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Jha S, Akula B, Enyioma H, Novak M, Amin V, Liang H. Biodegradable Biobased Polymers: A Review of the State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 39204482 PMCID: PMC11359911 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable biobased polymers derived from biomass (such as plant, animal, marine, or forestry material) show promise in replacing conventional petrochemical polymers. Research and development have been conducted for decades on potential biodegradable biobased polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and succinate polymers. These materials have been evaluated for practicality, cost, and production capabilities as limiting factors in commercialization; however, challenges, such as the environmental limitations on the biodegradation rates for biodegradable biobased polymer, need to be addressed. This review provides a history and overview of the current development in the synthesis process and properties of biodegradable biobased polymers, along with a techno-commercial analysis and discussion on the environmental impacts of biodegradable biobased polymers. Specifically, the techno-commercial analysis focuses on the commercial potential, financial assessment, and life-cycle assessment of these materials, as well as government initiatives to facilitate the transition towards biodegradable biobased polymers. Lastly, the environmental assessment focuses on the current challenges with biodegradation and methods of improving the recycling process and reusability of biodegradable biobased polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarn Jha
- J. Mike Walker ‘66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
| | - Bhargav Akula
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
| | - Hannah Enyioma
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
| | - Megan Novak
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
| | - Vansh Amin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- J. Mike Walker ‘66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA
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2
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Nicasy R, Huinink H, Erich B, Olaf A. NMR Profiling of Reaction and Transport in Thin Layers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:798. [PMID: 35215714 PMCID: PMC8963059 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction and transport processes in thin layers of between 10 and 1000 µm are important factors in determining their performance, stability and degradation. In this review, we discuss the potential of high-gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a tool to study both reactions and transport in these layers spatially and temporally resolved. As the NMR resolution depends on gradient strength, the high spatial resolution required in submillimeter layers can only be achieved with specially designed high-gradient setups. Three different high-gradient setups exist: STRAFI (STRay FIeld), GARField (Gradient-At-Right-angles-to-Field) and MOUSE (MObile Universal Surface Explorer). The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the three techniques and their ability to visualize reactions and transport processes using physical observable properties such as hydrogen density, diffusion, T1- and T2-relaxation. Finally, different examples from literature will be presented to illustrate the wide variety of applications that can be studied and the corresponding value of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Nicasy
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
| | - Henk Huinink
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
| | - Bart Erich
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
- Organization of Applied Scientific Research, TNO The Netherlands, P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adan Olaf
- Applied Physics Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (R.N.); (B.E.); (A.O.)
- Organization of Applied Scientific Research, TNO The Netherlands, P.O. Box 49, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
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3
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Seguela R. Overview and critical survey of polyamide6 structural habits: Misconceptions and controversies. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seguela
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique MATEIS, INSA de Lyon, CNRS ‐ UMR 5510, Université de Lyon, Campus LyonTech La Doua Villeurbanne France
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Verpaalen RC, Engels T, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. Stimuli-Responsive Shape Changing Commodity Polymer Composites and Bilayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38829-38844. [PMID: 32805900 PMCID: PMC7472435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Commodity polymers are produced in large volumes, providing robust mechanical properties at relatively low costs. The products made from these commodity polymers typically offer only static functionalities. Over the past decade, however, in the scientific literature, stimuli-responsive additives and/or polymer coatings have been introduced to commodity polymers, yielding composites and bilayers that change shape in response to light, temperature, and/or humidity. These stimuli responsive commodity polymers allow the marketing and sales of these otherwise bulk products as "high-end" smart materials for applications spanning from soft actuators to adaptive textiles. This Spotlight on Applications presents an overview of recent intriguing works on how shape changing commodity polymer composite and bilayer actuators based on polyamide 6, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyethylene, and polypropylene have been fabricated that respond to environmental stimuli and discusses their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C.
