1
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Smith JD, Chen R, Osores NN, Gopalan P. Porous Morphology of High Grafting Density Mixed Polyelectrolyte Brushes Grown from a Y-Inimer Coating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10623-10633. [PMID: 38726951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mixed A/B polyelectrolyte (PE) brushes of opposite charges are grown from a Y-shaped initiator-bearing coating to facilitate intimate mixing of the A and B polyelectrolytes in a 1:1 grafting ratio. The design of the Y-shaped inimer includes both ATRP and NMP initiators attached to a common Y-junction. A copolymer of a Y-shaped inimer with glycidyl methacrylate is cross-linked to the substrate resulting in a stable ultrathin coating decorated with Y-shaped initiators. Weak PE A/B mixed brushes based on poly(methacrylic acid)/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PMAA/P2VP) with a high grafting density of ∼1 chain/nm2 are grown by surface-initiated ATRP and NMP, respectively. Detailed morphological characterization of the PMAA/P2VP brushes in response to pH changes reveals a nanoporous morphology under conditions that maximize complex coacervate formation between oppositely charged brushes. The charge ratio between the A and B brushes is varied via the composition of the brushes to further study the morphology evolution. The effect of intimate contact between the A and B brushes on the morphology is probed by comparing with a mixed A/B PE system with random fluctuations in grafting composition. A quantitative and qualitative study of the pore evolution with pH as well as charge composition is presented using a combination of atomic force microscopy, water contact angle measurement, and image analysis using Gwyddion software. These studies demonstrate that the porous morphology is enhanced and most uniform when the brushes are grown from the Y-inimer, indicating that a 1:1 grafting ratio and intimate contact between A and B brushes are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ri Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicolas Noriega Osores
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Weissenfeld F, Wesenberg L, Nakahata M, Müller M, Tanaka M. Modulation of wetting of stimulus responsive polymer brushes by lipid vesicles: experiments and simulations. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2491-2504. [PMID: 36942886 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01673g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between vesicle and substrate have been studied by simulation and experiment. We grafted polyacrylic acid brushes containing cysteine side chains at a defined area density on planar lipid membranes. Specular X-ray reflectivity data indicated that the addition of Cd2+ ions induces the compaction of the polymer brush layer and modulates the adhesion of lipid vesicles. Using microinterferometry imaging, we determined the onset level, [CdCl2] = 0.25 mM, at which the wetting of the vesicle emerges. The characteristics of the interactions between vesicle and brush were quantitatively evaluated by the shape of the vesicle near the substrate and height fluctuations of the membrane in contact with brushes. To analyze these experiments, we have systematically studied the shape and adhesion of axially symmetric vesicles for finite-range membrane-substrate interaction, i.e., a relevant experimental characteristic, through simulations. The wetting of vesicles sensitively depends on the interaction range and the approximate estimates of the capillary length change significantly, depending on the adhesion strength. We found, however, that the local transversality condition that relates the maximal curvature at the edge of the adhesion zone to the adhesion strength remains rather accurate even for a finite interaction range as long as the vesicle is large compared to the interaction range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Weissenfeld
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Wesenberg
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Masaki Nakahata
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 560-8531 Osaka, Japan
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 560-8531 Osaka, Japan
| | - Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Advanced Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Wolski K, Smenda J, Grobelny A, Dąbczyński P, Marzec M, Cernescu A, Wytrwal M, Bernasik A, Rysz J, Zapotoczny S. Surface engineering of mixed conjugated/polyelectrolyte brushes - Tailoring interface structure and electrical properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:209-220. [PMID: 36535159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Mixed polymer brushes (MPBs) could be synthesized by surface dilution of homopolymer brushes and subsequent grafting of other type of chains in the formed voids. Nanophase separation and dynamics of surface-grafted chains could be tailored by modification of their molecular architecture. Mixed polyelectrolyte and conjugated chains contribute synergistically to tailor properties of the coating. EXPERIMENTS A new synthetic strategy that allowed spatially controlled grafting of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) chains (PSSNa) in close neighborhood of poly(3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) brushes (precursors of the conjugated chains) using surface-initiated polymerizations was developed. The final mixed conjugated/polyelectrolyte brushes were prepared by template polymerization of pendant thiophene groups in PMTM chains. Surface dynamics and nanophase separation of MPBs were studied by nanoscale resolution IR imaging, SIMS profiling and AFM mapping in selective solvents. FINDINGS Unconjugated MPBs were shown to undergo vertical, and horizontal nanophase separation, while the size and shape of the nanodomains were dependent on molar ratio of the mixed chains and their relative lengths. Generation of the conjugated chains led to diminishing of nanophase separation thanks to stronger mutual interactions of conjugated PMTM and PSSNa (macromolecular mixing). The obtained systems demonstrated tunable interfacial structure and resistance switching phenomenon desired in construction of smart surfaces or memristive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wolski
