with a tricyanate that provided both improved toughness and a higher glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Guenthner
- Air Force Research Laboratory , Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
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14
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Guenthner AJ, Davis MC, Ford MD, Reams JT, Groshens TJ, Baldwin LC, Lubin LM, Mabry JM. Polycyanurate Networks with Enhanced Segmental Flexibility and Outstanding Thermochemical Stability. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302300g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Guenthner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
| | - Matthew C. Davis
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Michael D. Ford
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Josiah T. Reams
- National Research Council/Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB,
California 93524, United States
| | - Thomas J. Groshens
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Lawrence C. Baldwin
- Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division, China Lake, California 93555, United States
| | - Lisa M. Lubin
- ERC Incorporated, Edwards AFB, California
93524, United States
| | - Joseph M. Mabry
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, California 93524, United States
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15
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Kulkarni AD, Tawade BV, Wadgaonkar PP. Cyanate ester resins containing pentadecyl-substituted cyclohexyl moiety: Synthesis, curing and structure–property relationship. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008312463738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanate ester (CE) monomers containing pentadecyl-substituted cyclohexyl moieties such as 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) 3-pentadecylcyclohexane and 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) cyclohexane were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopies as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) 3-pentadecylcyclohexane and 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) cyclohexane exhibited better processability coupled with lower melting points, lower cure onset with broad cure exotherm than the commercially available CE monomer, namely, 2,2-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) propane. Glass transition temperatures of cured 2,2-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) propane, 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) cyclohexane and 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) 3-pentadecylcyclohexane were observed to be 288°C, 302°C and 160°C, respectively. Cured 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) cyclohexane displayed higher storage modulus (1.59 × 10 9 Pa) than 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) 3-pentadecylcyclohexane (1.07 × 10 9 Pa) and 2,2-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) propane (1.39 × 10 9 Pa). The order of thermal stability of cured polycyanurates was found to be 2,2-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) propane > 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl)cyclohexane > 1,1-bis(4-cyanato phenyl) 3-pentadecylcyclohexane. The moisture absorption of cured resins derived from 1,1-bis(4-cyanatophenyl) 3-pentadecyl cyclohexane and 1,1-bis(4-cynatophenyl)cyclohexane was found to be lower than that of 2,2-bis(4-cynatophenyl) propane implying the role of pentadecyl substituent and/or cyclohexyl moiety in imparting hydrophobicity to the polycyanurates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun D. Kulkarni
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India
| | - Bhausaheb V. Tawade
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India
| | - Prakash P. Wadgaonkar
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, India
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16
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Lin CH, Huang SJ, Wang PJ, Lin HT, Dai SA. Miscibility, Microstructure, and Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Reactive Blends of Dicyanate Ester and Diamine-Based Benzoxazine. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3009433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hsuan Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih Jiang Huang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po Jen Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong Tze Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shenghong A. Dai
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Crawford AO, Howlin BJ, Cavalli G, Hamerton I. Examining the thermo-mechanical properties of novel cyanate ester blends through empirical measurement and simulation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Davis MC, Guenthner AJ, Groshens TJ, Reams JT, Mabry JM. Polycyanurate networks from anethole dimers: Synthesis and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Reams JT, Guenthner AJ, Lamison KR, Vij V, Lubin LM, Mabry JM. Effect of chemical structure and network formation on physical properties of di(cyanate ester) thermosets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:527-535. [PMID: 22311550 DOI: 10.1021/am201413t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Key physical properties of three dicyanate ester monomers, bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy), bisphenol E dicyanate (LECy), and the dicyanate of a silicon-containing analogue of bisphenol A (SiMCy) were investigated as a function of cyanurate conversion at conversions ranging from approximately 70% to greater than 90% in order to assess the range of applicability of both traditional and more unusual structure-property-process relationships known for cyanate ester resins. A more complete understanding of these relationships is essential for the continued development of cyanate ester resins and their composites for a wide variety of aerospace applications. The degree of cure in each system was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degree of conversion achieved at a given temperature was dependent on the structure of the repeat unit, with SiMCy displaying the highest relative ease of cure. The density at room temperature was found to decrease monotonically with increasing conversion for all monomer types studied. In contrast, the water uptake decreased with increasing cure for all three materials over most or all of the conversion range studied, but leveled off or began to increase with increasing conversion at conversions of approximately 90%. The T(g) decreased after exposure to hot water in resins with greater than 85% conversion, but unexpectedly increased in samples with lower conversions. An investigation of the effect of hot water exposure on network chemistry via infrared spectroscopy indicated that carbamate formation varied with both monomer chemistry and extent of cure, but was greatest for the BADCy polycyanurates. On the other hand, the unreacted cyanate ester band tended to disappear uniformly, suggesting that reactions other than carbamate formation (such as cyclotrimerization) may also take place during exposure to hot water, possibly giving rise to the observed unusual increases in T(g) upon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah T Reams
- National Research Council/Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA, USA.
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