P. Verpaalen
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Engels
- DSM
Material Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Technology Institute, Polymer
Technology Group, Eindhoven University of
Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Laboratory
of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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5
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Structure of polyamide 6/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends under high cooling rate and shear stress and their moisture-sensitive properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Zhang W, Xu B, Gong C, Yi C, Zhang S. Antibacterial and anti-flaming PA6 composite with metathetically prepared nano AgCl@BaSO4 co-precipitates. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen H, Ge Y, Ye S, Zhu Z, Tu Y, Ge D, Xu Z, Chen W, Yang X. Water transport facilitated by carbon nanotubes enables a hygroresponsive actuator with negative hydrotaxis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6104-6110. [PMID: 32129414 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hygroresponsive actuators harness minor fluctuations in the ambient humidity to realize energy harvesting and conversion, thus they are of profound significance in the development of more energy-saving and sustainable systems. However, most of the existing hygroresponsive actuators are only adaptive to wet environments with limited moving directions and shape morphing modes. Therefore, it is highly imperative to develop a hygroresponsive actuator that works in both wet and dry environments. In this work, we present a bidirectional actuator responsive to both wet and dry stimuli. Our strategy relies on the introduction of carbon nanotubes to provide transport channels for water molecules. The actuation is enabled by the rapid transport of water in and out of the system driven by the moist/dry surroundings owing to the transport channels. The resultant actuator demonstrates reconfiguration and locomotion with turnover frequency F = 30 min-1, coupled with the capability of lifting objects 6 times heavier and transporting cargos 63 times heavier than itself. Oscillations (24°) driven by dry air flow in a cantilever display a high frequency (2 Hz) and large amplitude. Furthermore, a touchless electronic device was constructed to output varying signals in response to humid and dry environments. Our work provides valuable guidance and implications for designing and constructing hygroresponsive actuators, and paves the way for next-generation robust autonomous devices to exploit energy from natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanhang Ge
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Sunjie Ye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Zhifeng Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Denteng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Zhejiang Sci-Tech University), Ministry of Education. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Zhejiang Sci-Tech University), Ministry of Education. State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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9
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Hoshina H, Kanemura T, Ruggiero MT. Exploring the Dynamics of Bound Water in Nylon Polymers with Terahertz Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2019; 124:422-429. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Hoshina
- RIKEN, Center for Advanced Photonics, 519-1399 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845 Japan
| | - Takuro Kanemura
- RIKEN, Center for Advanced Photonics, 519-1399 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845 Japan
| | - Michael T. Ruggiero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405 United States
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10
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Carey M, Hinton Z, Sokol M, Alvarez NJ, Barsoum MW. Nylon-6/Ti 3C 2T z MXene Nanocomposites Synthesized by in Situ Ring Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactam and Their Water Transport Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20425-20436. [PMID: 31071257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clay-reinforced nylon-6 nanocomposites (NCs)-characterized by the full exfoliation of the nanoreinforcement-were introduced in the marketplace in the 1990s. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Ti3C2T z MXene can be incorporated into nylon-6 to synthesize melt-processable nanocomposites with excellent water barrier properties (94% reduction in water vapor permeation). To intercalate the ε-caprolactam monomer between the MXene multilayers, the latter were first treated with 12-aminolauric acid, a low-cost, nontoxic, biodegradable, and long shelf life compound. Upon heating to 250 °C, in the presence of 6-aminocaproic acid, in situ polymerization occurred, yielding melt-processable nylon-6/MXene NCs that were, in turn, studied by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic vapor sorption analysis. Using the latter, moisture-sorption isotherms of a neat and a 1.9 vol % NC, at 60 °C, were fit to the Guggenheim, Anderson, and de Boer equation. Solubility, permeation, and diffusion coefficients of water through the NCs were measured as a function of temperature and found to be the lowest ever reported for nylon-6, despite the fact that, at ∼1.9 and 5.0 vol %, the MXene loads were relatively low. This record low diffusivity is ascribed to the very large aspect ratios-500 to 1000-of Ti3C2T z flakes and their dispersion. The water permeation rate is a factor of 5 lower than the best reported in the much more mature nylon/clay field, suggesting lower values can be achieved with further optimization. Lastly infrared spectroscopy spectra of neat and NC samples suggest the surface terminations of the 12-Ti3C2T z flakes bind with nylon-6, limiting water adsorption sites, resulting in reduced solubility in the NC films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Zachary Hinton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Maxim Sokol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Nicolas J Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Michel W Barsoum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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11
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Preparation and properties of biobased polyamides based on 1,9-azelaic acid and different chain length diamines. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Zhang D, Liu J, Chen B, Zhao Y, Wang J, Ikeda T, Jiang L. A Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Janus Inverse-Opal Actuator via Gradient Infiltration. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12149-12158. [PMID: 30418739 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Janus/gradient actuating materials have become promising candidates for actuating devices. The fabrication of functional Janus gradient actuators remains a challenge. This paper presents a facile fabrication of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic Janus inverse opal actuator via gradient infiltration. The Janus characteristics of the fabricated actuator were attributed to gradient infiltration along the thickness of the film caused by the gradient light intensity and the distinct polymerization behavior of ionic liquids and methyl methacrylate in the methanol system. The Janus film demonstrated directional bending upon water vapor adsorption, with a bending angle approaching 1440° in 4 s, accompanied by structure color/optic signal alteration. The actuating behaviors were effectively modulated by changing the composition of the film and the solvent system. Promising applications of this Janus solvent actuator were demonstrated in two sets of tests: driving an engine and lifting cargo. This work provides insight into the design and fabrication of multifunctional humidity-actuating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , 410081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technologies , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 101407 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , 410081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering , Beihang University , Beijing , 100191 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technologies , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 101407 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tomiki Ikeda