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Smenda
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Grobelny
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Dąbczyński
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Wytrwal
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Rysz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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4
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Motegi T, Yoshimura K, Zhao Y, Hiroki A, Maekawa Y. Direct Observation and Semiquantitative Analysis of Hierarchical Structures in Graft-Type Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using the AFM Technique. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9992-9999. [PMID: 35913882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural features of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), consisting of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) grafted onto poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), can be characterized semiquantitatively by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cross-sectional AFM phase images are converted to the binarized image by fitting two Gaussian functions. The domains correspond to hydrophilic PSSA domains and hydrophobic ETFE crystalline and amorphous regions, respectively, at lower and higher phase shift values. The area fraction of PSSA domains was consistent with the volume fraction determined by the grafting degree (GD). The dependence of the radius and interdomain distance of the PSSA domains on the GDs of PEMs shows discontinuous features at the threshold GD (39%). The former slightly increased from 10 to 12 nm and significantly increased to 17 nm at a GD greater than 39%; the latter decreased from 140 to 54 nm with increases in GDs up to 39% but inversely increased to 78 nm at a GD of 46%. This discontinuous change in radius and interdomain distance should be caused by the fusion of adjacent PSSA domains to form a larger size and spacing and thus less connectivity between each large domain, thereby lowering the conductivity at GD greater than 39%. We were able to demonstrate the existence of an ion-conducting hydrophilic path with a radius of approximately 10 nm. Even though it has received little attention in the past, it is expected to enable the design of electrolyte membrane functions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Motegi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hiroki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
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5
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Ritsema van Eck G, Chiappisi L, de Beer S. Fundamentals and Applications of Polymer Brushes in Air. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:3062-3087. [PMID: 35601464 PMCID: PMC9112284 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, high-density, end-tethered polymers, forming so-called polymer brushes, have inspired scientists to understand their properties and to translate them to applications. While earlier research focused on polymer brushes in liquids, it was recently recognized that these brushes can find application in air as well. In this review, we report on recent progress in unraveling fundamental concepts of brushes in air, such as their vapor-swelling and solvent partitioning. Moreover, we provide an overview of the plethora of applications in air (e.g., in sensing, separations or smart adhesives) where brushes can be key components. To conclude, we provide an outlook by identifying open questions and issues that, when solved, will pave the way for the large scale application of brushes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido
C. Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Chiappisi
- Institut
Max von Laue - Paul Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules & Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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6
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Smook LA, Ritsema van Eck GC, de Beer S. Vapor sorption in binary polymer brushes: The effect of the polymer-polymer interface. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:054904. [PMID: 34364330 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer brushes attract vapors that are good solvents for polymers. This is useful in sensing and other technologies that rely on concentrating vapors for optimal performance. It was recently shown that vapor sorption can be enhanced further by incorporating two incompatible types of polymers A and B in the brushes: additional vapor adsorbs at the high-energy polymer-polymer interface in these binary brushes. In this article, we present a model that describes this enhanced sorption in binary brushes of immiscible A-B polymers. To do so, we set up a free-energy model to predict the interfacial area between the different polymer phases in binary brushes. This description is combined with Gibbs adsorption isotherms to determine the adsorption at these interfaces. We validate our model with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, based on our results, we propose design parameters (A-B chain fraction, grafting density, vapor, and A-B interaction strength) for optimal vapor absorption in coatings composed of binary brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Smook
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guido C Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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7
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Koski JP, Frischknecht AL. Self-Assembled Vesicles from Mixed Brush Nanoparticles in Solution. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Koski