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Sciences , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technologies , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 101407 , People's Republic of China
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Adams A. Non-destructive analysis of polymers and polymer-based materials by compact NMR. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 56:119-125. [PMID: 30243579 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based on permanent magnet technologies is currently experiencing a considerable growth of popularity in studying polymer materials. Various bulk properties can be probed with compact NMR tabletop instruments by placing the sample of interest inside the magnet. Contrary to this, compact NMR sensors with open geometries give access to depth-dependent properties of polymer samples and objects of different sizes and shapes truly non-destructively by performing measurements in the inhomogeneous stray-field outside the magnet system. Some of the sensors are also portable being thus well suited for onsite measurements. The gain of both bulk and depth-dependent microscopic properties are important for establishing improved structure-property relationships needed for the rational design of new polymer formulations. Selected recent applications will be presented to illustrate this potential of compact NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Mahdavi H, Norouzian S. Preparation and characterization of modified ultrafiltration nylon 6 membrane modified by poly (acrylamide-co-maleic anhydride). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Oliver-Ortega H, Méndez JA, Espinach FX, Tarrés Q, Ardanuy M, Mutjé P. Impact Strength and Water Uptake Behaviors of Fully Bio-Based PA11-SGW Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E717. [PMID: 30960642 PMCID: PMC6404017 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite materials have attracted the attention of some industrial fields due to their lightness and relatively good mechanical properties. One of these properties is impact strength, essential to ensure the processability and application of these materials under impact conditions. In addition, it is known that water absorption has a plasticizing effect in polymers and polymer composites which can change the properties of such materials and limit their use. Moreover, this effect worsens when hydrophilic reinforcement is used. In this work, the impact and water uptake behavior of totally bio-based composites from polyamide 11 (PA11) and lignocellulosic pine fibers mechanically processed as stone groundwood (SGW) were studied. The impact resistance of PA11 and its composites was higher than expected, obtaining better results than those of polyolefin-based materials. The evaluated mechanical properties and the micrographs showed an adequate interface. The water uptake test showed that PA11 and its composites had non-Fickian and Fickian case I behaviours, respectively. It was found that the maximum water absorbance was similar to that of SGW reinforced polypropylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliver-Ortega
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - José Alberto Méndez
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Xavier Espinach
- Design, Development and Product Innovation, Department of Organization, Business Management and Product Design, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Mònica Ardanuy
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Textile Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, C/Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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16
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Teymouri Y, Adams A, Blümich B. Impact of Exposure Conditions on the Morphology of Polyethylene by Compact NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Teymouri
- Y. Teymouri, A. Adams, B. Blümich; Institute für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 D-52074, Aachen Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Y. Teymouri, A. Adams, B. Blümich; Institute für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 D-52074, Aachen Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Y. Teymouri, A. Adams, B. Blümich; Institute für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 D-52074, Aachen Germany
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17
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Oliver-Ortega H, Méndez JA, Reixach R, Espinach FX, Ardanuy M, Mutjé P. Towards More Sustainable Material Formulations: A Comparative Assessment of PA11-SGW Flexural Performance versus Oil-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E440. [PMID: 30966475 PMCID: PMC6415268 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The replacement of commodity polyolefin, reinforced with glass fiber (GF), by greener alternatives has been a topic of research in recent years. Cellulose fibers have shown, under certain conditions, enough tensile capacities to replace GF, achieving competitive mechanical properties. However, if the objective is the production of environmentally friendlier composites, it is necessary to replace oil-derived polymer matrices by bio-based or biodegradable ones, depending on the application. Polyamide 11 (PA11) is a totally bio-based polyamide that can be reinforced with cellulosic fibers. Composites based on this polymer have demonstrated enough tensile strength, as well as stiffness, to replace GF-reinforced polypropylene (PP). However, flexural properties are of high interest for engineering applications. Due to the specific character of short-fiber-reinforced composites, significant differences are expected between the tensile and flexural properties. These differences encourage the study of the flexural properties of a material prior to the design or development of a new product. Despite the importance of the flexural strength, there are few works devoted to its study in the case of PA11-based composites. In this work, an in-depth study of the flexural strength of PA11 composites, reinforced with Stoneground wood (SGW) from softwood, is presented. Additionally, the results are compared with those of PP-based composites. The results showed that the SGW fibers had lower strengthening capacity reinforcing PA11 than PP. Moreover, the flexural strength of PA11-SGW composites was similar to that of PP-GF composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliver-Ortega
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - José Alberto Méndez
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Rafel Reixach
- Department of Architecture and Construction Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Xavier Espinach
- Design, Development and Product Innovation, Department Organization, Business Management and Product Design, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Mònica Ardanuy
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Enginyeria Metal·lúrgica, Secció Enginyeria Tèxtil, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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18
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Treml BE, McKenzie RN, Buskohl P, Wang D, Kuhn M, Tan LS, Vaia RA. Autonomous Motility of Polymer Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705616. [PMID: 29271008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive soft materials exhibit a diverse set of behaviors including reconfiguration, actuation, and locomotion. These responses however, are typically optimized in isolation. Here, the interrelation between these behaviors is established through a state space framework, using Nylon 6 thin films in a humidity gradient as an experimental testbed. It is determined that the dynamic behaviors are a result of not only a response to but also an interaction with the applied stimulus, which can be tuned via control of the environment and film characteristics, including size, permeability, and coefficient of hygroscopic expansion to target a desired behavior such as multimodal locomotion. Using these insights, it is demonstrated that films simultaneously harvest energy and information from the environment to autonomously move down a stimulus gradient. Improved understanding of the coupling between an adaptive material and its environment aids the development of materials that integrate closed loop autonomous sensing, actuation, and locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Treml
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
| | - Ruel N McKenzie
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
| | - Philip Buskohl
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
| | - David Wang
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
| | - Michael Kuhn
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, 45432, USA
| | - Loon-Seng Tan
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
| | - Richard A Vaia
- Functional Materials Division AFRL/RXA, Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 45433-7750, USA
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19
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Jia L, Su G, Yuan Q, Zhang X, Zhou T. Difference in the micro-dynamics mechanism between aromatic nylon and aliphatic nylon during water absorption: spectroscopic evidence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26764-26776. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05432k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The difference in the micro-dynamics mechanism between aromatic nylon and aliphatic nylon during water absorption was studied to explore the reason for the significantly smaller decline of barrier performance of poly(m-xylene adipamide) (MXD6) film than that of polyamide 6 (PA6) film under high humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Gehong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China
- Polymer Research Institute
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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20
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Blümich B, Singh K. Desktop NMR and Its Applications From Materials Science To Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:6996-7010. [PMID: 29230908 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is an indispensable method of analysis in chemistry, which until recently suffered from high demands for space, high costs for acquisition and maintenance, and operational complexity. This has changed with the introduction of compact NMR spectrometers suitable for small-molecule analysis on the chemical workbench. These spectrometers contain permanent magnets giving rise to proton NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz. The enabling technology is to make small permanent magnets with homogeneous fields. Tabletop instruments with inhomogeneous fields have been in use for over 40 years for characterizing food and hydrogen-containing materials by relaxation and diffusion measurements. Related NMR instruments measure these parameters in the stray field outside the magnet. They are used to inspect the borehole walls of oil wells and to test objects nondestructively. The state-of-the-art of NMR spectroscopy, imaging and relaxometry with compact instruments is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Blümich B, Singh K. NMR mit Tischgeräten und deren Anwendungen von der Materialwissenschaft bis zur organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
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22
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Thomsen B, Kawakami T, Shigemoto I, Sugita Y, Yagi K. Weight-Averaged Anharmonic Vibrational Analysis of Hydration Structures of Polyamide 6. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6050-6063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Thomsen
- Theoretical
Molecular Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawakami
- Advanced
Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 2-1 Sonoyama 3-chome, Otsu, Shiga 520-0842, Japan
| | - Isamu Shigemoto
- Advanced
Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 2-1 Sonoyama 3-chome, Otsu, Shiga 520-0842, Japan
| | - Yuji Sugita
- Theoretical
Molecular Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN iTHES, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, 7-1-26 Minatojima-Minamimachi,
Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 6-7-1 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yagi
- Theoretical
Molecular Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN iTHES, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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24
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He M, Wang Z, Wang R, Zhang L, Jia Q. Preparation of Bio-Based Polyamide Elastomer by Using Green Plasticizers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E257. [PMID: 30974535 PMCID: PMC6432398 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of three green plasticizers H₂O, glycerol, and soybean oil, on the properties of bio-based BDIS polyamides. The BDIS polyamides synthesized from the following biomass monomers: 1,4-butanediamine (BD), 1,10-decanediamine (DD), itaconic acid (IA), and sebacic acid (SA). It is interesting to note that the amorphous BDIS (IA-80%) polyamide was changed from the glassy state to the rubbery state after water soaking and induced crystallization at the same time. The H₂O-plasticized non-crosslinked BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides can be very useful for the preparation of physical water gel. The glycerol- and soybean oil-plasticized BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides displayed excellent toughness. The plasticized BDIS (IA-80%) polyamides were characterized by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao He
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid, SD 57701, USA.