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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8
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Smook LA, Ritsema van Eck GC, de Beer S. Concentrating Vapor Traces with Binary Brushes of Immiscible Polymers. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:2336-2340. [PMID: 34056613 PMCID: PMC8154206 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vapors in the air around us can provide useful information about our environment, but we need sensitive vapor sensors to access this information, especially because those vapors are often present at very low concentrations. We report molecular dynamics simulations of a concept that can significantly increase the sensitivity of vapor sensors at low concentrations. By coating the sensor surfaces with end-anchored immiscible polymers, surface-bound polymer blends are formed that can concentrate vapors, reaching sorption enhancements of more than one order of magnitude, especially at low vapor concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A. Smook
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guido C. Ritsema van Eck
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group,
Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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10
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Li M, Pester CW. Mixed Polymer Brushes for "Smart" Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1553. [PMID: 32668820 PMCID: PMC7408536 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed polymer brushes (MPBs) are composed of two or more disparate polymers covalently tethered to a substrate. The resulting phase segregated morphologies have been extensively studied as responsive "smart" materials, as they can be reversible tuned and switched by external stimuli. Both computational and experimental work has attempted to establish an understanding of the resulting nanostructures that vary as a function of many factors. This contribution highlights state-of-the-art MPBs studies, covering synthetic approaches, phase behavior, responsiveness to external stimuli as well as novel applications of MPBs. Current limitations are recognized and possible directions for future studies are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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11
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12
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Wei W, Kim TY, Balamurugan A, Sun J, Chen R, Ghosh A, Rodolakis F, McChesney JL, Lakkham A, Evans PG, Hur SM, Gopalan P. Phase Behavior of Mixed Polymer Brushes Grown from Ultrathin Coatings. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1086-1090. [PMID: 35619447 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental validation of the predicted melt phase behavior of A/B mixed brush on planar substrate is presented using poly(methyl methacrylate) (A)/ polystyrene (B) (PMMA/PS) with equal number of A/B chains as an example. Well-defined mixed A/B brushes are synthesized using a single component inimer coating to achieve high grafting density (0.9 chains/nm2), uniformity of grafting sites, and predictable chain length. The inimer coating is a copolymer of nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) inimer, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) inimer, styrene, and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Cross-linking of the film provides the required stability to probe the melt morphology. Our studies show that even with equal grafting density of the A and B the morphology can be modulated by varying the length of B chains while keeping that of A fixed. We show the transition of self-assembled structures from disorder to cylinder to ripple phase at sub-30 nm length scale on a planar surface by thermal annealing of mixed brushes. These results are supported by a phase diagram established through Monte Carlo simulation using a coarse-grained particle-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tae-Yi Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - A Balamurugan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ri Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Atanu Ghosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Fanny Rodolakis
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jessica L McChesney
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Arunee Lakkham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Paul G Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Su-Mi Hur
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Tran H, Zhang Y, Ober CK. Synthesis, Processing, and Characterization of Helical Polypeptide Rod-Coil Mixed Brushes. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1186-1191. [PMID: 35651270 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed polymer brushes of rod-type polypeptide and coil-type vinyl polymer brushes were synthesized via two sequential steps of vapor deposition surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization (SI-ROP) and surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), respectively. The effect on polypeptide brushes by coil-type brushes of their surface morphology, film thickness, and orientation were investigated before and after solvent quenching processes using chloroform and acetone. Before solvent quenching, the as-grown coil-type brushes forced the polypeptide brushes to stand up from the surface, resulting in higher film thickness, but the polypeptide brushes remained randomly oriented. After solvent quenching, polypeptide brushes tended to aggregate into conical bundles with an orientation perpendicular to the substrate, but coil-type brushes restricted the free arrangement of the polypeptide brushes and lessen their upward movement. Changes in film thickness, rod orientation, morphology, and wettability were observed with increased molecular weight of the coil-type polymer in the mixed brushes.
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14
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Koski JP, Frischknecht AL. Fluctuation Effects on the Brush Structure of Mixed Brush Nanoparticles in Solution. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1664-1672. [PMID: 29346734 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A potentially attractive way to control nanoparticle assembly is to graft one or more polymers on the nanoparticle, to control the nanoparticle-nanoparticle interactions. When two immiscible polymers are grafted on the nanoparticle, they can microphase separate to form domains at the nanoparticle surface. Here, we computationally investigate the phase behavior of such binary mixed brush nanoparticles in solution, across a large and experimentally relevant parameter space. Specifically, we calculate the mean-field phase diagram, assuming uniform grafting of the two polymers, as a function of the nanoparticle size relative to the length of the grafted chains, the grafting density, the enthalpic repulsion between the grafted chains, and the solvent quality. We find a variety of phases including a Janus phase and phases with varying numbers of striped domains. Using a nonuniform, random distribution of grafting sites on the nanoparticle instead of the uniform distribution leads to the development of defects in the mixed brush structures. Introducing fluctuations as well leads to increasingly defective structures for the striped phases. However, we find that the simple Janus phase is preserved in all calculations, even with the introduction of nonuniform grafting and fluctuations. We conclude that the formation of the Janus phase is more realistic experimentally than is the formation of defect-free multivalent mixed brush nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Koski
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Amalie L Frischknecht
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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15
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Kang H, An S, Lee WJ, Kang GR, Kim S, Hur SM, Paeng K, Kim M. Stable polymer brushes with effectively varied grafting density synthesized from highly crosslinked random copolymer thin films. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24166-24174. [PMID: 35539156 PMCID: PMC9081858 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinkable epoxy copolymers enable achieving highly stable P(S-b-MMA) brushes with controlled grafting density for close examination of phase separation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sol An
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Ryang Kang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Hur
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Chonnam National University
- Gwangju 61186
- Republic of Korea
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Republic of Korea
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16
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Disperse-within-disperse patterning on ternary/binary mixed-brush single crystals using polyaniline, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) grafts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Abbaspoor S, Agbolaghi S, Nazari M, Abbasi F. Conventional and rare-patched rod/coil matrix-dispersed patternings on single crystals affected by Rigidity, amorphism and crystallinity of brushes. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Chen WL, Cordero R, Tran H, Ober CK. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Polymer Brushes: Novel Surfaces for Future Materials. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roselynn Cordero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hai Tran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Yin Y, Jiang R, Wang Z, Li B, Shi AC. Influence of Grafting Point Distribution on the Surface Structures of Y-Shaped Polymer Brushes in Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7467-7475. [PMID: 27399035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a simulated annealing study of surface structures of the Y-shaped copolymers grafted onto a planar substrate in nonselective solvents. The influences of the lateral size of the grafting surface and the distribution manner of the grafting point on the order degree of the ripple structures are investigated. Under uniformly distribution conditions, it is found that the well-defined ripple structures can be formed when the lateral size less than a threshold which depends on the solvent quality and grafting density. However, introducing a density fluctuation into the uniformly distribution grafting points in different ways, the defects with different degrees are observed in the ripple structures. The influence of the density fluctuations on the ripple phase are studied quantitatively. Furthermore, the possibility of the formation of surface structures with long-range order induced by directed self-assembly is investigated. The findings provide guidelines for fabricating patterned surfaces with highly ordered structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Yin
- School of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Run Jiang
- School of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Baohui Li
- School of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - An-Chang Shi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Ternary polymer brushes consisting of polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(4-vinylpyridine) have been synthesized. These brushes laterally phase separate into several distinct phases and can be tailored by altering the relative polymer composition. Self-consistent field theory has been used to predict the phase diagram and model both the horizontal and vertical phase behavior of the polymer brushes. All phase behaviors observed experimentally correlate well with the theoretical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester K. Simocko
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Amalie L. Frischknecht
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Dale L. Huber
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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22
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Tang S, Fox TL, Lo TY, Horton JM, Ho RM, Zhao B, Stewart PL, Zhu L. Environmentally responsive self-assembly of mixed poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-polystyrene brush-grafted silica nanoparticles in selective polymer matrices. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5501-5512. [PMID: 26061172 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00193e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally responsive self-assembly of nearly symmetric mixed poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA, 22.2 kDa)/polystyrene (PS, 23.4 kDa) brushes grafted onto 67 nm silica nanoparticles in selective homopolymer matrices [PtBA for the grafted PtBA chains and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCHMA) for the grafted PS chains] was investigated using both conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography (i.e., 3D TEM). A variety of self-assembled phase morphologies were observed for the mixed brushes in selective polymer matrices with different molecular weights, and these can be explained by entropy-driven wet- and dry-brush theories. In a low molecular weight selective matrix, the wet-brush regime was formed with the miscible chains stretching out and the immiscible chains collapsing into isolated domains. In contrast, when the molecular weight of the selective matrix was higher than that of the compatible grafted polymer chains, the dry-brush regime was formed with the mixed brushes exhibiting the unperturbed morphology. In addition to the molecular weight, the size of nanoparticles (or the substrate curvature) was also observed to play an important role. For small particles (core size less than 50 nm), the wet brush-like morphology with a surface-tethered micellar structure was observed. Finally, the wet- and dry-brush regimes also significantly affected the dispersion of mixed brush particles in selective polymer matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saide Tang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, USA.