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingxiu Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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25
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Preda FM, Alegría A, Bocahut A, Fillot LA, Long DR, Sotta P. Investigation of Water Diffusion Mechanisms in Relation to Polymer Relaxations in Polyamides. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P. Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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26
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Broudin M, Le Gac P, Le Saux V, Champy C, Robert G, Charrier P, Marco Y. Water diffusivity in PA66: Experimental characterization and modeling based on free volume theory. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Reuvers N, Huinink H, Adan O. Plasticization lags behind water migration in nylon-6: An NMR imaging and relaxation study. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Moisture transport in swelling media modelled with a Lattice Boltzmann scheme having a deforming lattice. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Todros S, Natali AN, Pace G, Di Noto V. Effect of steam on the structural and morphological stability of renewable poly(ether-block-amide)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Todros
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Arturo N. Natali
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pace
- CNR-IENI; I-35131 Padova Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
| | - Vito Di Noto
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; I-35131 Padova Italy
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31
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Araujo JR, Adamo CB, Rocha WFC, Costa e Silva MV, Carozo V, Calil VL, De Paoli MA. Elastomer composite based on EPDM reinforced with polyaniline coated curauá fibers prepared by mechanical mixing. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce R. Araujo
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cristina B. Adamo
- Instituto de Química; Unicamp C.P. 6154, 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Werickson F. C. Rocha
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcos V. Costa e Silva
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Vitor Carozo
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Vanessa L. Calil
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais; Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro); 25250-020 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marco-A. De Paoli
- Instituto de Química; Unicamp C.P. 6154, 13083-970 Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Attanasio A, Bayer IS, Ruffilli R, Ayadi F, Athanassiou A. Surprising high hydrophobicity of polymer networks from hydrophilic components. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:5717-5726. [PMID: 23713478 DOI: 10.1021/am401131u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and inexpensive method of fabricating highly hydrophobic novel materials based on interpenetrating networks of polyamide and poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) hydrophilic components. The process is a single-step solution casting from a common solvent, formic acid, of polyamide and ethyl cyanoacrylate monomers. After casting and subsequent solvent evaporation, the in situ polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate monomer forms polyamide-poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) interpenetrating network films. The interpenetrating networks demonstrate remarkable waterproof properties allowing wettability control by modulating the concentration of the components. In contrast, pure polyamide and poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) films obtained from formic acid solutions are highly hygroscopic and hydrophilic, respectively. The polymerization of ethyl cyanoacrylate in the presence of polyamide promotes molecular interactions between the components, which reduce the available hydrophilic moieties and render the final material hydrophobic. The wettability, morphology, and thermo-physical properties of the polymeric coatings were characterized. The materials developed in this work take advantage of the properties of both polymers in a single blend and above all, due to their hydrophobic nature and minimal water uptake, can extend the application range of the individual polymers where water repellency is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Attanasio
- Smart Materials Platform, Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies@Unile, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy
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Todros S, Natali AN, Piga M, Giffin GA, Pace G, Di Noto V. Interplay between chemical structure and ageing on mechanical and electric relaxations in poly(ether-block-amide)s. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Templergraben 55 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Templergraben 55 52056 Aachen Germany
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36
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Reuvers N, Huinink H, Adan O. Water Plasticizes Only a Small Part of the Amorphous Phase in Nylon-6. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:949-53. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Water uptake in thin nylon 6 films as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Danieli E, Blümich B. Single-sided magnetic resonance profiling in biological and materials science. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 229:142-54. [PMID: 23290626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-sided NMR was inspired by the oil industry that strived to improve the performance of well-logging tools to measure the properties of fluids confined downhole. This unconventional way of implementing NMR, in which stray magnetic and radio frequency fields are used to recover information of arbitrarily large objects placed outside the magnet, motivated the development of handheld NMR sensors. These devices have moved the technique to different scientific disciplines. The current work gives a review of the most relevant magnets and methodologies developed to generate NMR information from spatially localized regions of samples placed in close proximity to the sensors. When carried out systematically, such measurements lead to 'single-sided depth profiles' or one-dimensional images. This paper presents recent and most relevant applications as well as future perspectives of this growing branch of MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Danieli
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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39
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Lai H, Wu P. Hydration capabilities and structures of carbonyl and ether groups in poly(3-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) film. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00239j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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