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23
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From Self-Assembled Monolayers to Coatings: Advances in the Synthesis and Nanobio Applications of Polymer Brushes. Polymers (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/polym7071346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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24
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Khan M, Park SY. Liquid crystal-based glucose biosensor functionalized with mixed PAA and QP4VP brushes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:404-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Bao C, Tang S, Wright RAE, Tang P, Qiu F, Zhu L, Zhao B. Effect of Molecular Weight on Lateral Microphase Separation of Mixed Homopolymer Brushes Grafted on Silica Particles. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501474m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Bao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Saide Tang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Roger A. E. Wright
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ping Tang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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26
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Chen C, Tang P, Qiu F. Binary hairy nanoparticles: Recent progress in theory and simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cangyi Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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27
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Li Y, Krentz TM, Wang L, Benicewicz BC, Schadler LS. Ligand engineering of polymer nanocomposites: from the simple to the complex. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6005-6021. [PMID: 24476387 DOI: 10.1021/am405332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One key to optimizing the performance of polymer nanocomposites for high-tech applications is surface ligand engineering of the nanofiller, which has been used to either tune the nanofiller morphology or introduce additional functionalities. Ligand engineering can be relatively simple such as a single population of short molecules on the nanoparticle surface designed for matrix compatibility. It can also have complexity that includes bimodal (or multimodal) populations of ligands that enable relatively independent control of enthalpic and entropic interactions between the nanofiller and matrix as well as introduce additional functionality and dynamic control. In this Spotlight on Applications, we provide a brief review into the use of brush ligands to tune the thermodynamic interactions between nanofiller and matrix and then focus on the potential for surface ligand engineering to create exciting nanocomposites properties for optoelectronic and dielectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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28
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He R, Yu L, Cai P, Peng F, Xu J, Ying L, Chen J, Yang W, Cao Y. Narrow-Band-Gap Conjugated Polymers Based on 2,7-Dioctyl-Substituted Dibenzo[a,c]phenazine Derivatives for Polymer Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500333r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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29
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Li W, Bao C, Wright RAE, Zhao B. Synthesis of mixed poly(ε-caprolactone)/polystyrene brushes from Y-initiator-functionalized silica particles by surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02429j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports the synthesis of mixed brushes by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of styrene from Y-initiator-functionalized silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville, USA
| | - Chunhui Bao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville, USA
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30
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Gao HM, Liu H, Lu ZY, Sun ZY, An LJ. The structures of thin layer formed by microphase separation of grafted Y-shaped block copolymers in solutions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:224905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4809988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Price AD, Huber DL. Controlled polymer monolayer synthesis by radical transfer to surface immobilized transfer agents. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Wang ZL, Xu JT, Du BY, Fan ZQ. Preparation and characterization of V-shaped PS-b-PEO brushes anchored on planar gold substrate through the trithiocarbonate junction group. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 384:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Bao C, Tang S, Horton JM, Jiang X, Tang P, Qiu F, Zhu L, Zhao B. Effect of Overall Grafting Density on Microphase Separation of Mixed Homopolymer Brushes Synthesized from Y-Initiator-Functionalized Silica Particles. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Bao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Saide Tang
- Department
of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Horton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department
of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
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34
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Horton JM, Tang S, Bao C, Tang P, Qiu F, Zhu L, Zhao B. Truncated Wedge-Shaped Nanostructures Formed from Lateral Microphase Separation of Mixed Homopolymer Brushes Grafted on 67 nm Silica Nanoparticles: Evidence of the Effect of Substrate Curvature. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:1061-1065. [PMID: 35607038 DOI: 10.1021/mz3003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA)/polystyrene (PS) brushes with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities were synthesized from asymmetric difunctional initiator (Y-initiator)-functionalized 67 nm silica nanoparticles by sequential surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of tBA at 75 °C and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization of styrene at 120 °C in the presence of a free initiator in each polymerization. The Y-initiator-functionalized nanoparticles were prepared by the immobilization of a triethoxysilane-terminated Y-initiator onto the surface of 67 nm silica particles via an ammonia-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation process. Transmission electron microscopy studies showed that mixed PtBA/PS brushes grafted on 67 nm silica nanoparticles with comparable molecular weights for the two polymers underwent lateral microphase separation after being cast from CHCl3 and annealed with CHCl3 vapor, producing distinct truncated wedge-shaped nanostructures. In contrast, under the same conditions, mixed PtBA/PS brushes grafted on 160 nm silica particles self-assembled into nanodomains with a more uniform width. This suggests that the truncated wedge-shaped nanostructures formed by mixed brushes on 67 nm silica nanoparticles originated from a higher substrate curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Horton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Saide Tang
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Chunhui Bao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University,
Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Macromolecular
Science, Fudan University,
Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee 37996, United States
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